translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: OBA

label: NET translator note

text: Heb “the vision of Obadiah” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV); TEV “This is the prophecy of Obadiah.”


text: Heb “Lord Lord. ” The phrase אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה (’ adonay yÿhvih ) is customarily rendered by Jewish tradition as “Lord God .” Cf. NIV, TEV, NLT “Sovereign Lord.”


text: The Hebrew preposition לְ ( lÿ ) is better translated here “concerning” (so KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV, NLT) or “about” (so NIV, NCV, TEV, CEV) Edom rather than “to” Edom, although much of the book does speak directly to Edom.


text: Although the word “saying” is not in the Hebrew text, it has been supplied in the translation because what follows seems to be the content of the envoy’s message. Cf. ASV, NASB, NCV, all of which supply “saying”; NIV, NLT “to say.”


text: Heb “Arise, and let us arise against her in battle!” The term “Edom” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation to specify the otherwise ambiguous referent of the term “her.”


text: The introductory phrase “the Lord says” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation to clarify the identity of the speaker.


text: The Hebrew perfect verb form used here usually describes past events. However, here and several times in the following verses it is best understood as portraying certain fulfillment of events that at the time of writing were still future . It is the perfect of certitude. See GKC 312-13 §106. n ; Joüon 2:363 §112.h.


text: Heb “the presumption of your heart”; NAB, NIV “the pride of your heart”; NASB “arrogance of your heart.”


text: Heb “in the concealed places of the rock”; KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV “in the clefts of the rock”; NCV “the hollow places of the cliff”; CEV “a mountain fortress.” sn The word rock in Hebrew ( סֶלַע , sela ’) is a wordplay on Sela, the name of a prominent Edomite city. Its impregnability was a cause for arrogance on the part of its ancient inhabitants.


text: Heb “on high (is) his dwelling”; NASB “in the loftiness of your dwelling place”; NRSV “whose dwelling (abode NAB) is in the heights.”


text: Heb “the one who says in his heart.”


text: The Hebrew imperfect verb used here is best understood in a modal sense (“Who can bring me down?”) rather than in the sense of a simple future (“Who will bring me down?”). So also in v. 4 (“I can bring you down”). The question is not so much whether this will happen at some time in the future, but whether it even lies in the realm of possible events. In their hubris the Edomites were boasting that no one had the capability of breaching their impregnable defenses. However, their pride caused them to fail to consider the vast capabilities of Yahweh as warrior.


text: Heb “Who can bring me down?” This rhetorical question implies a negative answer: “No one!”


label: NET textual note

text: The present translation follows the reading תָּשִׂים ( tasim ; active) rather than שִׁים ( sim ; passive) of the MT (“and your nest be set among the stars,” NAB). Cf. LXX, Syriac, Vg.


text: Heb “If thieves came to you, or if plunderers of the night” (NRSV similar). The repetition here adds rhetorical emphasis.


text: Heb “Would they not have stolen only their sufficiency?” The rhetorical question is used to make an emphatic assertion, which is perhaps best represented by the indicative form in the translation.


text: Heb “If grape pickers came to you.” The phrase “to harvest your vineyards” does not appear in the Hebrew, but is supplied in the translation to clarify the point of the entire simile which is assumed.


text: Heb “Would they not have left some gleanings?” The rhetorical question makes an emphatic assertion, which for the sake of clarity is represented by the indicative form in the translation. The implied answer to these rhetorical questions is “yes.” The fact that something would have remained after the imagined acts of theft or harvest stands in stark contrast to the totality of Edom’s destruction as predicted by Obadiah. Edom will be so decimated as a result of God’s judgment that nothing at all will be left sn According to the Mosaic law, harvesters were required to leave some grain behind in the fields for the poor ( Lev 19:9; 23:22 ; see also ); there was a similar practice with grapes and olives ( Lev 19:10 ; Deut 24:21 ). Regarding gleanings left behind from grapes, see Judg 8:2 ; Jer 6:9; 49:9 ; Mic 7:1 .


text: Heb “O how you will be cut off.” This emotional interjection functions rhetorically as the prophet’s announcement of judgment on Edom. In Hebrew this statement actually appears between the first and second metaphors, that is, in the middle of this verse. As the point of the comparison, one would expect it to follow both of the two metaphors; however, Obadiah interrupts his own sentence to interject his emphatic exclamation that cannot wait until the end of the sentence. This emphatic sentence structure is eloquent in Hebrew but awkward in English. Since this emphatic assertion is the point of his comparison, it appears at the end of the sentence in this translation, where one normally expects to find the concluding point of a metaphorical comparison.


text: Heb “Esau.” The name Esau here is a synecdoche of part for whole referring to the Edomites. Cf. “Jacob” in v. 10 , where the meaning is “Israelites.”


text: Heb “How Esau will be searched!”; NAB “How they search Esau.” The Hebrew verb חָפַשׂ ( khafas , “to search out”) is used metonymically here for plundering the hidden valuables of a conquered people (e.g., 1 Kgs 20:6 ).


text: Heb “his” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); this is singular agreeing with “Esau” in the previous line.


text: Heb “searched out” (so NASB, NRSV); NIV “pillaged”; TEV “looted”; NLT “found and taken.” This pictures the violent action of conquering warriors ransacking the city in order to loot and plunder its valuables.


text: Heb “All the men of your covenant”; KJV, ASV “the men of thy confederacy.” In Hebrew “they will send you unto the border” and “all the men of your covenant” appear in two separate poetic lines (cf. NAB “To the border they drive you – all your allies”). Since the second is a noun clause functioning as the subject of the first clause, the two are rendered as a single sentence in the translation.


text: Heb “send”; NASB “send you forth”; NAB “drive”; NIV “force.”


text: Heb “to the border” (so NASB, NIV, NRSV).


text: Heb “the men of your peace.” This expression refers to a political/military alliance or covenant of friendship.


text: Heb “your bread,” which makes little sense in the context. The Hebrew word can be revocalized to read “those who eat bread with you,” i.e., “your friends.” Cf. KJV “they that eat thy bread”; NIV “those who eat your bread”; TEV “Those friends who ate with you.”


text: Heb “set a trap” (so NIV, NRSV). The meaning of the Hebrew word מָזוֹר ( mazor ; here translated “ambush”) is uncertain; it occurs nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible. The word probably refers to something “spread out” for purposes of entrapment, such as a net. Other possibilities include “trap,” “fetter,” or “stumbling block.”


text: Heb “beneath” (so NAB).


text: Heb “there is no understanding in him.”


text: Heb “in that day” (so KJV, NIV); NAB, NASB, NRSV “on that day.”


text: Heb “Will I not destroy those who are wise from Edom?” The rhetorical question functions as an emphatic affirmation. For the sake of clarity this has been represented by the emphatic indicative in the translation.


text: Heb “understanding”; NIV “men of understanding.” This undoubtedly refers to members of the royal court who offered political and military advice to the Edomite kings. In the ancient Near East, such men of wisdom were often associated with divination and occultic practices (cf. Isa 3:3, 47:10, 13 ). The Edomites were also renown in the ancient Near East as a center of traditional sagacity and wisdom; perhaps that is referred to here (cf. Jer 49:7 ).


text: The Hebrew word used here ( לְמַעַן , lÿma ’ an ) usually expresses purpose. The sense in this context, however, is more likely that of result.


text: Heb “a man,” meaning “every single person” here; cf. KJV “every one.”


text: Heb “cut off” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV); NIV, NLT “cut down”; CEV “wiped out.”


text: Heb “from.” The preposition is used here with a causal sense.


text: Heb “because of the slaughter and because of the violence.” These two expressions form a hendiadys meaning “because of the violent slaughter.” Traditional understanding connects the first phrase “because of the slaughter” with the end of v. 9 (cf. KJV, NASB, NIV, NLT). It is preferable, however, to regard it as parallel to the reference to violence at the beginning of v. 11 . Both the parallel linguistic structure of the two phrases and the metrical structure of the verse favor connecting this phrase with the beginning of v. 10 (cf. NRSV, TEV).


text: Heb “the violence of your brother.” The genitive construction is to be understood as an objective genitive. The meaning is not that Jacob has perpetrated violence (= subjective genitive), but that violence has been committed against him (= objective genitive).


text: Heb “your brother Jacob” (so NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NCV “your relatives, the Israelites.”


text: Heb “be cut off” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV).


text: Heb “in the day of your standing”; NAB “On the day when you stood by.”


text: Or perhaps, “wealth” (so NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT). The Hebrew word is somewhat ambiguous here. This word also appears in v. 13 , where it clearly refers to wealth.


text: The present translation follows the Qere which reads the plural (“gates”) rather than the singular.


text: For location see Map5-B1 ; Map6-F3 ; Map7-E2 ; Map8-F2 ; Map10-B3 ; JP1-F4 ; JP2-F4 ; JP3-F4 ; JP4-F4 .


text: Heb “like one from them”; NASB “You too were as one of them.”


text: In vv. 12-14 there are eight prohibitions which summarize the nature of the Lord’s complaint against Edom. Each prohibition alludes to something that Edom did to Judah that should not have been done by one “brother” to another. It is because of these violations that the Lord has initiated judgment against Edom. In the Hebrew text these prohibitions are expressed by אַל (’ al , “not”) plus the jussive form of the verb, which is common in negative commands of immediate urgency. Such constructions would normally have the sense of prohibiting something either not yet begun (i.e., “do not start to …”) or something already in process at the time of speaking (i.e., “stop…”). Here, however, it seems more likely that the prohibitions refer to a situation in past rather than future time (i.e., “you should not have …”). If so, the verbs are being used in a rhetorical fashion, as though the prophet were vividly projecting himself back into the events that he is describing and urging the Edomites not to do what in fact they have already done.


text: The Hebrew expression “to look upon” often has the sense of “to feast the eyes upon” or “to gloat over” (cf. v. 13 ).


text: Heb “your brother” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV); NCV “your brother Israel.”


text: Heb “in the day of your brother, in the day of his calamity.” This expression is probably a hendiadys meaning, “in the day of your brother’s calamity.” The Hebrew word נָכְרוֹ ( nokhro , “his calamity”)_is probably a word-play on נָכְרִים ( nokherim , “foreigners”) in v. 11 .


text: Heb “in the day of their destruction” (so KJV, NASB, NIV); NAB, NRSV “on the day of their ruin.”


text: Or “boasted with your mouth.” The Hebrew text includes the phrase “with your mouth,” which is redundant in English and has been left untranslated.


text: Heb “in the day of adversity”; NASB “in the day of their distress.”


text: Heb “the gate.” The term “gate” here functions as a synecdoche for the city as a whole, which the Edomites plundered.


text: Heb “in the day of their distress.” The phrase is used three times in this verse; the Hebrew word translated “distress” ( אֵידָם , ’ edam ) is a wordplay on the name Edom. For stylistic reasons and to avoid monotony, in the present translation this phrase is rendered: “when they experienced distress,” “when they suffered distress,” and “when they endured distress.”


text: Heb “you, also you.”


text: Heb “in the day of his distress.” In this and the following phrase at the end of v. 13 the suffix is 3 rd person masculine singular. As collective singulars both occurrences have been translated as plurals (“they suffered distress…endured distress” rather than “he suffered distress…endured distress”).


text: In the MT the verb is feminine plural, but the antecedent is unclear. The Hebrew phrase תִּשְׁלַחְנָה ( tishlakhnah ) here should probably be emended to read תִּשְׁלַח יָד ( tishlakh yad ), although yad (“hand”) is not absolutely essential to this idiom.


text: See the note on the phrase “suffered distress” in the previous line.


text: The meaning of the Hebrew word פֶּרֶק ( pereq ; here translated “fork in the road”) is uncertain. The word is found in the Hebrew Bible only here and in Nah 3:1 , where it means “plunder.” In the present context it seems to refer to a strategic intersection or fork in a road where bands of Edomites apprehended Israelites who were fleeing from the attack on Jerusalem. Cf. NAB, NIV, NLT “crossroads”; NRSV “crossings.”


text: Heb “to cut off” (so KJV, NRSV); NASB, NIV “to cut down.”


text: Heb “his fugitives”; NAB, CEV “refugees.”


text: Heb “in the day of distress” (so KJV, ASV).


text: Heb “near” (so KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NCV “is coming soon.”


text: Heb “your deed will return on your own head.” Verses 15 and 16 provide an example of ironic reversal, whereby the tables are turned and poetic justice is served. This is a motif that is common in prophetic oracles against foreign nations.


text: The identification of the referent of “you” in v. 16 a is uncertain. There are three major options: (1) On the surface, it would appear to be Edom, which is addressed in v. 15 b and throughout the prophecy. However, when Edom is addressed, second person singular forms are normally used in the Hebrew. In v. 16 a the Hebrew verb “you drank” is a plural form שְׁתִיתֶם ( shÿtitem ), perhaps suggesting that Edom is no longer addressed, at least solely. Perhaps Edom and the nations, mentioned in v. 15 a, are both addressed in v. 16 a. However, since the nations are referred to in the third person in v. 16 b, it seems unlikely that they are addressed here. (2) Another option is to take the final mem ( ם ) on the Hebrew verb form ( שְׁתִיתֶם ) as an enclitic particle and revocalize the form as a singular verb ( שָׁתִיתָ , shatita ) addressed to Edom. In this case v. 16 a would allude to the time when Edom celebrated Jerusalem’s defeat on Mount Zion, God’s “holy hill.” Verse 16 b would then make the ironic point that just as Edom once drank in victory, so the nations (Edom included) would someday drink the cup of judgment. However, this interpretation is problematic for it necessitates taking the drinking metaphor in different ways (as signifying celebration and then judgment) within the same verse. (3) Another option is that the exiled people of Judah are addressed. Just as God’s people were forced to drink the intoxicating wine of divine judgment, so the nations, including those who humiliated Judah, would be forced to drink this same wine. However, the problem here is that God’s people are never addressed elsewhere in the prophecy, making this approach problematic as well.


text: Heb “will be a fugitive.” This is a collective singular. Cf. NCV “some will escape the judgment.”


text: Heb “house” (so most English versions); NCV, TEV “the people of Jacob.” The word “house” also occurs four times in v. 18 .


text: Heb “dispossess.” This root is repeated in the following line to emphasize poetic justice: The punishment will fit the crime.


text: The present translation follows the reading מוֹרִשֵׁיהֶם ( morishehem ; literally, “those dispossessing them”; cf. NAB, NRSV, CEV) rather than מוֹרָשֵׁיהֶם ( morashehem , “their possessions”) of the MT (cf. LXX, Syriac, and Vg, followed by KJV, ASV, NASB).


text: Heb “will be no survivor”; NAB “none shall survive.”


text: Heb “the Negev”; ASV “the South”; NCV, TEV “southern Judah.” The Hebrew text does not have the words “the people of,” but these words have been supplied in the translation for clarity. The place name “the Negev” functions as a synecdoche (container for contents) for the people living in the Negev. sn The Negev is a dry, hot, arid region in the southern portion of Judah.


text: The Hebrew text does not have the words “the people of,” but they are supplied in the translation since “the Shephelah” functions as a synecdoche referring to residents of this region. sn The Shephelah as a region refers to the Palestinian foothills that rise from the coastal plain. In much of Old Testament times they served as a divide between the people of Judah and the Philistines.


text: The phrase “will take possession” does not appear in this clause, but is implied from its previous use in this verse. It is supplied in the translation for the sake of smoothness.


text: The words “the land of” are not present in the Hebrew text. They are supplied in the translation for clarity.


text: The phrase “will take possession” does not appear in this clause, but is implied from its previous use in this verse. It is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.


text: Or “army” (TEV); KJV, NAB, NASB “host”; NIV “company.” Some text critics suggest revocalizing MT הַחֵל ( hakhel , “the fortress”) to the place- name הָלָה ( halah , “Halah”; so NRSV), the location to which many of the Israelite exiles were sent in the 8th century ( 2 Kgs 7:6; 18:11 ; 1 Chr 5:26 ). The MT form is from הַיִל ( hayil , “strength”), which is used elsewhere to refer to an army ( Exod 14:17 ; 1 Sam 17:20 ; 2 Sam 8:9 ), military fortress ( 2 Sam 20:15; 22:33 ), leaders ( Exod 18:21 ) and even wealth or possessions ( Obad 1:11, 13 ).


text: The Hebrew text has no verb here. The words “will possess” have been supplied from the context.


text: For location see Map5-B1 ; Map6-F3 ; Map7-E2 ; Map8-F2 ; Map10-B3 ; JP1-F4 ; JP2-F4 ; JP3-F4 ; JP4-F4 .


text: The present translation follows the reading מוּשָׁעִים ( musha ’ im , “those who have been delivered”; cf. NRSV, CEV) rather than מוֹשִׁעִים ( moshi ’ im ,“deliverers”; cf. NASB, NIV, NLT) of the MT (cf. LXX, Aquila, Theodotion, and Syriac).


text: Heb “to judge.” In this context the term does not mean “to render judgment on,” but “to rule over” (cf. NAB “to rule”; NIV “to govern”).


text: Heb “then the kingdom will belong to the Lord .”