translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: NUM

label: NET translator note

text: The preposition bet ( בְּ ) has the adversative sense here, “[speak] against” (see also its use for hostile speech in 21:5, 7 ). Speaking against is equal to the murmuring throughout the wilderness period. The verb of the sentence is וַתְּדַבֵּר ( vattÿdabber ), the feminine form of the verb. This indicates that Miriam was the main speaker for the two, the verb agreeing with the first of the compound subject. sn It may be that Miriam was envious of the Cushite woman Moses married. And, in view of the previous chapter’s content about others being given a portion of the Spirit to share in the leadership role, she may have seen this as her chance finally to become just as important in the nation as her younger brother. After all, she safeguarded his birth and early years (). But there are two issues here – the reason she gives (“does the Lord only speak through Moses?”), and the reason the text gives (the Cushite woman).


text: The Hebrew text has הַכֻּשִׁית ( hakkushit , “the Cushite”) as the modifier of “woman.” The Greek text interpreted this correctly as “Ethiopian.” The word Cush in the Bible can describe the Cassites, east of Babylon of the later period ( Gen 10:18 ), or Ethiopia ( Isa 20:3 ; Nah 3:5 ; et al). Another suggestion is that it would refer to Cushan of Hab 3:7 , perhaps close to Midian, and so the area Moses had been. This would suggest it could be Zipporah – but the Bible does not identify the Cushite as Zipporah. The most natural understanding would be that it refers to an Egyptian/Ethiopian woman. The text does not say when Moses married this woman, or what Miriam’s problem with her was. It is clear that it was a racial issue, by virtue of the use of “Cushite.” Whether she was of darker skin than the Hebrews would be hard to say, since the Bible gives no further detail. Neither does it say if this is a second wife, or a woman Moses married since Zipporah went home ( Exod 18:2 ). These do not seem to be the issues the text wishes to elaborate on; it is simply stating that this woman was the occasion for a deeper challenge.


text: Heb “taken.”


text: Now the text changes to use a plural form of the verb. The indication is that Miriam criticized the marriage, and then the two of them raised questions about his sole leadership of the nation.


text: The use of both רַק and אַךְ ( raq and ’ akh ) underscore the point that the issue is Moses’ uniqueness.


text: There is irony in the construction in the text. The expression “speak through us” also uses דִּבֵּר + בְּ ( dibber + bÿ ). They ask if God has not also spoken through them, after they have spoken against Moses. Shortly God will speak against them – their words are prophetic, but not as they imagined. sn The questions are rhetorical. They are affirming that God does not only speak through Moses, but also speaks through them. They see themselves as equal with Moses. The question that was asked of the earlier presumptuous Moses – “Who made you a ruler over us?” – could also be asked of them. God had not placed them as equals with Moses. The passage is relevant for today when so many clamor for equal authority and leadership with those whom God has legitimately called.


label: NET textual note

text: The spelling of the word is a Kethib-Qere reading with only a slight difference between the two. tn The word עָנָו (’ anav ) means “humble.” The word may reflect a trustful attitude (as in Pss 25:9, 37:11 ), but perhaps here the idea of “more tolerant” or “long-suffering.” The point is that Moses is not self-assertive. God singled out Moses and used him in such a way as to show that he was a unique leader. For a suggestion that the word means “miserable,” see C. Rogers, “Moses: Meek or Miserable?” JETS 29 (1986): 257-63. sn Humility is a quality missing today in many leaders. Far too many are self-promoting, or competitive, or even pompous. The statement in this passage would have been difficult for Moses to write – and indeed, it is not impossible that an editor might have added it. One might think that for someone to claim to be humble is an arrogant act. But the statement is one of fact – he was not self-assertive (until when he strikes the rock).


text: Heb “he.”


text: The form of this construction is rare: נְבִיאֲכֶם ( nÿvi ’ akhem ) would normally be rendered “your prophet.” The singular noun is suffixed with a plural pronominal suffix. Some commentators think the MT has condensed “a prophet” with “to you.”


text: The Hebrew syntax is difficult here. “The Lord” is separated from the verb by two intervening prepositional phrases. Some scholars conclude that this word belongs with the verb at the beginning of v. 6 (“And the Lord spoke”).


text: The word “faithful” is נֶאֱמָן ( ne ’ eman ), the Niphal participle of the verb אָמַן (’ aman ). This basic word has the sense of “support, be firm.” In the Niphal it describes something that is firm, reliable, dependable – what can be counted on. It could actually be translated “trustworthy.”


text: The emphasis of the line is clear enough – it begins literally “mouth to mouth” I will speak with him. In human communication this would mean equality of rank, but Moses is certainly not equal in rank with the Lord . And yet God is here stating that Moses has an immediacy and directness with communication with God. It goes beyond the idea of friendship, almost to that of a king’s confidant.


text: The word מַרְאֶה ( mar ’ eh ) refers to what is seen, a vision, an appearance. Here it would have the idea of that which is clearly visible, open, obvious.


text: The word “form” ( תְּמוּנָה , tÿmunah ) means “shape, image, form.” The Greek text took it metaphorically and rendered it “the glory of the Lord .” This line expresses even more the uniqueness of Moses. The elders saw God on one special occasion ( Exod 24:10 ), and the people never ( Deut 4:12, 15 ), but Moses has direct and familiar contact with God.


text: The disjunctive vav ( ו ) is here introducing a circumstantial clause of time.


text: There is no verb “became” in this line. The second half of the line is introduced with the particle הִנֵה ( hinneh , “look, behold”) in its archaic sense. This deictic use is intended to make the reader focus on Miriam as well.


text: Heb “turned to.”


text: The expression בִּי אֲדֹנִי ( bi ’ adoni , “O my lord”) shows a good deal of respect for Moses by Aaron. The expression is often used in addressing God.


text: The words “its mother” and “its flesh” are among the so-called tiqqune sopherim , or “emendations of the scribes.” According to this tradition the text originally had here “ our mother” and “ our flesh,” but the ancient scribes changed these pronouns from the first person to the third person. Apparently they were concerned that the image of Moses’ mother giving birth to a baby with physical defects of the sort described here was somehow inappropriate, given the stature and importance of Moses.


text: Some scholars emend אֵל (’ el , “God”) to עַל (’ al , “no”). The effect of this change may be seen in the NAB: “‘Please, not this! Pray, heal her!’”


text: The form is intensified by the infinitive absolute, but here the infinitive strengthens not simply the verbal idea but the conditional cause construction as well.


text: The clause has the Niphal infinitive construct after a temporal preposition.