translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: LEV

label: NET translator note

text: Heb “As the work [or “deed”] of the land of Egypt, which you were dwelling in it, you must not do.”


text: Heb “and as the work [or “deed”] of the land of Canaan which I am bringing you to there, you must not do.” The participle “I am bringing” is inceptive; the Lord is “about to” bring them into the land of Canaan, as opposed to their having dwelt previously in the land of Egypt (see the first part of the verse).


text: Heb “and you shall not walk.”


text: Heb “My regulations you shall do”; KJV, NASB “my judgments”; NRSV “My ordinances”; NIV, TEV “my laws.” sn The Hebrew term translated “regulation” ( מִשְׁפָּט , mishpat ) refers to the set of regulations about to be set forth in the following chapters (cf. Lev 19:37; 20:22; 25:18; 26:46 ). Note especially the thematic and formulaic relationships between the introduction here in Lev 18:1-5 and the paraenesis in Lev 20:22-26 , both of which refer explicitly to the corrupt nations and the need to separate from them by keeping the Lord ’s regulations.


text: Heb “and my statutes you shall keep [or “watch; guard”] to walk in them.”


text: Heb “And you shall keep.”


text: Heb “which the man shall do them and shall live in them.” The term for “a man, human being; mankind” ( אָדָם , ’ adam ; see the note on Lev 1:2 ) in this case refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female. The expression וָחַי ( vakhay , “and shall live”) looks like the adjective “living” so it is written וְחָיָה ( vÿkhayah ) in Smr, but the MT form is simply the same verb written as a double ayin verb (see HALOT 309 s.v. חיה qal and GKC 218 §76. i ; cf. Lev 25:35 ).


text: Heb “Man, man shall not draw near to any flesh ( שְׁאֵר , shÿ ’ er ) of his body/flesh ( בָּשָׂר , basar ).” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any (or “every”) man” (GKC 395-96 §123. c ; cf. Lev 15:2 ). The two words for “flesh” are combined to refer to emphasize the physical familial relatedness (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 282, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 119).


text: Heb “to uncover [her] nakedness” (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV), which is clearly euphemistic for sexual intercourse (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 282, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 119). This expression occurs a number of times in the following context and is generally translated “have sexual intercourse with [someone],” although in the case of the father mentioned in the following verse the expression may be connected to the shame or disgrace that would belong to the father whose wife’s sexuality is violated by his son. See the note on the word “mother” in v. 7 .


text: The verbal negative here is the same as that used in the Ten Commandments ( Exod 20:4-5, 7, 13-17 ). It suggests permanent prohibition rather than a simple negative command and could, therefore, be rendered “must not” here and throughout the following section as it is in vv. 3-4 above.


text: Heb “The nakedness of your father and [i.e., even] the nakedness of your mother you shall not uncover.” sn Commentators suggest that the point of referring to the father’s nakedness is that the mother’s sexuality belongs to the father and is forbidden to the son on that account (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 120, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 294). The expression may, however, derive from the shame of nakedness when exposed. If one exposes his mother’s nakedness to himself it is like openly exposing the father’s nakedness (cf. Gen 9:22-23 with the background of Gen 2:25 and 3:7, 21 ). The same essential construction is used in v. 10 where the latter explanation makes more sense than the former.


text: Heb “the nakedness of your father she is.” See the note on v. 7 above. This law refers to another wife of the man’s father, who is not that man’s mother. The laws in the Pentateuch sometimes assume the possibility that a man may have more than one wife (cf., e.g., Deut 21:15-17 ).


text: Heb “the daughter of your father or the daughter of your mother.”


text: Heb “born of house or born of outside.” CEV interprets as “whether you grew up together or not” (cf. also TEV, NLT).


label: NET textual note

text: Several medieval Hebrew mss , Smr, LXX, and Syriac have “her nakedness” rather than “their nakedness,” thus agreeing with singular “sister” at the beginning of the verse. tn For a smooth English translation “either of” was added.


text: Heb “The nakedness of the daughter of your father’s wife born of your father, she is your sister; you must not uncover her nakedness.” That is, a half sister, the daughter of the man’s father by another wife, who is not the man’s mother, is to be considered a true sister. Therefore, the man must not have sexual intercourse with her.


text: A few medieval Hebrew mss , the LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate all read “because she is the flesh of your father,” like the MT of v. 13 .


text: Heb “you must not draw near to his wife.” In the context this refers to approaching one’s aunt to have sexual intercourse with her, so this has been specified in the translation for clarity.


text: As in v. 12 (see the note there), some mss and versions have “because she is your aunt.”


text: Heb “You must not uncover the nakedness of both a woman and her daughter; the daughter of her son and the daughter of her daughter you must not take to uncover her nakedness.” Translating “her” as “them” provides consistency in the English. In this kind of context, “take” means to “take in marriage” (cf. also v. 18 ). The LXX and Syriac have “their nakedness,” referring to the nakedness of the woman’s granddaughters, rather than the nakedness of the woman herself.


text: Heb “they are her flesh.” The LXX reads “your” here (followed by NRSV). If the LXX reading were followed by the present translation, the result would be “They are closely related to you.”


text: The term rendered “lewdness” almost always carries a connotation of cunning, evil device, and divisiveness (cf. HALOT 272 s.v. I זִמָּה 2, “infamy”), and is closely associated with sexual and religious infidelity (cf., e.g., Lev 19:29; 20:14 ; Job 31:11 ; Jer 13:27 ; Ezek 16:27; 22:9 ). Recent English versions differ on how they handle this: NAB “would be shameful”; CEV “would make you unclean”; NIV “wickedness”; NLT “horrible wickedness”; NRSV “depravity”; TEV “incest.”


text: Or “as a concubine”; Heb “And a woman to her sister you shall not take to be a second wife [or “to be a concubine”].” According to HALOT 1059 s.v. III צרר , the infinitive “to be a second wife” ( לִצְרֹר , litsror ) is a denominative verb from II צָרָה A (“concubine; second wife”), which, in turn, derives from II צר “to treat with hostility” (cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 283, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 122).


text: Heb “on her in her life.”


text: Heb “in the menstruation of her impurity”; NIV “during the uncleanness of her monthly period.”


text: Heb “And to the wife of your fellow citizen you shall not give your layer for seed.” The meaning of “your layer” ( שְׁכָבְתְּךָ , shÿkhavtÿkha ) is uncertain (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 122, “you shall not place your layer of semen”; but cf. also J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 283, and the literature cited there for the rendering, “you shall not give your penis for seed”).


text: Heb “And from your seed you shall not give to cause to pass over to Molech.” Smr (cf. also the LXX) has “to cause to serve” rather than “to cause to pass over.” For detailed remarks on Molech and Molech worship see N. H. Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers (NCBC), 87-88; P. J. Budd, Leviticus (NCBC), 259-60; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 333-37, and the literature cited there. It could refer to either human sacrifice or a devotion of children to some sort of service of Molech, perhaps of a sexual sort (cf. Lev 20:2-5 ; 2 Kgs 23:10 , etc.). The inclusion of this prohibition against Molech worship here may be due to some sexual connection of this kind, or perhaps simply to the lexical link between זֶרַע ( zera ’) meaning “seed, semen” in v. 20 but “offspring” in v. 21 .


text: Heb “and you shall not profane.” Regarding “profane,” see the note on Lev 10:10 above.


text: Heb “And with a male you shall not lay [as the] lyings of a woman” (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 123). The specific reference here is to homosexual intercourse between males.


text: The Hebrew term תּוֹעֵבָה ( to ’ evah , rendered “detestable act”) refers to the repugnant practices of foreigners, whether from the viewpoint of other peoples toward the Hebrews (e.g., Gen 43:32; 46:34 ; Exod 8:26 ) or of the Lord toward other peoples (see esp. Lev 18:26-27, 29-30 ). It can also designate, as here, detestable acts that might be perpetrated by the native peoples (it is used again in reference to homosexuality in Lev 20:13 ; cf. also its use for unclean food, Deut 14:3 ; idol worship, Isa 41:24 ; remarriage to a former wife who has been married to someone else in between, Deut 24:4 ).


text: See the note on v. 20 above.


text: Heb “to copulate with it” (cf. Lev 20:16 ).


text: The Hebrew term תֶּבֶל ( tevel , “perversion”) derives from the verb “to mix; to confuse” and therefore refers to illegitimate mixtures of species or violation of the natural order of things.


text: Heb “which I am sending away (Piel participle of שָׁלַח [ shalakh , “to send”]) from your faces.” The rendering here takes the participle as anticipatory of the coming conquest events.


text: Heb “And.” The Hebrew conjunction ו ( vav , “and”) can be considered to have resultative or even inferential force here.


text: Heb “and I have visited its [punishment for] iniquity on it.” See the note on Lev 17:16 above.


text: Heb “And you shall keep, you.” The latter emphatic personal pronoun “you” is left out of a few medieval Hebrew mss , Smr, the LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate.


text: Heb “the native and the sojourner”; NIV “The native-born and the aliens”; NAB “whether natives or resident aliens.”


text: Heb “for all these abominations the men of the land who were before you have done.”


text: Heb “And the land will not vomit you out in your defiling it.”


text: The MT reads the singular “nation” and is followed by ASV, NASB, NRSV; the LXX, Syriac, and Targum have the plural “nations” (cf. v. 24 ).


text: Heb “to not do from the statutes of the detestable acts.”


text: Heb “and you will not.” The Hebrew conjunction ו ( vav , “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.