translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: ISA

label: NET translator note

text: Or “righteousness” (KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NAB “justice”; NLT “hope for deliverance.”


text: Heb “the excavation of the hole.”


text: Heb “one”; NLT “was alone”; TEV “was childless.”


text: “Bless” may here carry the sense of “endue with potency, reproductive power.” See Gen 1:28 .


text: Heb “and I made him numerous.”


text: Heb “found in” (so NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).


text: Or “certainly.”


text: Heb “instruction [or “a law”] will go out from me.”


text: Heb “and my justice for a light to the nations I will cause to rest.”


text: Heb “my righteousness [or “vindication”] is near.”


text: Heb “my deliverance goes forth.”


text: Heb “and my arms will judge [on behalf of] nations.”


text: Or “islands” (NIV); TEV “Distant lands.”


text: Heb “for my arm” (so NIV, NRSV).


text: Heb “will be torn in pieces.” The perfect indicates the certitude of the event, from the Lord’s rhetorical perspective.


text: Heb “my deliverance.” The same Hebrew word can also be translated “salvation” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); cf. CEV “victory.”


text: Heb “my righteousness [or “vindication”].”


text: Heb “will not be shattered [or “dismayed”].”


text: Heb “people (who have) my law in their heart.”


text: Heb “my vindication”; many English versions “my righteousness”; NRSV, TEV “my deliverance”; CEV “my victory.”


text: The arm of the Lord is a symbol of divine military power. Here it is personified and told to arouse itself from sleep and prepare for action.


text: has, probably correctly, המחצת , from the verbal root מָחַץ ( makhats , “smash”) which is used in Job 26:12 to describe God’s victory over “the Proud One.”


text: This title ( רַהַב , rahav , “proud one”) is sometimes translated as a proper name: “Rahab” (cf. NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV). It is used here of a symbolic sea monster, known elsewhere in the Bible and in Ugaritic myth as Leviathan. This sea creature symbolizes the forces of chaos that seek to destroy the created order. In the Bible “the Proud One” opposes God’s creative work, but is defeated (see Job 26:12 ; Ps 89:10 ). Here the title refers to Pharaoh’s Egyptian army that opposed Israel at the Red Sea (see v. 10 , and note also Isa 30:7 and Ps 87:4 , where the title is used of Egypt).


text: The words “did you not” are understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line). The rhetorical questions here and in v. 10 expect the answer, “Yes, you certainly did!”


text: Hebrew תַּנִּין ( tannin ) is another name for the symbolic sea monster. See the note at 27:1 . In this context the sea creature represents Egypt. See the note on the title “Proud One” earlier in this verse.


text: The Hebrew text reads literally, “Are you not the one who dried up the sea, the waters of the great deep, who made…?”


text: Heb “the redeemed” (so ASV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); KJV “the ransomed.”


text: Heb “[will be] on their head[s].” “Joy” may be likened here to a crown (cf. 2 Sam 1:10 ). The statement may also be an ironic twist on the idiom “earth/dust on the head” (cf. 2 Sam 1:2; 13:19; 15:32 ; Job 2:12 ), referring to a mourning practice.


text: Heb “overtake” (so NIV); NASB “they will obtain.”


text: Heb “grief and groaning will flee.”


label: NET textual note

text: The plural suffix should probably be emended to the second masculine singular (which is used in v. 13 ). The final mem ( ם ) is probably dittographic; note the mem at the beginning of the next word.


text: Heb “Who are you that you are afraid of man who dies, and of the son of man who [as] grass is given up?” The feminine singular forms should probably be emended to the masculine singular (see v. 13 ). They have probably been influenced by the construction אַתְּ־הִיא (’ at-hi ’) in vv. 9-10 .


text: Heb “and that you forget.”


text: Or “the heavens” (also in v. 16 ). The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם ( shamayim ) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.


text: Heb “and that you tremble constantly all the day.”


text: The question anticipates the answer, “Ready to disappear!” See v. 14 .


text: Heb “who is stooped over” (under a burden).


text: Heb “the pit” (so KJV); ASV, NAB “die and go down into the pit”; NASB, NIV “dungeon”; NCV “prison.”


text: Heb “he will not lack his bread.”


text: The addressee (second masculine singular, as in vv. 13, 15 ) in this verse is unclear. The exiles are addressed in the immediately preceding verses (note the critical tone of vv. 12-13 and the reference to the exiles in v. 14 ). However, it seems unlikely that they are addressed in v. 16 , for the addressee appears to be commissioned to tell Zion, who here represents the restored exiles, “you are my people.” The addressee is distinct from the exiles. The language of v. 16 a is reminiscent of 49:2 and 50:4 , where the Lord’s special servant says he is God’s spokesman and effective instrument. Perhaps the Lord, having spoken to the exiles in vv. 1-15 , now responds to this servant, who spoke just prior to this in 50:4-11 .


text: Heb “I place my words in your mouth.”


text: Heb “with the shadow of my hand.”


text: , LXX (and Aquila and Symmachus), and Vulgate support the MT reading, there is no need to emend the form. The interpretation is clear enough: Yahweh fixed the sky in its place.


text: The infinitives in v. 16 b are most naturally understood as indicating the purpose of the divine actions described in v. 16 a. The relationship of the third infinitive to the commission is clear enough – the Lord has made the addressee (his special servant?) his spokesman so that the latter might speak encouraging words to those in Zion. But how do the first two infinitives relate? The text seems to indicate that the Lord has commissioned the addressee so that the latter might create the universe! Perhaps creation imagery is employed metaphorically here to refer to the transformation that Jerusalem will experience (see 65:17-18 ).


text: Heb “[you] who have drunk from the hand of the Lord the cup of his anger.”


text: Heb “the goblet, the cup [that causes] staggering, you drank, you drained.”


text: reads correctly יִנַחֲמֵךְ ( yinakhamekh ), a third person form.


text: Heb “those who are full of the anger of the Lord, the shout [or “rebuke”] of your God.”


text: The Hebrew term translated “sovereign master” here is אֲדֹנָי (’ adonay ).


text: Heb “the cup of [= that causes] staggering” (so ASV, NAB, NRSV); NASB “the cup of reeling.”


text: Heb “the goblet of the cup of my anger.”


text: That is, to make them drink it.