translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: REV

label: NET translator note

text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.


text: Grk “from the rising of the sun.” BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατολή 2.a takes this as a geographical direction: “ ἀπὸ ἀ . ἡλίου … from the east Rv 7:2; 16:12 …simply ἀπὸ ἀ . … 21:13 .”


text: Grk “having,” but v. 3 makes it clear that the angel’s purpose is to seal others with the seal he carries.


text: Or “signet” (L&N 6.54).


text: Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Here καί ( kai ) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.


text: The word “permission” is implied; Grk “to whom it was given to them to damage the earth.”


text: Grk “saying.” The participle λέγων ( legwn ) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.


text: See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1 .


text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of new but related material.


text: Grk “who were sealed.”


text: Normally, “every,” but since 144,000 is the total number, “all” is clearer here.


text: Grk “the sons of Israel,” normally an idiom for the Israelites as an ethnic entity (L&N 11.58). However, many scholars understand the expression in this context to refer to Christians rather than ethnic Israelites.


text: The phrase “and here was” expresses the sense of καὶ ἰδού ( kai idou ).


text: Here καί ( kai ) has not been translated before each of the following categories, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.


text: The dative here has been translated as a dative of possession.


text: The verb is pluperfect, but the force is simple past. See ExSyn 586.


text: Grk “they fell down on their faces.” BDAG 815 s.v. πίπτω 1.b. α . ב . has “ fall down, throw oneself to the ground as a sign of devotion or humility, before high-ranking persons or divine beings.”


text: Grk “spoke” or “declared to,” but in the context “asked” reads more naturally in English.


text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the previous question.


text: Though the expression “the answer” is not in the Greek text, it is clearly implied. Direct objects in Greek were frequently omitted when clear from the context.


text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.


text: Or “worship.” The word here is λατρεύω ( latreuw ).


text: Grk “will spread his tent over them,” normally an idiom for taking up residence with someone, but when combined with the preposition ἐπί ( epi , “over”) the idea is one of extending protection or shelter (BDAG 929 s.v. σκηνόω ).


text: An allusion to Isa 49:10 . The phrase “burning heat” is one word in Greek ( καῦμα , kauma ) that refers to a burning, intensely-felt heat. See BDAG 536 s.v.