translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: LEV

label: NET translator note

text: Heb “these are them, my appointed times.” sn The term מוֹעֵד ( mo ’ ed , rendered “appointed time” here) can refer to either a time or place of meeting. See the note on “tent of meeting” ( אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד , ’ ohel mo ’ ed ) in Lev 1:1 .


text: This is a superlative expression, emphasizing the full and all inclusive rest of the Sabbath and certain festival times throughout the chapter (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 155). Cf. ASV “a sabbath of solemn rest.”


text: Heb “between the two evenings,” perhaps designating the time between the setting of the sun and the true darkness of night. Cf. KJV, ASV “at even”; NAB “at the evening twilight.” sn See B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 156, for a full discussion of the issues raised in this verse. The rabbinic tradition places the slaughter of Passover offerings between approximately 3:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. , not precisely at twilight. Moreover, the term פֶּסַח ( pesakh ) may mean “protective offering” rather than “Passover offering,” although they amount to about the same thing in the historical context of the exodus from Egypt (see Exod 11-12 ).


text: Heb “to this month.”


text: Heb “work of service”; KJV “servile work”; NASB “laborious work”; TEV “daily work.”


text: Heb “and you harvest its harvest.”


text: Heb “the sheaf of the first of your harvest.”


text: Heb “for your acceptance.”


text: Heb “And you shall make in the day of your waving the sheaf.”


text: Heb “a flawless lamb, a son of its year”; KJV “of the first year”; NLT “a year-old male lamb.”


text: Heb “wine, one fourth of the hin.” A pre-exilic hin is about 3.6 liters (= ca. 1 quart), so one fourth of a hin would be about one cup.


text: Heb “until the bone of this day.”


text: Heb “for your generations.”


text: Heb “seven Sabbaths, they shall be complete.” The disjunctive accent under “Sabbaths” precludes the translation “seven complete Sabbaths” (as NASB, NIV; cf. NAB, NRSV, NLT). The text is somewhat awkward, which may explain why the LXX tradition is confused here, either adding “you shall count” again at the end of the verse, or leaving out “they shall be,” or keeping “they shall be” and adding “to you.”


text: Heb “and.” In the translation “then” is supplied to clarify the sequence.


label: NET textual note

text: Smr, LXX, Syriac, Tg. Onq. , and Tg. Ps.-J. insert the word חַלּוֹת ( khallot , “loaves”; cf. Lev 2:4 and the note there). Even though “loaves” is not explicit in the MT, the number “two” suggests that these are discrete units, not just a measure of flour, so “loaves” should be assumed even in the MT.


text: Heb “with leaven.” The noun “leaven” is traditional in English versions (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV), but “yeast” is more commonly used today.


text: Heb “And you shall present on the bread.”


text: Heb “seven flawless lambs, sons of a year.”


text: Heb “and one bull, a son of a herd.”


text: Smr and LXX add “flawless.”


text: Heb “and their grain offering.”


text: Heb “And you shall make.”


text: Heb “a he-goat of goats.”


text: Smr and LXX have the Hebrew article on “lambs.” The syntax of this verse is difficult. The object of the verb (two lambs) is far removed from the verb itself (shall wave) in the MT, and the preposition עַל (’ al , “upon”), rendered “along with” in this verse, is also added to the far removed subject (literally, “upon [the] two lambs”; see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 159). It is clear, however, that the two lambs and the loaves (along with their associated grain and drink offerings) constituted the “wave offering,” which served as the prebend “for the priest.” Burnt and sin offerings (vv. 18-19 a) were not included in this (see Lev 7:11-14, 28-36 ).


text: Heb “And you shall proclaim [an assembly] in the bone of this day; a holy assembly it shall be to you” (see the remarks in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 160, and the remarks on the LXX rendering in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 367).


text: Heb “And when you harvest the harvest.”


text: Heb “you shall not complete the corner of your field in your harvest.”


text: Heb “a memorial of loud blasts.” Although the term for “horn” does not occur here, allowing for the possibility that vocal “shouts” of acclamation are envisioned (see P. J. Budd, Leviticus [NCBC], 325), the “blast” of the shofar (a trumpet made from a ram’s “horn”) is most likely what is intended. On this occasion, the loud blasts on the horn announced the coming of the new year on the first day of the seventh month (see the explanations in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 387, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 160).


text: Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו ( vav , “and”) can be considered to have adversative force here (cf. KJV, NASB, NIV).


text: Heb “Surely the tenth day” or perhaps “Precisely the tenth day.” The Hebrew adverbial particle אַךְ (’ akh ) is left untranslated by most recent English versions; cf. however NASB “On exactly the tenth day.”


text: Heb “you shall humble your souls.” See the note on Lev 16:29 above.


text: Heb “in the bone of this day.”


text: Heb “on you [plural]”; cf. NASB, NRSV “on your behalf.”


text: The particular כִּי ( ki ) is taken in an asseverative sense here (“Indeed,” see the NJPS translation).


text: Heb “it [i.e., that person; literally “soul,” feminine] shall be cut off from its peoples [plural]”; NLT “from the community.”


text: Heb “And any person.”


text: See HALOT 3 s.v. I אבד hif. Cf. KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT “destroy”; CEV “wipe out.”


text: Heb “its people” (“its” is feminine to agree with “person,” literally “soul,” which is feminine in Hebrew; cf. v. 29 ).


text: Heb “for your generations.”


text: Heb “you shall rest your Sabbath.”


text: The rendering “booths” (cf. NAB, NASB, NRSV) is probably better than the traditional “tabernacles” in light of the meaning of the term סֻכָּה ( sukkah , “hut, booth”), but “booths” are frequently associated with trade shows and craft fairs in contemporary American English. The nature of the celebration during this feast (see the following verses) as a commemoration of the wanderings of the Israelites after they left Egypt suggests that a translation like “temporary shelters” is more appropriate.


text: Heb “work of service”; KJV “servile work”; NASB “laborious work”; TEV “daily work.”


text: The Hebrew term עֲצֶרֶת (’ atseret ) “solemn assembly [day]” derives from a root associated with restraint or closure. It could refer either to the last day as “closing assembly” day of the festival (e.g., NIV) or a special day of restraint expressed in a “solemn assembly” (e.g., NRSV); cf. NLT “a solemn closing assembly.”


text: The LXX has “[their] burnt offerings, and their sacrifices, and their drink offerings.”


text: Heb “a matter of a day in its day”; NAB “as prescribed for each day”; NRSV, NLT “each on its proper day.”


text: Heb “from to separation.” See BDB 94 s.v. בַּד 1.e for an explanation of this phrase. This phrase is repeated in front of each of the four items in this verse in the Hebrew text, but these have not been translated into English for stylistic reasons. Cf. KJV, NASB “besides”; NRSV “apart from.”


text: Heb “Surely on the fifteenth day.” The Hebrew adverbial particle אַךְ (’ akh ) is left untranslated by most recent English versions; however, cf. NASB “On exactly the fifteenth day.”


text: Heb “fruit of majestic trees,” but the following terms and verses define what is meant by this expression. For extensive remarks on the celebration of this festival in history and tradition see B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 163; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 389-90; and P. J. Budd, Leviticus (NCBC), 328-29.


text: Heb “in the huts” (again at the end of this verse and in v. 43 ), perhaps referring to temporary shelters (i.e., huts) made of the foliage referred to in v. 40 (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 389).