translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: DEU

label: NET study note

text: Elsewhere in the OT, the Israelites are called “Hebrews” ( עִבְרִי , ’ ivriy ) by outsiders, rarely by themselves (cf. Gen 14:13; 39:14, 17; 41:12 ; Exod 1:15, 16, 19; 2:6, 7, 11, 13 ; 1 Sam 4:6 ; Jonah 1:9 ). Thus, here and in the parallel passage in Exod 21:2-6 the term עִבְרִי may designate non-Israelites, specifically a people well-known throughout the ancient Near East as ’ apiru or habiru . They lived a rather vagabond lifestyle, frequently hiring themselves out as laborers or mercenary soldiers. While accounting nicely for the surprising use of the term here in an Israelite law code, the suggestion has against it the unlikelihood that a set of laws would address such a marginal people so specifically (as opposed to simply calling them aliens or the like). More likely עִבְרִי is chosen as a term to remind Israel that when they were “Hebrews,” that is, when they were in Egypt, they were slaves. Now that they are free they must not keep their fellow Israelites in economic bondage. See v. 15 .


text: When the bondslave’s ear was drilled through to the door , the door in question was that of the master’s house. In effect, the bondslave is declaring his undying and lifelong loyalty to his creditor. The scar (or even hole) in the earlobe would testify to the community that the slave had surrendered independence and personal rights. This may be what Paul had in mind when he said “I bear on my body the marks of Jesus” ( Gal 6:17 ).