translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: PSA

label: NET translator note

text: The meaning of the Hebrew term מַשְׂכִּיל ( maskil ) is uncertain. See the note on the phrase “well-written song” in the superscription of .


text: Or “forever.”


text: Heb “built.”


text: The words “the Lord said” are supplied in the translation for clarification. It is clear that the words of vv. 3-4 are spoken by the Lord , in contrast to vv. 1-2 , which are spoken by the psalmist.


text: Heb “forever I will establish your offspring.”


text: Heb “and I will build to a generation and a generation your throne.”


text: As the following context makes clear, the personified “heavens” here stand by metonymy for the angelic beings that surround God’s heavenly throne.


text: Heb “in the assembly of the holy ones.” The phrase “holy ones” sometimes refers to God’s people ( Ps 34:9 ) or to their priestly leaders ( 2 Chr 35:3 ), but here it refers to God’s heavenly assembly and the angels that surround his throne (see vv. 6-7 ).


text: Heb “sons of gods”; or “sons of God.” Though אֵלִים (’ elim ) is vocalized as a plural form (“gods”) in the Hebrew text, it is likely that the final mem ( ם ) is actually enclitic rather than a plural marker. In this case one may read “God.” Some, following a Qumran text and the LXX, also propose the phrase occurred in the original text of Deut 32:8 . The phrase בְנֵי אֵלִים ( vÿney ’ elim , “sons of gods” or “sons of God”) occurs only here and in Ps 29:1 . Since the “sons of gods/God” are here associated with “the assembly of the holy ones” and “council of the holy ones,” the heavenly assembly (comprised of so-called “angels” and other supernatural beings) appears to be in view. See Job 5:1; 15:15 and Zech 14:5 , where these supernatural beings are referred to as “holy ones.” In Canaanite mythological texts the divine council of the high god El is called “the sons of El.” The OT apparently uses the Canaanite phrase, applying it to the supernatural beings that surround the Lord ’s heavenly throne.


text: Heb “feared.”


text: Heb “in the great assembly of the holy ones.”


text: Or perhaps “feared by.”


text: Traditionally “God of hosts.” The title here pictures the Lord as enthroned in the midst of the angelic hosts of heaven.


text: Heb “the majesty of the sea.”


text: Heb “rise up.”


text: Heb “Rahab.” The name “Rahab” means “proud one.” Since it is sometimes used of Egypt (see Ps 87:4 ; Isa 30:7 ), the passage may allude to the exodus. However, the name is also used of the sea (or the mythological sea creature) which symbolizes the disruptive forces of the world that seek to replace order with chaos (see Job 9:13; 26:12 ). Isa 51:9 appears to combine the mythological and historical referents. The association of Rahab with the sea in (see v. 9 ) suggests that the name carries symbolic force in this context. In this case the passage may allude to creation (see vv. 11-12 ), when God overcame the great deep and brought order out of chaos.


text: Heb “like one fatally wounded.”


text: Heb “the world and its fullness, you established them.”


text: Heb “is lifted up.” The idiom “the right hand is lifted up” refers to victorious military deeds (see Pss 89:42; 118:16 ).


text: Heb “are in front of your face.” The idiom can mean “confront” ( Ps 17:13 ) or “meet, enter the presence of” ( Ps 95:2 ).


text: Heb “who know the shout.” “Shout” here refers to the shouts of the Lord ’s worshipers (see Pss 27:6; 33:3; 47:5 ).


text: Heb “in the light of your face they walk.” The idiom “light of your face” probably refers to a smile (see Eccl 8:1 ), which in turn suggests favor and blessing (see Num 6:25 ; Pss 4:6; 31:16; 44:3; 67:1; 80:3, 7, 19 ; Dan 9:17 ).


text: Heb “are lifted up.”


text: Heb “for the splendor of their strength [is] you.”


text: Heb “you lift up our horn,” or if one follows the marginal reading ( Qere ), “our horn is lifted up.” The horn of an ox underlies the metaphor (see Deut 33:17 ; 1 Kgs 22:11 ; Ps 92:10 ). The horn of the wild ox is frequently a metaphor for military strength; the idiom “exalt/lift up the horn” signifies military victory (see 1 Sam 2:10 ; Pss 75:10; 89:24; 92:10 ; Lam 2:17 ).


text: The phrase “our shield” refers metaphorically to the Davidic king, who, as God’s vice-regent, was the human protector of the people. Note the parallelism with “our king" here and with “your anointed one” in Ps 84:9 .


text: The pronoun “you” refers to the Lord , who is addressed here. The quotation that follows further develops the announcement of vv. 3-4 .


label: NET textual note

text: Many medieval mss read the singular here, “your faithful follower.” In this case the statement refers directly to Nathan’s oracle to David (see 2 Sam 7:17 ).


text: Heb “I have placed help upon a warrior.”


text: Or perhaps “a chosen one.”


text: The words “as king” are supplied in the translation for clarification, indicating that a royal anointing is in view.


text: Heb “with whom my hand will be firm.”


text: Heb “an enemy will not exact tribute.” The imperfect is understood in a modal sense, indicating capability or potential.


text: The translation understands the Hiphil of נָשַׁא ( nasha ’) in the sense of “act as a creditor.” This may allude to the practice of a conqueror forcing his subjects to pay tribute in exchange for “protection.” Another option is to take the verb from a homonymic verbal root meaning “to deceive,” “to trick.” Still another option is to emend the form to יִשָּׂא ( yisa ’), a Qal imperfect from נָאַשׂ ( na ’ as , “rise up”) and to translate “an enemy will not rise up against him” (see M. Dahood, Psalms [AB], 2:317).


text: Heb “and a son of violence will not oppress him.” The imperfect is understood in a modal sense, indicating capability or potential. The reference to a “son of violence” echoes the language of God’s promise to David in 2 Sam 7:10 (see also 1 Chr 17:9 ).


text: Heb “and my faithfulness and my loyal love [will be] with him.”


text: Heb “and by my name his horn will be lifted up.” The horn of an ox underlies the metaphor (see Deut 33:17 ; 1 Kgs 22:11 ; Ps 92:10 ). The horn of the wild ox is frequently a metaphor for military strength; the idiom “exalt/lift up the horn” signifies military victory (see 1 Sam 2:10 ; Pss 75:10; 92:10 ; Lam 2:17 ).


text: Some identify “the sea” as the Mediterranean and “the rivers” as the Euphrates and its tributaries. However, it is more likely that “the sea” and “the rivers” are symbols for hostile powers that oppose God and the king (see v. 9 , as well as Ps 93:3-4 ).


text: Heb “the rocky summit of my deliverance.”


text: Heb “forever I will keep for him my loyal love and will make my covenant secure for him.”


text: Heb “and I will set in place forever his offspring.”


text: Heb “and his throne like the days of the heavens.”


text: Or “desecrate.”


text: Heb “I will punish with a club their rebellion.” sn Despite the harsh image of beating…with a club , the language reflects a father-son relationship (see v. 30 ; 2 Sam 7:14 ). According to Proverbs, a שֵׁבֶט ( shevet , “club”) was sometimes utilized to administer corporal punishment to rebellious children (see Prov 13:24; 22:15; 23:13-14; 29:15 ).


text: Heb “with blows their sin.”


text: Heb “break”; “make ineffectual.” Some prefer to emend אָפִיר (’ afir ; the Hiphil of פָּרַר , parar , “to break”) to אָסִיר (’ asir ; the Hiphil of סוּר , sur , “to turn aside”), a verb that appears in 2 Sam 7:15 .


text: Heb “and I will not deal falsely with my faithfulness.”


text: Heb “and what proceeds out of my lips I will not alter.”


text: Or “lie to.”


text: Heb “his offspring forever will be.”


text: Heb “and his throne like the sun before me.”


text: Heb “like the moon it will be established forever.”


text: Heb “and a witness in the sky, secure.” Scholars have offered a variety of opinions as to the identity of the “witness” referred to here, none of which is very convincing. It is preferable to join וְעֵד ( vÿ ’ ed ) to עוֹלָם (’ olam ) in the preceding line and translate the commonly attested phrase עוֹלָם וְעֵד (“forever”). In this case one may translate the second line, “[it] will be secure like the skies.” Another option (the one reflected in the present translation) is to take עד as a rare noun meaning “throne” or “dais.” This noun is attested in Ugaritic; see, for example, CTA 16 vi 22-23, where ksi (= כִּסֵּא , kisse ’, “throne”) and ’ d (= עד , “dais”) appear as synonyms in the poetic parallelism (see G. R. Driver, Canaanite Myths and Legends , 91). Emending בַּשַּׁחַק ( bashakhaq , “in the heavens”) to כַּשַׁחַק ( kashakhaq , “like the heavens”) – bet/kaf ( כ / ב ) confusion is widely attested – one can then read “[his] throne like the heavens [is] firm/stable.” Verse 29 refers to the enduring nature of the heavens, while Job 37:18 speaks of God spreading out the heavens ( שְׁחָקִים , shÿkhaqim ) and compares their strength to a bronze mirror. Ps 89:29 uses the term שָׁמַיִם ( shamayim , “skies”) which frequently appears in parallelism to שְׁחָקִים .


text: The Hebrew construction (conjunction + pronoun, followed by the verb) draws attention to the contrast between what follows and what precedes.


text: Heb “your anointed one.” The Hebrew phrase מְשִׁיחֶךָ ( mÿshikhekha , “your anointed one”) refers here to the Davidic king (see Pss 2:2; 18:50; 20:6; 28:8; 84:9; 132:10, 17 ).


text: The Hebrew verb appears only here and in Lam 2:7 .


text: Heb “the covenant of your servant.”


text: Heb “you dishonor [or “desecrate”] on the ground his crown.”


text: The king here represents the land and cities over which he rules.


text: Heb “all the passersby on the road.”


text: Heb “you have lifted up the right hand of his adversaries.” The idiom “the right hand is lifted up” refers to victorious military deeds (see Pss 89:13; 118:16 ).


text: The perfect verbal form predominates in vv. 38-45 . The use of the imperfect in this one instance may be for rhetorical effect. The psalmist briefly lapses into dramatic mode, describing the king’s military defeat as if it were happening before his very eyes.


text: Heb “you turn back, rocky summit, his sword.” The Hebrew term צוּר ( tsur , “rocky summit”) makes no sense here, unless it is a divine title understood as vocative, “you turn back, O Rocky Summit, his sword.” Some emend the form to צֹר ( tsor , “flint”) on the basis of Josh 5:2 , which uses the phrase חַרְבוֹת צֻרִים ( kharvot tsurim , “flint knives”). The noun צֹר ( tsor , “flint”) can then be taken as “flint-like edge,” indicating the sharpness of the sword. Others emend the form to אָחוֹר (’ akhor , “backward”) or to מִצַּר ( mitsar , “from the adversary”). The present translation reflects the latter, assuming an original reading תָּשִׁיב מִצָּר חַרְבּוֹ ( tashiv mitsar kharbo ), which was corrupted to תָּשִׁיב צָר חַרְבּוֹ ( tashiv tsar kharbo ) by virtual haplography (confusion of bet/mem is well-attested) with צָר ( tsar , “adversary”) then being misinterpreted as צוּר in the later tradition.


text: Heb “and you have not caused him to stand in the battle.”


text: The Hebrew text appears to read, “you have brought to an end from his splendor,” but the form מִטְּהָרוֹ ( mittÿharo ) should be slightly emended (the daghesh should be removed from the tet [ ת ]) and read simply “his splendor” (the initial mem [ מ ] is not the preposition, but a nominal prefix).


text: The Hebrew verb מָגַר ( magar ) occurs only here and perhaps in Ezek 21:17 .


text: Heb “the days of his youth” (see as well Job 33:25 ).


text: Heb “How long, O Lord , will hide yourself forever?”


text: Heb “remember me, what is [my] lifespan.” The Hebrew term חֶלֶד ( kheled ) is also used of one’s lifespan in Ps 39:5 . Because the Hebrew text is so awkward here, some prefer to emend it to read מֶה חָדֵל אָנִי ( meh khadel ’ aniy , “[remember] how transient [that is, “short-lived”] I am”; see Ps 39:4 ).


text: Heb “For what emptiness do you create all the sons of mankind?” In this context the term שָׁוְא ( shavah ) refers to mankind’s mortal nature and the brevity of life (see vv. 45, 48 ).


text: Heb “Who [is] the man [who] can live and not see death, [who] can deliver his life from the hand of Sheol?” The rhetorical question anticipates the answer, “No one!”


text: Many medieval Hebrew mss read here יְהוָה ( yehvah , “the Lord ”).


text: Heb “[which] you swore on oath to David by your faithfulness.”


text: Heb “remember, O Lord, the taunt against your servants.” Many medieval Hebrew mss read the singular here, “your servant” (that is, the psalmist).


text: Heb “my lifting up in my arms [or “against my chest”] all of the many, peoples.” The term רַבִּים ( rabbim , “many”) makes no apparent sense here. For this reason some emend the text to רִבֵי ( rivey , “attacks by”), a defectively written plural construct form of רִיב ( riv , “dispute; quarrel”).


text: Heb “[by] which your enemies, O Lord , taunt, [by] which they taunt [at] the heels of your anointed one.”


text: Heb “[be] blessed.” See Pss 18:46; 28:6; 31:21 .


text: Heb “surely and surely” ( אָמֵן וְאָמֵן [’ amen vÿ ’ amen ], i.e., “Amen and amen”). This is probably a congregational response to the immediately preceding statement about the propriety of praising God; thus it has been translated “We agree! We agree!”