translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: HEB

label: NET translator note

text: Or “spoke formerly.”


text: Or “parts.” The idea is that God’s previous revelation came in many parts and was therefore fragmentary or partial (L&N 63.19), in comparison with the final and complete revelation contained in God’s Son. However, some interpret πολυμερῶς ( polumerw" ) in Heb 1:1 to mean “on many different occasions” and would thus translate “many times” (L&N 67.11). This is the option followed by the NIV: “at many times and in various ways.” Finally, this word is also understood to refer to the different manners in which something may be done, and would then be translated “in many different ways” (L&N 89.81). In this last case, the two words πολυμερῶς and πολυτρόπως ( polutropw" ) mutually reinforce one another (“in many and various ways,” NRSV).


text: These two phrases are emphasized in Greek by being placed at the beginning of the sentence and by alliteration.


text: Grk “to the fathers.”


text: The Greek puts an emphasis on the quality of God’s final revelation. As such, it is more than an indefinite notion (“a son”) though less than a definite one (“the son”), for this final revelation is not just through any son of God, nor is the emphasis specifically on the person himself. Rather, the focus here is on the nature of the vehicle of God’s revelation: He is no mere spokesman (or prophet) for God, nor is he merely a heavenly messenger (or angel); instead, this final revelation comes through one who is intimately acquainted with the heavenly Father in a way that only a family member could be. There is, however, no exact equivalent in English (“in son” is hardly good English style). sn The phrase in a son is the fulcrum of Heb 1:1-4 . It concludes the contrast of God’s old and new revelation and introduces a series of seven descriptions of the Son. These descriptions show why he is the ultimate revelation of God.


text: Grk “the ages.” The temporal (ages) came to be used of the spatial (what exists in those time periods). See Heb 11:3 for the same usage.


text: Grk “who being…and sustaining.” Heb 1:1-4 form one skillfully composed sentence in Greek, but it must be broken into shorter segments to correspond to contemporary English usage, which does not allow for sentences of this length and complexity.


text: Grk “by the word of his power.”


text: Grk “having become.” This is part of the same sentence that extends from v. 1 through v. 4 in the Greek text.


text: Most modern English translations attempt to make the comparison somewhat smoother by treating “name” as if it were the subject of the second element: “as the name he has inherited is superior to theirs” (cf. NAB, NIV, NRSV, CEV). However, the Son is the subject of both the first and second elements: “he became so far better”; “he has inherited a name.” The present translation maintains this parallelism even though it results in a somewhat more awkward rendering. sn This comparison is somewhat awkward to express in English, but it reflects an important element in the argument of Hebrews: the superiority of Jesus Christ.


text: Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.


text: Grk “I have begotten you.” sn A quotation from Ps 2:7 .


text: Grk “And again,” quoting another OT passage.


text: The words “he says” are not in the Greek text but are supplied to make a complete English sentence. In the Greek text this is a continuation of the previous sentence, but English does not normally employ such long and complex sentences.


text: Grk “I will be a father to him and he will be a son to me.” sn A quotation from 2 Sam 7:14 (cf. 1 Chr 17:13 ).


text: Or “And again when he brings.” The translation adopted in the text looks forward to Christ’s second coming to earth. Some take “again” to introduce the quotation (as in 1:5 ) and understand this as Christ’s first coming, but this view does not fit well with Heb 2:7 . Others understand it as his exaltation/ascension to heaven, but this takes the phrase “into the world” in an unlikely way.


text: Grk “He who makes.”


text: Or “to.”


text: The verb “he says” ( λέγει , legei ) is implied from the λέγει of v. 7 .


text: Or possibly, “Your throne is God forever and ever.” This translation is quite doubtful, however, since (1) in the context the Son is being contrasted to the angels and is presented as far better than they. The imagery of God being the Son’s throne would seem to be of God being his authority. If so, in what sense could this not be said of the angels? In what sense is the Son thus contrasted with the angels? (2) The μέν … δέ ( men … de ) construction that connects v. 7 with v. 8 clearly lays out this contrast: “On the one hand, he says of the angels…on the other hand, he says of the Son.” Thus, although it is grammatically possible that θεός ( qeos ) in v. 8 should be taken as a predicate nominative, the context and the correlative conjunctions are decidedly against it. Hebrews 1:8 is thus a strong affirmation of the deity of Christ.


text: Grk “the righteous scepter,” but used generically.


text: Grk “sent for service for the sake of those.”