translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: ACT

label: NET translator note

text: Grk “We having been brought safely through” [to land] (same verb as 27:44 ). The word “shore” is implied, and the slight variations in translation from 27:44 have been made to avoid redundancy in English. The participle διασωθέντες ( diaswqente" ) has been taken temporally.


text: Although this is literally βάρβαροι ( barbaroi ; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β . certainly without derogatory tone…).”


text: BDAG 1019 s.v. τυγχάνω 2.d states, “ δυνάμεις οὐ τὰς τυχούσας extraordinary miracles Ac 19:11 . Cp. 28:2 .”


text: Or “because it was about to rain.” BDAG 418 s.v. ἐφίστημι 4 states, “ διὰ τ . ὑετὸν τὸν ἐφεστῶτα because it had begun to rain Ac 28:2 …But the mng. here could also be because it threatened to rain (s. 6).”


text: Or “sticks.”


text: Grk “his”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.


text: That is, the goddess Justice has not allowed him to live. BDAG 250 s.v. δίκη 2 states, “ Justice personified as a deity Ac 28:4 ”; L&N 12.27, “a goddess who personifies justice in seeking out and punishing the guilty – ‘the goddess Justice.’ ἡ δίκη ζῆν οὐκ εἴασεν ‘the goddess Justice would not let him live’ Ac 28:4 .” Although a number of modern English translations have rendered δίκη ( dikh ) “justice,” preferring to use an abstraction, in the original setting it is almost certainly a reference to a pagan deity. In the translation, the noun “justice” was capitalized and the reflexive pronoun “herself” was supplied to make the personification clear. This was considered preferable to supplying a word like ‘goddess’ in connection with δίκη .


text: BDAG 737 s.v. οὖν 4 indicates the particle has an adversative sense here: “ but, however .”


text: Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.


text: Grk “shaking the creature off…he suffered no harm.” The participle ἀποτινάξας ( apotinaxa" ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: Or “going to burn with fever.” According to BDAG 814 s.v. πίμπρημι , either meaning (“swell up” or “burn with fever”) is possible for Acts 28:6 .


text: The participle προσδοκώντων ( prosdokwntwn ) has been taken temporally.


text: The participle θεωρούντων ( qewrountwn ) has been taken temporally.


text: Grk “happening.” The participle γινόμενον ( ginomenon ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: Grk “changing their minds.” The participle μεταβαλόμενοι ( metabalomenoi ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: BDAG 798 s.v. περί 2.a. γ states, “of nearby places… τὰ περὶ τὸν τὸπον the region around the place Ac 28:7 .” The presence of ἐκεῖνον ( ekeinon ) results in the translation “that place.”


text: That is, the chief Roman official. Several inscriptions have confirmed the use of πρῶτος ( prwtos ) as an administrative title used on the island of Malta for the highest Roman official. See further BDAG 852 s.v. Πόπλιος .


text: Grk “It happened that the father.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο ( egeneto , “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.


text: Grk “to whom Paul going in.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation. The participle εἰσελθών ( eiselqwn ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: The participle ἐπιθείς ( epiqeis ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: BDAG 142 s.v. ἀσθένεια 1 states, “ ἔχειν ἀ . be ill Ac 28:9 .”


text: Or “they also honored us greatly”; Grk “they also honored us with many honors” (an idiom).


text: BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. ( ἀ . τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea .” In this case the simpler English “sail” is more appropriate. The English participle “preparing” has also been supplied, since the provisioning of the ship would take place some time before the actual departure.


text: BDAG 384 s.v. ἐπιτίθημι 1.b has “ give τινί τι someth. to someone … ἀναγομένοις τὰ πρὸς τὰς χρείας when we sailed they gave us what we needed Ac 28:10 .”


text: BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. ( ἀ . τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea .”


text: Or “the ‘Twin Gods’”; Grk “the Dioscuri ” (a joint name for the pagan deities Castor and Pollux). sn That had the ‘ Heavenly Twins ’ as its figurehead. The twin brothers Castor and Pollux, known collectively as the Dioscuri or ‘Heavenly Twins,’ were the twin sons of Zeus and Leda according to Greek mythology. The Alexandrian ship on which Paul and his companions sailed from Malta had a carved emblem or figurehead of these figures, and they would have been the patron deities of the vessel. Castor and Pollux were the “gods of navigation.” To see their stars was considered a good omen (Epictetus, Discourses 2.18.29; Lucian of Samosata, The Ship 9).


text: Or “as its emblem.”


text: Grk “And putting in.” The participle καταχθέντες ( katacqente" ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. On the meaning of the participle, BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor … εἰς Συρακούσας Ac 28:12 .” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί ( kai ) has not been translated here.


text: A 066 1739 Ï lat sy. Although περιελόντες is minimally attested, it is found in the better witnesses. As well, it is a more difficult reading, for its meaning as a nautical term is uncertain, requiring something like “ τὰς ἀγκύρας be supplied = ‘we weighed anchor’” (BDAG 799 s.v. περιαιρέω 1). It thus best explains the rise of the other readings.


text: Grk “after one day, a south wind springing up, on the second day.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπιγενομένου ( epigenomenou ) has been translated as a clause with a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: Grk “where.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“where”) has been replaced with the demonstrative pronoun (“there”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.


text: Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρόντες ( Jeurontes ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: For location see JP4-A1 .


text: Grk “whom, when he saw [them], Paul.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.


text: Or “to stay.” sn Allowed to live by himself. Paul continued to have a generous prison arrangement (cf. Acts 27:3 ).


text: Grk “It happened that after three days.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο ( egeneto , “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.


text: Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.


text: L&N 33.309 has “‘after three days, he called the local Jewish leaders together’ Ac 28:17 .”


text: Grk “Men brothers,” but this is both awkward and unnecessary in English.


text: The participle ποιήσας ( poihsas ) has been translated as a concessive adverbial participle.


text: Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.” sn I had done nothing against our people or the customs of our ancestors. Once again Paul claimed to be faithful to the Jewish people and to the God of Israel.


text: For location see Map5-B1 ; Map6-F3 ; Map7-E2 ; Map8-F2 ; Map10-B3 ; JP1-F4 ; JP2-F4 ; JP3-F4 ; JP4-F4 .


text: Grk “into the hands of the Romans,” but this is redundant when παρεδόθην ( paredoqhn ) has been translated “handed over.”


text: Grk “who when.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) has been replaced by the personal pronoun (“they”) and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation.


text: Or “had questioned me”; or “had examined me.” BDAG 66 s.v. ἀνακρίνω 2 states, “to conduct a judicial hearing, hear a case, question.”


text: Grk “no basis for death,” but in this context a sentence of death is clearly indicated.


text: That is, objected to my release.


text: Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).


text: BDAG 533 s.v. κατηγορέω 1 states, “nearly always as legal t.t.: bring charges in court.” L&N 33.427 states for κατηγορέω , “to bring serious charges or accusations against someone, with the possible connotation of a legal or court context – ‘to accuse, to bring charges.’”


text: Or “my own nation.”


text: Grk “they said to him.”


text: Or “arrived”; Grk “come” (“from there” is implied). Grk “coming.” The participle παραγενόμενος ( paragenomeno" ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: Grk “regarding this sect it is known to us.” The passive construction “it is known to us” has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.


text: Grk “that everywhere it is spoken against.” To simplify the translation the passive construction “it is spoken against” has been converted to an active one with the subject “people” supplied.


text: On the term translated “speak against,” see BDAG 89 s.v. ἀντιλέγω 1.


text: Grk “Having set.” The participle ταξάμενοι ( taxamenoi ) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.


text: Grk “Having set a day with him”; the words “to meet” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.


text: Or “came to him in his rented quarters.”


text: BDAG 848 s.v. πολύς 1.b. β . ב states, “ (even) more πλείονες in even greater numbers Ac 28:23 .”


text: The word “things” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.


text: Grk “to whom he explained.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced by the pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation.


text: BDAG 233 s.v. διαμαρτύρομαι 1 has “to make a solemn declaration about the truth of someth. testify of, bear witness to (orig. under oath)… God ’ s kingdom 28:23.”


text: Or “persuade.”


text: Or “persuaded.”


text: Grk “by the things spoken.”


text: The imperfect verb ἀπελύοντο ( apeluonto ) has been translated as an ingressive imperfect.


text: Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”


text: Grk “you will hear with hearing” (an idiom).


text: Or “seeing”; Grk “you will look by looking” (an idiom).


text: Or “insensitive.” sn The heart of this people has become dull. The charge from Isaiah is like Stephen’s against the Jews of Jerusalem ( Acts 7:51-53 ). They were a hard-hearted and disobedient people.


text: Grk “they hear heavily with their ears” (an idiom for slow comprehension).


text: Grk “Therefore let it be known to you.”


text: Or “of God.”


text: Grk “they also.”


text: Grk “He”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.


text: Or “stayed.”


text: Or perhaps, “two whole years at his own expense.” BDAG 654 s.v. μίσθωμα states, “the customary act. mng. ‘contract price, rent’…is not found in our lit. (Ac) and the pass. what is rented, a rented house is a mng. not found outside it (even Ammonius Gramm. [100 ad] p. 93 Valck. knows nothing of it. Hence the transl. at his own expense [NRSV] merits attention) ἐν ἰδίῳ μισθώματι in his own rented lodgings Ac 28:30 (for the idea cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 235).”


text: Or “and received.”


text: Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”


text: Or “openness.”