translation_id: net-engnet

book_id: REV

label: NET translator note

text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.


text: The phrase “and here was” expresses the sense of καὶ ἰδού ( kai idou ).


text: Or “a voice” (cf. Rev 1:15 ), but since in this context nothing is mentioned as the content of the voice, it is preferable to translate φωνή ( fwnh ) as “sound” here.


text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of a new topic.


text: Grk “elders, and no one.” This is a continuation of the previous sentence in the Greek text, but because of the length and complexity of the sentence a new sentence was started here in the translation.


text: The aorist passive verb is rendered as a reflexive (“defiled themselves”) by BDAG 657 s.v. μολύνω 2.


text: Grk “in their mouth was not found a lie.”


text: pc ) have the conjunction “for” ( γάρ , gar ) here so that the phrase reads: “ for they are blameless.” Other important mss (A C P 1854 2053 al lat) lack the word. The shorter reading is to be preferred since the scribes were more likely to make the connection explicit through the addition of “for” than they would have been to omit the conjunction. As it is, the passage without the conjunction makes good sense and evokes a very somber tone.


text: A C P 051 1006 1611 1841 2053 2329 al latt sy bo). The problem that its inclusion represents is that there is no reference to any other angel in the immediate context (the last mention was in 11:15 ). In this instance, the longer reading is harder. The word was probably intentionally omitted in order to resolve the tension; less likely, it might have been accidentally omitted since its spelling is similar to “angel” ( ἄγγελος , angelos ).


text: L&N 1.10 states, “a point or region of the sky directly above the earth – ‘high in the sky, midpoint in the sky, directly overhead, straight above in the sky.’”


text: Grk “having.”


text: Or “an eternal gospel to announce as good news.”


text: Grk “to those seated on the earth.”


text: Grk “and tribe,” but καί ( kai ) has not been translated here or before the following term since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.


text: Grk “people, saying.” In the Greek text this is a continuation of the previous sentence. For the translation of λέγω ( legw ) as “declare,” see BDAG 590 s.v. 2 .e.


text: Here καί ( kai ) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.


text: ) support the reading “another, a second angel” ( ἄλλος ἄγγελος δεύτερος ). The reading that most likely gave rise to the others is the fourth. The first reading attempts to smooth out the grammar by placing the adjective in front of the noun. The second reading may have dropped out the “angel” on the basis of its similarity to “another” ( ἄλλος ). The third reading either intentionally or accidentally left out the word “second.” In any event, this is weakly attested and should not be given much consideration. (If, however, this reading had had good support, with “second” floating, and with “third” in the text in 14:9 , one could possibly see δεύτερος as a motivated reading. But without sufficient support for the third reading, the one thing that is most certain is that δεύτερος was part of the original text here.) It is difficult to account for the rise of the other readings if “second” is not original. And the undisputed use of “third” ( τρίτος , tritos ) in 14:9 may be another indicator that the adjective “second” was in the original text. Finally, the fourth reading is the more difficult and therefore, in this case, to be accepted as the progenitor of the others.


text: Grk “And another angel, a second.”


text: The words “the first” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. Direct objects were frequently omitted in Greek when clear from the context.


text: For the translation of λέγω ( legw ) as “declare,” see BDAG 590 s.v. 2 .e.


text: Or “all the Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).


text: Grk “of the wine of the passion of the sexual immorality of her.” Here τῆς πορνείας ( th" porneia" ) has been translated as an attributive genitive. In an ironic twist of fate, God will make Babylon drink her own mixture, but it will become the wine of his wrath in retribution for her immoral deeds (see the note on the word “wrath” in 16:19 ).


text: Grk “And another angel, a third.”


text: Grk “followed them.”


text: Grk “he himself.”


text: The Greek word for “anger” here is θυμός ( qumos ), a wordplay on the “passion” ( θυμός ) of the personified city of Babylon in 14:8 .


text: Traditionally, “brimstone.”


text: The Greek pronoun is plural here even though the verbs in the previous verse are singular.


text: The present tense ἀναβαίνει ( anabainei ) has been translated as a futuristic present ( ExSyn 535-36). This is also consistent with the future passive βασανισθήσεται ( basanisqhsetai ) in v. 10 .


text: The present tense ἔχουσιν ( ecousin ) has been translated as a futuristic present to keep the English tense consistent with the previous verb (see note on “will go up” earlier in this verse).


text: Grk “and.”


text: Grk “Here is.”


text: Or “the perseverance.”


text: Grk “who keep.”


text: The words “hold to” are implied as a repetition of the participle translated “keep” ( οἱ τηροῦντες , Joi throunte" ).


text: Grk “faith of Jesus.” The construction may mean either “faith in Jesus” or “faithful to Jesus.” Either translation implies that ᾿Ιησοῦ ( Ihsou ) is to be taken as an objective genitive; the difference is more lexical than grammatical because πίστις ( pistis ) can mean either “faith” or “faithfulness.”


text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.


text: Or “from their trouble” (L&N 22.7).


text: Grk “their deeds will follow with them.”


text: Grk “and behold, a white cloud.”


text: This phrase constitutes an allusion to Dan 7:13 . Concerning υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ( Juio" tou anqrwpou ), BDAG 1026 s.v. υἱός 2.d. γ says: “ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’…‘the human being, the human one, the man’…On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46-48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f)…Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 … Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13 …).” The term “son” here in this expression is anarthrous and as such lacks specificity. Some commentators and translations take the expression as an allusion to Daniel 7:13 and not to “the son of man” found in gospel traditions (e.g., Mark 8:31; 9:12 ; cf. D. E. Aune, Revelation [WBC], 2:800-801; cf. also NIV). Other commentators and versions, however, take the phrase “son of man” as definite , involving allusions to Dan 7:13 and “the son of man” gospel traditions (see G. K. Beale, Revelation [NIGTC], 771-72; NRSV).


text: Grk “like a son of man, having.” In the Greek text this is a continuation of the previous sentence.


text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.


text: Grk “Send out.”


text: The aorist θέρισον ( qerison ) has been translated ingressively.


text: Here καί ( kai ) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the angel’s directions.


text: Here καί ( kai ) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.


text: Grk “who had authority over.” This appears to be the angel who tended the fire on the altar.


text: Grk “to the one having the sharp sickle”; the referent (the angel in v. 17 ) has been specified in the translation for clarity.


text: Grk “Send.”


text: On this term BDAG 1018 s.v. τρυγάω states: “‘gather in’ ripe fruit, esp. harvest ( grapes ) w. acc. of the fruit (POslo. 21, 13 [71 ad]; Jos., Ant. 4, 227) Lk 6:44 ; Rv 14:18 (in imagery, as in the foll. places)…W. acc. of that which bears the fruit gather the fruit of the vine…or the vineyard (s. ἄμπελος a) Rv 14:19 .”


text: On this term BDAG 181 s.v. βότρυς states, “ bunch of grapes Rv 14:18 …The word is also found in the Phrygian Papias of Hierapolis, in a passage in which he speaks of the enormous size of the grapes in the new aeon (in the Lat. transl. in Irenaeus 5, 33, 2f.): dena millia botruum Papias ( 1:2 ). On this see Stephan. Byz. s.v. Εὐκαρπία : Metrophanes says that in the district of Εὐκαρπία in Phrygia Minor the grapes were said to be so large that one bunch of them caused a wagon to break down in the middle.”


text: The genitive τῆς γῆς ( ths ghs ), taken symbolically, could be considered a genitive of apposition.


text: Or perhaps, “its bunches of grapes” (a different Greek word from the previous clause). L&N 3.38 states, “the fruit of grapevines (see 3.27) – ‘grape, bunch of grapes.’ τρύγησον τοὺς βότρυας τῆς ἀμπέλου τῆς γῆς , ὅτι ἤκμασαν αἱ σταφυλαὶ αὐτῆς ‘cut the grapes from the vineyard of the earth because its grapes are ripe’ Re 14:18 . Some scholars have contended that βότρυς means primarily a bunch of grapes, while σταφυλή designates individual grapes. In Re 14:18 this difference might seem plausible, but there is scarcely any evidence for such a distinction, since both words may signify grapes as well as bunches of grapes.”


text: On the use of ἥκμασαν ( hkmasan ) BDAG 36 s.v. ἀκμάζω states, “ to bloom …of grapes… Rv 14:18 .”


text: Or “vine.” BDAG 54 s.v. ἄμπελος a states, “ τρυγᾶν τοὺς βότρυας τῆς ἀ . τῆς γῆς to harvest the grapes fr. the vine of the earth (i.e. fr. the earth, symbol. repr. as a grapevine) Rv 14:18 f; but ἀ may be taking on the meaning of ἀμπελών , as oft. in pap., possibly PHib. 70b, 2 [III bc].” The latter alternative has been followed in the translation ( ἀμπελών = “vineyard”).


text: Although the gender of μέγαν ( megan , masc.) does not match the gender of ληνόν ( lhnon , fem.) it has been taken to modify that word (as do most English translations).


text: L&N 6.7 states, “In Re 14:20 the reference to a bit and bridle is merely an indication of measurement, that is to say, the height of the bit and bridle from the ground, and one may reinterpret this measurement as ‘about a meter and a half’ or ‘about five feet.’”


text: Grk “1,600 stades.” A stade was a measure of length about 607 ft (185 m). Thus the distance here would be 184 mi or 296 km.