<title type="x-IS">INTRODUCTION</title>
 Joel (meaning "one to whom Jehovah is God," that is, worshipper of Jehovah) seems to have belonged to Judah, as no reference occurs to Israel; whereas he speaks of Jerusalem, the temple, the priests, and the ceremonies, as if he were intimately familiar with them (compare <reference osisRef="Joel.1.14">Joe 1:14</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.1.15">2:1, 15</reference>, 32; <reference osisRef="1Cor.3.1">3:1</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.6.16">2, 6, 16</reference>, 17, 20, 21). His predictions were probably delivered in the early days of Joash 870-865 B.C.; for no reference is made in them to the Babylonian, Assyrian, or even the Syrian invasion; and the only enemies mentioned are the Philistines, Phoenicians, Edomites, and Egyptians (<reference osisRef="Joel.3.4">Joe 3:4</reference>, <reference osisRef="Joel.3.19">19</reference>). Had he lived after Joash, he would doubtless have mentioned the Syrians among the enemies whom he enumerates since they took Jerusalem and carried off immense spoil to Damascus (<reference osisRef="2Chr.24.23">2Ch 24:23</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.24">24</reference>). No idolatry is mentioned; and the temple services, the priesthood, and other institutions of the theocracy, are represented as flourishing. This all answers to the state of things under the high priesthood of Jehoiada, through whom Joash had been placed on the throne and who lived in the early years of Joash (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.17">2Ki 11:17</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.18">18</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.12.2-2Kgs.12.16">12:2-16</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.4-2Chr.24.14">2Ch 24:4-14</reference>). He was the son of Pethuel.

<hi type="bold">The first chapter describes the desolation caused by an inroad of locusts--</hi>one of the instruments of divine judgment mentioned by Moses (<reference osisRef="Deut.28.38">De 28:38</reference>, <reference osisRef="Deut.28.39">39</reference>) and by Solomon (<reference osisRef="1Kgs.8.37">1Ki 8:37</reference>). The second chapter (<reference osisRef="Joel.2.1-Joel.2.11">Joe 2:1-11</reference>): the appearance of them, under images of a hostile army suggesting that the locusts were symbols and forerunners of a more terrible scourge, namely, foreign enemies who would consume all before them. (The absence of mention of personal injury to the inhabitants is not a just objection to the figurative interpretation; for the figure is consistent throughout in attributing to the locusts only injury to vegetation, thereby injuring indirectly man and beast). <reference osisRef="Joel.2.12-Joel.2.17">Joe 2:12-17</reference>: exhortation to repentance, the result of which will be: God will deliver His people, the former and latter rains shall return to fertilize their desolated lands, and these shall be the pledge of the spiritual outpouring of grace beginning with Judah, and thence extending to "all flesh." <reference osisRef="Joel.2.18-Joel.3.21">Joe 2:18-3:21</reference>: God's judgments on Judah's enemies, whereas Judah shall be established for ever.

 Joel's style is pre-eminently pure. It is characterized by smoothness and fluency in the rhythms, roundness in the sentences, and regularity in the parallelisms. With the strength of Micah it combines the tenderness of Jeremiah, the vividness of Nahum, and the sublimity of Isaiah. As a specimen of his style take the second chapter wherein the terrible aspect of the locusts, their rapidity, irresistible progress, noisy din, and instinct-taught power of marshalling their forces for their career of devastation, are painted with graphic reality.
 <title type="x-s">CHAPTER 1</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Joel.1.1-Joel.1.20">Joe 1:1-20</reference>. The Desolate Aspect of the Country through the Plague of Locusts; the People Admonished to Offer Solemn Prayers in the Temple; for This Calamity Is the Earnest of a Still Heavier One.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. Joel--</hi>meaning, "Jehovah is God."

<hi type="bold">son of Pethuel--</hi>to distinguish Joel the prophet from others of the name. Persons of eminence also were noted by adding the father's name.

INTRODUCTION Joel (meaning "one to whom Jehovah is God," that is, worshipper of Jehovah) seems to have belonged to Judah, as no reference occurs to Israel; whereas he speaks of Jerusalem, the temple, the priests, and the ceremonies, as if he were intimately familiar with them (compare Joe 1:14; 2:1, 15, 32; 3:1, 2, 6, 16, 17, 20, 21). His predictions were probably delivered in the early days of Joash 870-865 B.C.; for no reference is made in them to the Babylonian, Assyrian, or even the Syrian invasion; and the only enemies mentioned are the Philistines, Phoenicians, Edomites, and Egyptians (Joe 3:4, 19). Had he lived after Joash, he would doubtless have mentioned the Syrians among the enemies whom he enumerates since they took Jerusalem and carried off immense spoil to Damascus (2Ch 24:23, 24). No idolatry is mentioned; and the temple services, the priesthood, and other institutions of the theocracy, are represented as flourishing. This all answers to the state of things under the high priesthood of Jehoiada, through whom Joash had been placed on the throne and who lived in the early years of Joash (2Ki 11:17, 18; 12:2-16; 2Ch 24:4-14). He was the son of Pethuel. The first chapter describes the desolation caused by an inroad of locusts-- one of the instruments of divine judgment mentioned by Moses (De 28:38, 39) and by Solomon (1Ki 8:37). The second chapter (Joe 2:1-11): the appearance of them, under images of a hostile army suggesting that the locusts were symbols and forerunners of a more terrible scourge, namely, foreign enemies who would consume all before them. (The absence of mention of personal injury to the inhabitants is not a just objection to the figurative interpretation; for the figure is consistent throughout in attributing to the locusts only injury to vegetation, thereby injuring indirectly man and beast). Joe 2:12-17: exhortation to repentance, the result of which will be: God will deliver His people, the former and latter rains shall return to fertilize their desolated lands, and these shall be the pledge of the spiritual outpouring of grace beginning with Judah, and thence extending to "all flesh." Joe 2:18-3:21: God's judgments on Judah's enemies, whereas Judah shall be established for ever. Joel's style is pre-eminently pure. It is characterized by smoothness and fluency in the rhythms, roundness in the sentences, and regularity in the parallelisms. With the strength of Micah it combines the tenderness of Jeremiah, the vividness of Nahum, and the sublimity of Isaiah. As a specimen of his style take the second chapter wherein the terrible aspect of the locusts, their rapidity, irresistible progress, noisy din, and instinct-taught power of marshalling their forces for their career of devastation, are painted with graphic reality. CHAPTER 1 Joe 1:1-20. The Desolate Aspect of the Country through the Plague of Locusts; the People Admonished to Offer Solemn Prayers in the Temple; for This Calamity Is the Earnest of a Still Heavier One. 1. Joel-- meaning, "Jehovah is God." son of Pethuel-- to distinguish Joel the prophet from others of the name. Persons of eminence also were noted by adding the father's name.


2-3. A spirited introduction calling attention.

<hi type="bold">old men--</hi>the best judges in question concerning the past (<reference osisRef="Deut.32.7">De 32:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="Job.32.7">Job 32:7</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Hath this been, &c.--</hi>that is, Hath any so grievous a calamity as this ever been before? No such plague of locusts had been since the ones in Egypt. <reference osisRef="Exod.10.14">Ex 10:14</reference> is not at variance with this verse, which refers to Judea, in which Joel says there had been no such devastation before.

2-3. A spirited introduction calling attention. old men-- the best judges in question concerning the past (De 32:7; Job 32:7). Hath this been, &c.-- that is, Hath any so grievous a calamity as this ever been before? No such plague of locusts had been since the ones in Egypt. Ex 10:14 is not at variance with this verse, which refers to Judea, in which Joel says there had been no such devastation before.


4. This verse states the subject on which he afterwards expands. Four species or stages of locusts, rather than four different insects, are meant (compare <reference osisRef="Lev.11.22">Le 11:22</reference>). Literally, (1) the gnawing locust; (2) the swarming locust; (3) the licking locust; (4) the consuming locust; forming a climax to the most destructive kind. The last is often three inches long, and the two antennæ, each an inch long. The two hinder of its six feet are larger than the rest, adapting it for leaping. The first "kind" is that of the locust, having just emerged from the egg in spring, and without wings. The second is when at the end of spring, still in their first skin, the locusts put forth little ones without legs or wings. The third, when after their third casting of the old skin, they get small wings, which enable them to leap the better, but not to fly. Being unable to go away till their wings are matured, they devour all before them, grass, shrubs, and bark of trees: translated "rough caterpillars" (<reference osisRef="Jer.51.27">Jr 51:27</reference>). The fourth kind, the matured winged locusts (see on <reference osisRef="Nah.3.16">Na 3:16</reference>). In <reference osisRef="Joel.2.25">Joe 2:25</reference> they are enumerated in the reverse order, where the restoration of the devastations caused by them is promised. The Hebrews make the first species refer to Assyria and Babylon; the second species, to Medo-Persia; the third, to Greco-Macedonia and Antiochus Epiphanes; the fourth, to the Romans. Though the primary reference be to literal locusts, the Holy Spirit doubtless had in view the successive empires which assailed Judea, each worse than its predecessor, Rome being the climax.

4. This verse states the subject on which he afterwards expands. Four species or stages of locusts, rather than four different insects, are meant (compare Le 11:22). Literally, (1) the gnawing locust; (2) the swarming locust; (3) the licking locust; (4) the consuming locust; forming a climax to the most destructive kind. The last is often three inches long, and the two antennæ, each an inch long. The two hinder of its six feet are larger than the rest, adapting it for leaping. The first "kind" is that of the locust, having just emerged from the egg in spring, and without wings. The second is when at the end of spring, still in their first skin, the locusts put forth little ones without legs or wings. The third, when after their third casting of the old skin, they get small wings, which enable them to leap the better, but not to fly. Being unable to go away till their wings are matured, they devour all before them, grass, shrubs, and bark of trees: translated "rough caterpillars" (Jr 51:27). The fourth kind, the matured winged locusts (see on Na 3:16). In Joe 2:25 they are enumerated in the reverse order, where the restoration of the devastations caused by them is promised. The Hebrews make the first species refer to Assyria and Babylon; the second species, to Medo-Persia; the third, to Greco-Macedonia and Antiochus Epiphanes; the fourth, to the Romans. Though the primary reference be to literal locusts, the Holy Spirit doubtless had in view the successive empires which assailed Judea, each worse than its predecessor, Rome being the climax.


<hi type="bold">5. Awake--</hi>out of your ordinary state of drunken stupor, to realize the cutting off from you of your favorite drink. Even the drunkards (from a Hebrew root, "any strong drink") shall be forced to "howl," though usually laughing in the midst of the greatest national calamities, so palpably and universally shall the calamity affect all.

<hi type="bold">wine ... new wine--</hi>"New" or "fresh wine," in Hebrew, is the unfermented, and therefore unintoxicating, sweet juice extracted by pressure from grapes or other fruit, as pomegranates (<reference osisRef="Song.8.2">So 8:2</reference>). "Wine" is the produce of the grape alone, and is intoxicating (see on <reference osisRef="Joel.1.10">Joe 1:10</reference>).

5. Awake-- out of your ordinary state of drunken stupor, to realize the cutting off from you of your favorite drink. Even the drunkards (from a Hebrew root, "any strong drink") shall be forced to "howl," though usually laughing in the midst of the greatest national calamities, so palpably and universally shall the calamity affect all. wine... new wine-- "New" or "fresh wine," in Hebrew, is the unfermented, and therefore unintoxicating, sweet juice extracted by pressure from grapes or other fruit, as pomegranates (So 8:2). "Wine" is the produce of the grape alone, and is intoxicating (see on Joe 1:10).


<hi type="bold">6. nation--</hi>applied to the locusts, rather than "people" (<reference osisRef="Prov.30.25">Pr 30:25</reference>, <reference osisRef="Prov.30.26">26</reference>), to mark not only their numbers, but also their savage hostility; and also to prepare the mind of the hearer for the transition to the figurative locusts in the second chapter, namely, the "nation" or Gentile foe coming against Judea (compare <reference osisRef="Joel.2.2">Joe 2:2</reference>).

<hi type="bold">my land--</hi>that is, Jehovah's; which never would have been so devastated were I not pleased to inflict punishment (<reference osisRef="Joel.2.18">Joe 2:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.14.25">Is 14:25</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.16.18">Jr 16:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.36.5">Eze 36:5</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.38.16">38:16</reference>).

<hi type="bold">strong--</hi>as irresistibly sweeping away before its compact body the fruits of man's industry.

<hi type="bold">without number--</hi>so <reference osisRef="Judg.6.5">Jud 6:5</reference>; <reference osisRef="Judg.7.12">7:12</reference>, "like grasshoppers (or "locusts") for multitude" (<reference osisRef="Jer.46.23">Jr 46:23</reference>; <reference osisRef="Nah.3.15">Na 3:15</reference>).

<hi type="bold">teeth ... lion--</hi>that is, the locusts are as destructive as a lion; there is no vegetation that can resist their bite (compare <reference osisRef="Rev.9.8">Re 9:8</reference>). Pliny says "they gnaw even the doors of houses."

6. nation-- applied to the locusts, rather than "people" (Pr 30:25, 26), to mark not only their numbers, but also their savage hostility; and also to prepare the mind of the hearer for the transition to the figurative locusts in the second chapter, namely, the "nation" or Gentile foe coming against Judea (compare Joe 2:2). my land-- that is, Jehovah's; which never would have been so devastated were I not pleased to inflict punishment (Joe 2:18; Is 14:25; Jr 16:18; Eze 36:5; 38:16). strong-- as irresistibly sweeping away before its compact body the fruits of man's industry. without number-- so Jud 6:5; 7:12, "like grasshoppers (or "locusts") for multitude" (Jr 46:23; Na 3:15). teeth... lion-- that is, the locusts are as destructive as a lion; there is no vegetation that can resist their bite (compare Re 9:8). Pliny says "they gnaw even the doors of houses."


<hi type="bold">7. barked--</hi>Bochart, with the Septuagint and Syriac, translates, from an Arabic root, "hath broken," namely, the topmost shoots, which locusts most feed on. Calvin supports English Version.

<hi type="bold">my vine ... my fig tree--</hi>being in "My land," that is, Jehovah's (<reference osisRef="Joel.1.6">Joe 1:6</reference>). As to the vine-abounding nature of ancient Palestine, see <reference osisRef="Num.13.23">Nu 13:23</reference>, <reference osisRef="Num.13.24">24</reference>.

<hi type="bold">cast it away--</hi>down to the ground.

<hi type="bold">branches ... white--</hi>both from the bark being stripped off (<reference osisRef="Gen.30.37">Ge 30:37</reference>), and from the branches drying up through the trunk, both bark and wood being eaten up below by the locusts.

7. barked-- Bochart, with the Septuagint and Syriac, translates, from an Arabic root, "hath broken," namely, the topmost shoots, which locusts most feed on. Calvin supports English Version. my vine... my fig tree-- being in "My land," that is, Jehovah's (Joe 1:6). As to the vine-abounding nature of ancient Palestine, see Nu 13:23, 24. cast it away-- down to the ground. branches... white-- both from the bark being stripped off (Ge 30:37), and from the branches drying up through the trunk, both bark and wood being eaten up below by the locusts.


<hi type="bold">8. Lament--</hi>O "my land" (<reference osisRef="Joel.1.6">Joe 1:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.24.4">Is 24:4</reference>).

<hi type="bold">virgin ... for the husband--</hi>A virgin betrothed was regarded as married (<reference osisRef="Deut.22.23">De 22:23</reference>; <reference osisRef="Matt.1.19">Mt 1:19</reference>). The Hebrew for "husband" is "lord" or "possessor," the husband being considered the master of the wife in the East.

<hi type="bold">of her youth--</hi>when the affections are strongest and when sorrow at bereavement is consequently keenest. Suggesting the thought of what Zion's grief ought to be for her separation from Jehovah, the betrothed husband of her early days (<reference osisRef="Jer.2.2">Jr 2:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.16.8">Eze 16:8</reference>; <reference osisRef="Hos.2.7">Ho 2:7</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="Prov.2.17">Pr 2:17</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.3.4">Jr 3:4</reference>).

8. Lament-- O "my land" (Joe 1:6; Is 24:4). virgin... for the husband-- A virgin betrothed was regarded as married (De 22:23; Mt 1:19). The Hebrew for "husband" is "lord" or "possessor," the husband being considered the master of the wife in the East. of her youth-- when the affections are strongest and when sorrow at bereavement is consequently keenest. Suggesting the thought of what Zion's grief ought to be for her separation from Jehovah, the betrothed husband of her early days (Jr 2:2; Eze 16:8; Ho 2:7; compare Pr 2:17; Jr 3:4).


9. The greatest sorrow to the mind of a religious Jew, and what ought to impress the whole nation with a sense of God's displeasure, is the cessation of the usual temple-worship.

<hi type="bold">meat offering--</hi>Hebrew, mincha; "meat" not in the English sense "flesh," but the unbloody offering made of flour, oil, and frankincense. As it and the drink offering or libation poured out accompanied every sacrificial flesh offering, the latter is included, though not specified, as being also "cut off," owing to there being no food left for man or beast.

<hi type="bold">priests ... mourn--</hi>not for their own loss of sacrificial perquisites (<reference osisRef="Num.18.8-Num.18.15">Nu 18:8-15</reference>), but because they can no longer offer the appointed offerings to Jehovah, to whom they minister.

9. The greatest sorrow to the mind of a religious Jew, and what ought to impress the whole nation with a sense of God's displeasure, is the cessation of the usual temple-worship. meat offering-- Hebrew, mincha; "meat" not in the English sense "flesh," but the unbloody offering made of flour, oil, and frankincense. As it and the drink offering or libation poured out accompanied every sacrificial flesh offering, the latter is included, though not specified, as being also "cut off," owing to there being no food left for man or beast. priests... mourn-- not for their own loss of sacrificial perquisites (Nu 18:8-15), but because they can no longer offer the appointed offerings to Jehovah, to whom they minister.


<hi type="bold">10. field ... land--</hi>differing in that "field" means the open, unenclosed country; "land," the rich red soil (from a root "to be red") fit for cultivation. Thus, "a man of the field," in Hebrew, is a "hunter"; a "man of the ground" or "land," an "agriculturist" (<reference osisRef="Gen.25.27">Ge 25:27</reference>). "Field" and "land" are here personified.

<hi type="bold">new wine--</hi>from a Hebrew root implying that it takes possession of the brain, so that a man is not master of himself. So the Arabic term is from a root "to hold captive." It is already fermented, and so intoxicating, unlike the sweet fresh wine, in <reference osisRef="Joel.1.5">Joe 1:5</reference>, called also "new wine," though a different Hebrew word. It and "the oil" stand for the vine and the olive tree, from which the "wine" and "oil" are obtained (<reference osisRef="Joel.1.12">Joe 1:12</reference>).

<hi type="bold">dried up--</hi>not "ashamed," as Margin, as is proved by the parallelism to "languisheth," that is, droopeth.

10. field... land-- differing in that "field" means the open, unenclosed country; "land," the rich red soil (from a root "to be red") fit for cultivation. Thus, "a man of the field," in Hebrew, is a "hunter"; a "man of the ground" or "land," an "agriculturist" (Ge 25:27). "Field" and "land" are here personified. new wine-- from a Hebrew root implying that it takes possession of the brain, so that a man is not master of himself. So the Arabic term is from a root "to hold captive." It is already fermented, and so intoxicating, unlike the sweet fresh wine, in Joe 1:5, called also "new wine," though a different Hebrew word. It and "the oil" stand for the vine and the olive tree, from which the "wine" and "oil" are obtained (Joe 1:12). dried up-- not "ashamed," as Margin, as is proved by the parallelism to "languisheth," that is, droopeth.


<hi type="bold">11. Be ... ashamed--</hi>that is, Ye shall have the shame of disappointment on account of the failure of "the wheat" and "barley ... harvest."

<hi type="bold">howl ... vine dressers--</hi>The semicolon should follow, as it is the "husbandmen" who are to be "ashamed ... for the wheat." The reason for the "vine dressers" being called to "howl" does not come till <reference osisRef="Joel.1.12">Joe 1:12</reference>, "The vine is dried up."

11. Be... ashamed-- that is, Ye shall have the shame of disappointment on account of the failure of "the wheat" and "barley... harvest." howl... vine dressers-- The semicolon should follow, as it is the "husbandmen" who are to be "ashamed... for the wheat." The reason for the "vine dressers" being called to "howl" does not come till Joe 1:12, "The vine is dried up."


<hi type="bold">12. pomegranate--</hi>a tree straight in the stem growing twenty feet high; the fruit is of the size of an orange, with blood-red colored pulp.

<hi type="bold">palm tree--</hi>The dates of Palestine were famous. The palm is the symbol of Judea on coins under the Roman emperor Vespasian. It often grows a hundred feet high.

<hi type="bold">apple tree--</hi>The Hebrew is generic, including the orange, lemon, and pear tree.

<hi type="bold">joy is withered away--</hi>such as is felt in the harvest and the vintage seasons (<reference osisRef="Ps.4.7">Psa 4:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.9.3">Is 9:3</reference>).

12. pomegranate-- a tree straight in the stem growing twenty feet high; the fruit is of the size of an orange, with blood-red colored pulp. palm tree-- The dates of Palestine were famous. The palm is the symbol of Judea on coins under the Roman emperor Vespasian. It often grows a hundred feet high. apple tree-- The Hebrew is generic, including the orange, lemon, and pear tree. joy is withered away-- such as is felt in the harvest and the vintage seasons (Psa 4:7; Is 9:3).


<hi type="bold">13. Gird yourselves--</hi>namely, with sackcloth; as in <reference osisRef="Isa.32.11">Is 32:11</reference>, the ellipsis is supplied (compare <reference osisRef="Jer.4.8">Jr 4:8</reference>).

<hi type="bold">lament, ye priests--</hi>as it is your duty to set the example to others; also as the guilt was greater, and a greater scandal was occasioned, by your sin to the cause of God.

<hi type="bold">come--</hi>the Septuagint, "enter" the house of God (compare <reference osisRef="Joel.1.14">Joe 1:14</reference>).

<hi type="bold">lie all night in sackcloth--</hi>so Ahab (<reference osisRef="1Kgs.21.27">1Ki 21:27</reference>).

<hi type="bold">ministers of my God--</hi>(<reference osisRef="1Cor.9.13">1Co 9:13</reference>). Joel claims authority for his doctrine; it is in God's name and by His mission I speak to you.

13. Gird yourselves-- namely, with sackcloth; as in Is 32:11, the ellipsis is supplied (compare Jr 4:8). lament, ye priests-- as it is your duty to set the example to others; also as the guilt was greater, and a greater scandal was occasioned, by your sin to the cause of God. come-- the Septuagint, "enter" the house of God (compare Joe 1:14). lie all night in sackcloth-- so Ahab (1Ki 21:27). ministers of my God-- (1Co 9:13). Joel claims authority for his doctrine; it is in God's name and by His mission I speak to you.


<hi type="bold">14. Sanctify ... a fast--</hi>Appoint a solemn fast.

<hi type="bold">solemn assembly--</hi>literally, a "day of restraint" or cessation from work, so that all might give themselves to supplication (<reference osisRef="Joel.2.15">Joe 2:15</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.2.16">16</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Sam.7.5">1Sa 7:5</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Sam.7.6">6</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Chr.20.3-2Chr.20.13">2Ch 20:3-13</reference>).

<hi type="bold">elders--</hi>The contrast to "children" (<reference osisRef="Joel.2.16">Joe 2:16</reference>) requires age to be intended, though probably elders in office are included. Being the people's leaders in guilt, they ought to be their leaders also in repentance.

14. Sanctify... a fast-- Appoint a solemn fast. solemn assembly-- literally, a "day of restraint" or cessation from work, so that all might give themselves to supplication (Joe 2:15, 16; 1Sa 7:5, 6; 2Ch 20:3-13). elders-- The contrast to "children" (Joe 2:16) requires age to be intended, though probably elders in office are included. Being the people's leaders in guilt, they ought to be their leaders also in repentance.


<hi type="bold">15. day of the Lord--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Joel.2.1">Joe 2:1</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.2.11">11</reference>); that is, the day of His anger (<reference osisRef="Isa.13.9">Is 13:9</reference>; Ob 15; <reference osisRef="Zeph.1.7">Zep 1:7</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Cor.1.15">15</reference>). It will be a foretaste of the coming day of the Lord as Judge of all men, whence it receives the same name. Here the transition begins from the plague of locusts to the worse calamities (<reference osisRef="Joel.2.1-Joel.2.11">Joe 2:1-11</reference>) from invading armies about to come on Judea, of which the locusts were the prelude.

15. day of the Lord-- (Joe 2:1, 11); that is, the day of His anger (Is 13:9; Ob 15; Zep 1:7, 15). It will be a foretaste of the coming day of the Lord as Judge of all men, whence it receives the same name. Here the transition begins from the plague of locusts to the worse calamities (Joe 2:1-11) from invading armies about to come on Judea, of which the locusts were the prelude.


16. Compare <reference osisRef="Joel.1.9">Joe 1:9</reference>, and latter part of <reference osisRef="Joel.1.12">Joe 1:12</reference>.

<hi type="bold">joy--</hi>which prevailed at the annual feasts, as also in the ordinary sacrificial offerings, of which the offerers ate before the Lord with gladness and thanksgivings (<reference osisRef="Deut.12.6">De 12:6</reference>, <reference osisRef="Deut.7.12">7, 12</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.16.11">16:11</reference>, <reference osisRef="Deut.14.15">14, 15</reference>).

16. Compare Joe 1:9, and latter part of Joe 1:12. joy-- which prevailed at the annual feasts, as also in the ordinary sacrificial offerings, of which the offerers ate before the Lord with gladness and thanksgivings (De 12:6, 7, 12; 16:11, 14, 15).


<hi type="bold">17. is rotten--</hi>"is dried up," "vanishes away," from an Arabic root [Maurer]. "Seed," literally, "grains." The drought causes the seeds to lose all their vitality and moisture.

<hi type="bold">garners--</hi>granaries; generally underground, and divided into separate receptacles for the different kinds of grain.

17. is rotten-- "is dried up," "vanishes away," from an Arabic root [Maurer]. "Seed," literally, "grains." The drought causes the seeds to lose all their vitality and moisture. garners-- granaries; generally underground, and divided into separate receptacles for the different kinds of grain.


<hi type="bold">18. cattle ... perplexed--</hi>implying the restless gestures of the dumb beasts in their inability to find food. There is a tacit contrast between the sense of the brute creation and the insensibility of the people.

<hi type="bold">yea, the ... sheep--</hi>Even the sheep, which are content with less rich pasturage, cannot find food.

<hi type="bold">are made desolate--</hi>literally, "suffer punishment." The innocent brute shares the "punishment" of guilty man (<reference osisRef="Exod.12.29">Ex 12:29</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jonah.3.7">Jon 3:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jonah.4.11">4:11</reference>).

18. cattle... perplexed-- implying the restless gestures of the dumb beasts in their inability to find food. There is a tacit contrast between the sense of the brute creation and the insensibility of the people. yea, the... sheep-- Even the sheep, which are content with less rich pasturage, cannot find food. are made desolate-- literally, "suffer punishment." The innocent brute shares the "punishment" of guilty man (Ex 12:29; Jon 3:7; 4:11).


<hi type="bold">19. to thee will I cry--</hi>Joel here interposes, As this people is insensible to shame or fear and will not hear, I will leave them and address myself directly to Thee (compare <reference osisRef="Isa.15.5">Is 15:5</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.23.9">Jr 23:9</reference>).

<hi type="bold">fire--</hi>that is, the parching heat.

<hi type="bold">pastures--</hi>"grassy places"; from a Hebrew root "to be pleasant." Such places would be selected for "habitations" (Margin). But the English Version rendering is better than Margin.

19. to thee will I cry-- Joel here interposes, As this people is insensible to shame or fear and will not hear, I will leave them and address myself directly to Thee (compare Is 15:5; Jr 23:9). fire-- that is, the parching heat. pastures-- "grassy places"; from a Hebrew root "to be pleasant." Such places would be selected for "habitations" (Margin). But the English Version rendering is better than Margin.


<hi type="bold">20. beasts ... cry ... unto thee--</hi>that is, look up to heaven with heads lifted up, as if their only expectation was from God (<reference osisRef="Job.38.41">Job 38:41</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.104.21">Psa 104:21</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.145.15">145:15</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.147.9">147:9</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="Ps.42.1">Psa 42:1</reference>). They tacitly reprove the deadness of the Jews for not even now invoking God. <chapter eID="Joel.1"/>

20. beasts... cry... unto thee-- that is, look up to heaven with heads lifted up, as if their only expectation was from God (Job 38:41; Psa 104:21; 145:15; 147:9; compare Psa 42:1). They tacitly reprove the deadness of the Jews for not even now invoking God.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 2</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Joel.2.1-Joel.2.32">Joe 2:1-32</reference>. The Coming Judgment a Motive to Repentance. Promise of Blessings in the Last Days.</title>
 A more terrific judgment than that of the locusts is foretold, under imagery drawn from that of the calamity then engrossing the afflicted nation. He therefore exhorts to repentance, assuring the Jews of Jehovah's pity if they would repent. Promise of the Holy Spirit in the last days under Messiah, and the deliverance of all believers in Him.

<hi type="bold">1. Blow ... trumpet--</hi>to sound an alarm of coming war (<reference osisRef="Num.10.1-Num.10.10">Nu 10:1-10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Hos.5.8">Ho 5:8</reference>; <reference osisRef="Amos.3.6">Am 3:6</reference>); the office of the priests. <reference osisRef="Joel.1.15">Joe 1:15</reference> is an anticipation of the fuller prophecy in this chapter.

CHAPTER 2 Joe 2:1-32. The Coming Judgment a Motive to Repentance. Promise of Blessings in the Last Days. A more terrific judgment than that of the locusts is foretold, under imagery drawn from that of the calamity then engrossing the afflicted nation. He therefore exhorts to repentance, assuring the Jews of Jehovah's pity if they would repent. Promise of the Holy Spirit in the last days under Messiah, and the deliverance of all believers in Him. 1. Blow... trumpet-- to sound an alarm of coming war (Nu 10:1-10; Ho 5:8; Am 3:6); the office of the priests. Joe 1:15 is an anticipation of the fuller prophecy in this chapter.


<hi type="bold">2. darkness ... gloominess ... clouds ... thick darkness--</hi>accumulation of synonyms, to intensify the picture of calamity (<reference osisRef="Isa.8.22">Is 8:22</reference>). Appropriate here, as the swarms of locusts intercepting the sunlight suggested darkness as a fit image of the coming visitation.

<hi type="bold">as the morning spread upon the mountains: a great people--</hi>Substitute a comma for a colon after mountains: As the morning light spreads itself over the mountains, so a people numerous [Maurer] and strong shall spread themselves. The suddenness of the rising of the morning light, which gilds the mountain tops first, is less probably thought by others to be the point of comparison to the sudden inroad of the foe. Maurer refers it to the yellow splendor which arises from the reflection of the sunlight on the wings of the immense hosts of locusts as they approach. This is likely; understanding, however, that the locusts are only the symbols of human foes. The immense Assyrian host of invaders under Sennacherib (compare <reference osisRef="Isa.37.36">Is 37:36</reference>) destroyed by God (<reference osisRef="Joel.2.18">Joe 2:18</reference>, 20, 21), may be the primary objects of the prophecy; but ultimately the last antichristian confederacy, destroyed by special divine interposition, is meant (see on <reference osisRef="Joel.3.2">Joe 3:2</reference>).

<hi type="bold">there hath not been ever the like--</hi>(Compare <reference osisRef="Joel.1.2">Joe 1:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="Exod.10.14">Ex 10:14</reference>).

2. darkness... gloominess... clouds... thick darkness-- accumulation of synonyms, to intensify the picture of calamity (Is 8:22). Appropriate here, as the swarms of locusts intercepting the sunlight suggested darkness as a fit image of the coming visitation. as the morning spread upon the mountains: a great people-- Substitute a comma for a colon after mountains: As the morning light spreads itself over the mountains, so a people numerous [Maurer] and strong shall spread themselves. The suddenness of the rising of the morning light, which gilds the mountain tops first, is less probably thought by others to be the point of comparison to the sudden inroad of the foe. Maurer refers it to the yellow splendor which arises from the reflection of the sunlight on the wings of the immense hosts of locusts as they approach. This is likely; understanding, however, that the locusts are only the symbols of human foes. The immense Assyrian host of invaders under Sennacherib (compare Is 37:36) destroyed by God (Joe 2:18, 20, 21), may be the primary objects of the prophecy; but ultimately the last antichristian confederacy, destroyed by special divine interposition, is meant (see on Joe 3:2). there hath not been ever the like-- (Compare Joe 1:2; Ex 10:14).


<hi type="bold">3. before ... behind--</hi>that is, on every side (<reference osisRef="1Chr.19.10">1Ch 19:10</reference>).

<hi type="bold">fire ... flame--</hi>destruction ... desolation (<reference osisRef="Isa.10.17">Is 10:17</reference>).

<hi type="bold">as ... Eden ... wilderness--</hi>conversely (<reference osisRef="Isa.51.3">Is 51:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.36.35">Eze 36:35</reference>).

3. before... behind-- that is, on every side (1Ch 19:10). fire... flame-- destruction... desolation (Is 10:17). as... Eden... wilderness-- conversely (Is 51:3; Eze 36:35).


<hi type="bold">4. appearance ... of horses--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Rev.9.7">Re 9:7</reference>). Not literal, but figurative locusts. The fifth trumpet, or first woe, in the parallel passage (<reference osisRef="Rev.9.1-Rev.9.11">Re 9:1-11</reference>), cannot be literal: for in <reference osisRef="Rev.9.11">Re 9:11</reference> it is said, "they had a king over them, the angel of the bottomless pit"--in the Hebrew, Abaddon ("destroyer"), but in the Greek, Apollyon--and (<reference osisRef="Rev.9.7">Re 9:7</reference>) "on their heads were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men." Compare <reference osisRef="Joel.2.11">Joe 2:11</reference>, "the day of the Lord ... great and very terrible"; implying their ultimate reference to be connected with Messiah's second coming in judgment. The locust's head is so like that of a horse that the Italians call it cavalette. Compare <reference osisRef="Job.39.20">Job 39:20</reference>, "the horse ... as the grasshopper," or locust.

<hi type="bold">run--</hi>The locust bounds, not unlike the horse's gallop, raising and letting down together the two front feet.

4. appearance... of horses-- (Re 9:7). Not literal, but figurative locusts. The fifth trumpet, or first woe, in the parallel passage (Re 9:1-11), cannot be literal: for in Re 9:11 it is said, "they had a king over them, the angel of the bottomless pit"--in the Hebrew, Abaddon ("destroyer"), but in the Greek, Apollyon--and (Re 9:7) "on their heads were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men." Compare Joe 2:11, "the day of the Lord... great and very terrible"; implying their ultimate reference to be connected with Messiah's second coming in judgment. The locust's head is so like that of a horse that the Italians call it cavalette. Compare Job 39:20, "the horse... as the grasshopper," or locust. run-- The locust bounds, not unlike the horse's gallop, raising and letting down together the two front feet.


<hi type="bold">5. Like the noise of chariots--</hi>referring to the loud sound caused by their wings in motion, or else the movement of their hind legs.

<hi type="bold">on the tops of mountains--</hi>Maurer connects this with "they," that is, the locusts, which first occupy the higher places, and thence descend to the lower places. It may refer (as in English Version) to "chariots," which make most noise in crossing over rugged heights.

5. Like the noise of chariots-- referring to the loud sound caused by their wings in motion, or else the movement of their hind legs. on the tops of mountains-- Maurer connects this with "they," that is, the locusts, which first occupy the higher places, and thence descend to the lower places. It may refer (as in English Version) to "chariots," which make most noise in crossing over rugged heights.


<hi type="bold">6. much pained--</hi>namely, with terror. The Arab proverb is, "More terrible than the locusts."

<hi type="bold">faces shall gather blackness--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Isa.13.8">Is 13:8</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.30.6">Jr 30:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="Nah.2.10">Na 2:10</reference>). Maurer translates, "withdraw their brightness," that is, wax pale, lose color (compare <reference osisRef="Joel.2.10">Joe 2:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Joel.3.15">Joe 3:15</reference>).

6. much pained-- namely, with terror. The Arab proverb is, "More terrible than the locusts." faces shall gather blackness-- (Is 13:8; Jr 30:6; Na 2:10). Maurer translates, "withdraw their brightness," that is, wax pale, lose color (compare Joe 2:10; Joe 3:15).


7-9. Depicting the regular military order of their advance, "One locust not turning a nail's breadth out of his own place in the march" [Jerome]. Compare <reference osisRef="Prov.30.27">Pr 30:27</reference>, "The locusts have no king, yet go they forth all of them by bands."

7-9. Depicting the regular military order of their advance, "One locust not turning a nail's breadth out of his own place in the march" [Jerome]. Compare Pr 30:27, "The locusts have no king, yet go they forth all of them by bands."


<hi type="bold">10. earth ... quake before them--</hi>that is, the inhabitants of the earth quake with fear of them.

<hi type="bold">heavens ... tremble--</hi>that is, the powers of heaven (<reference osisRef="Matt.24.29">Mt 24:29</reference>); its illumining powers are disturbed by the locusts which intercept the sunlight with their dense flying swarms. These, however, are but the images of revolutions of states caused by such foes as were to invade Judea.

10. earth... quake before them-- that is, the inhabitants of the earth quake with fear of them. heavens... tremble-- that is, the powers of heaven (Mt 24:29); its illumining powers are disturbed by the locusts which intercept the sunlight with their dense flying swarms. These, however, are but the images of revolutions of states caused by such foes as were to invade Judea.


<hi type="bold">11. Lord ... his army--</hi>So among Mohammedans, "Lord of the locusts" is a title of God.

<hi type="bold">his voice--</hi>His word of command to the locusts, and to the antitypical human foes of Judea, as "His army."

<hi type="bold">strong that executeth his word--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Rev.18.8">Re 18:8</reference>).

11. Lord... his army-- So among Mohammedans, "Lord of the locusts" is a title of God. his voice-- His word of command to the locusts, and to the antitypical human foes of Judea, as "His army." strong that executeth his word-- (Re 18:8).


12. With such judgments impending over the Jews, Jehovah Himself urges them to repentance.

<hi type="bold">also now--</hi>Even now, what none could have hoped or believed possible, God still invites you to the hope of salvation.

<hi type="bold">fasting ... weeping ... mourning--</hi>Their sin being most heinous needs extraordinary humiliation. The outward marks of repentance are to signify the depth of their sorrow for sin.

12. With such judgments impending over the Jews, Jehovah Himself urges them to repentance. also now-- Even now, what none could have hoped or believed possible, God still invites you to the hope of salvation. fasting... weeping... mourning-- Their sin being most heinous needs extraordinary humiliation. The outward marks of repentance are to signify the depth of their sorrow for sin.


13. Let there be the inward sorrow of heart, and not the mere outward manifestation of it by "rending the garment" (<reference osisRef="Josh.7.6">Jos 7:6</reference>).

<hi type="bold">the evil--</hi>the calamity which He had threatened against the impenitent.

13. Let there be the inward sorrow of heart, and not the mere outward manifestation of it by "rending the garment" (Jos 7:6). the evil-- the calamity which He had threatened against the impenitent.


<hi type="bold">14. leave ... a meat offering and a drink offering--</hi>that is, give plentiful harvests, out of the first-fruits of which we may offer the meat and drink offering, now "cut off" through the famine (<reference osisRef="Joel.1.9">Joe 1:9</reference>, 13, 16). "Leave behind Him": as God in visiting His people now has left behind Him a curse, so He will, on returning to visit them, leave behind Him a blessing.

14. leave... a meat offering and a drink offering-- that is, give plentiful harvests, out of the first-fruits of which we may offer the meat and drink offering, now "cut off" through the famine (Joe 1:9, 13, 16). "Leave behind Him": as God in visiting His people now has left behind Him a curse, so He will, on returning to visit them, leave behind Him a blessing.


<hi type="bold">15. Blow the trumpet--</hi>to convene the people (<reference osisRef="Num.10.3">Nu 10:3</reference>). Compare <reference osisRef="Joel.1.14">Joe 1:14</reference>. The nation was guilty, and therefore there must be a national humiliation. Compare Hezekiah's proceedings before Sennacherib's invasion (<reference osisRef="2Chr.30.1-2Chr.30.27">2Ch 30:1-27</reference>).

15. Blow the trumpet-- to convene the people (Nu 10:3). Compare Joe 1:14. The nation was guilty, and therefore there must be a national humiliation. Compare Hezekiah's proceedings before Sennacherib's invasion (2Ch 30:1-27).


<hi type="bold">16. sanctify the congregation--</hi>namely, by expiatory rites and purification with water [Calvin], (<reference osisRef="Exod.19.10">Ex 19:10</reference>, <reference osisRef="Exod.19.22">22</reference>). Maurer translates, "appoint a solemn assembly," which would be a tautological repetition of <reference osisRef="Joel.2.15">Joe 2:15</reference>.

<hi type="bold">elders ... children--</hi>No age was to be excepted (<reference osisRef="2Chr.20.13">2Ch 20:13</reference>).

<hi type="bold">bridegroom--</hi>ordinarily exempted from public duties (<reference osisRef="Deut.24.5">De 24:5</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="1Cor.7.5">1Co 7:5</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Cor.7.29">29</reference>).

<hi type="bold">closet--</hi>or, nuptial bed, from a Hebrew root "to cover," referring to the canopy over it.

16. sanctify the congregation-- namely, by expiatory rites and purification with water [Calvin], (Ex 19:10, 22). Maurer translates, "appoint a solemn assembly," which would be a tautological repetition of Joe 2:15. elders... children-- No age was to be excepted (2Ch 20:13). bridegroom-- ordinarily exempted from public duties (De 24:5; compare 1Co 7:5, 29). closet-- or, nuptial bed, from a Hebrew root "to cover," referring to the canopy over it.


<hi type="bold">17. between the porch and ... altar--</hi>the porch of Solomon's temple on the east (<reference osisRef="1Kgs.6.3">1Ki 6:3</reference>); the altar of burnt offerings in the court of the priests, before the porch (<reference osisRef="2Chr.8.12">2Ch 8:12</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="Ezek.8.16">Eze 8:16</reference>; <reference osisRef="Matt.23.35">Mt 23:35</reference>). The suppliants thus were to stand with their backs to the altar on which they had nothing to offer, their faces towards the place of the Shekinah presence.

<hi type="bold">heathen should rule over them--</hi>This shows that not locusts, but human foes, are intended. The Margin translation, "use a byword against them," is not supported by the Hebrew.

<hi type="bold">wherefore should they say ... Where is their God?--</hi>that is, do not for thine own honor's sake, let the heathen sneer at the God of Israel, as unable to save His people (<reference osisRef="Ps.79.10">Psa 79:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.115.2">115:2</reference>).

17. between the porch and... altar-- the porch of Solomon's temple on the east (1Ki 6:3); the altar of burnt offerings in the court of the priests, before the porch (2Ch 8:12; compare Eze 8:16; Mt 23:35). The suppliants thus were to stand with their backs to the altar on which they had nothing to offer, their faces towards the place of the Shekinah presence. heathen should rule over them-- This shows that not locusts, but human foes, are intended. The Margin translation, "use a byword against them," is not supported by the Hebrew. wherefore should they say... Where is their God?-- that is, do not for thine own honor's sake, let the heathen sneer at the God of Israel, as unable to save His people (Psa 79:10; 115:2).


<hi type="bold">18. Then--</hi>when God sees His people penitent.

<hi type="bold">be jealous for his land--</hi>as a husband jealous of any dishonor done to the wife whom he loves, as if done to himself. The Hebrew comes from an Arabic root, "to be flushed in face" through indignation.

18. Then-- when God sees His people penitent. be jealous for his land-- as a husband jealous of any dishonor done to the wife whom he loves, as if done to himself. The Hebrew comes from an Arabic root, "to be flushed in face" through indignation.


<hi type="bold">19. corn ... wine ... oil--</hi>rather, as Hebrew, "the corn ... the wine ... the oil," namely, which the locusts have destroyed [Henderson]. Maurer not so well explains, "the corn, &c., necessary for your sustenance." "The Lord will answer," namely, the prayers of His people, priests, and prophets. Compare in the case of Sennacherib, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.19.20">2Ki 19:20</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.19.21">21</reference>.

19. corn... wine... oil-- rather, as Hebrew, "the corn... the wine... the oil," namely, which the locusts have destroyed [Henderson]. Maurer not so well explains, "the corn, &c., necessary for your sustenance." "The Lord will answer," namely, the prayers of His people, priests, and prophets. Compare in the case of Sennacherib, 2Ki 19:20, 21.


<hi type="bold">20. the northern army--</hi>The Hebrew expresses that the north in relation to Palestine is not merely the quarter whence the invader comes, but is his native land, "the Northlander"; namely, the Assyrian or Babylonian (compare <reference osisRef="Jer.1.14">Jr 1:14</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Cor.1.15">15</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zeph.2.13">Zep 2:13</reference>). The locust's native country is not the north, but the south, the deserts of Arabia, Egypt, and Libya. Assyria and Babylon are the type and forerunner of all Israel's foes (Rome, and the final Antichrist), from whom God will at last deliver His people, as He did from Sennacherib (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.19.35">2Ki 19:35</reference>).

<hi type="bold">face ... hinder part--</hi>more applicable to a human army's van and rear, than to locusts. The northern invaders are to be dispersed in every other direction but that from which they had come: "a land barren and desolate," that is, Arabia-Deserta: "the eastern (or front) sea," that is, the Dead Sea: "the utmost (or hinder) sea," that is, the Mediterranean. In front and behind mean east and west; as, in marking the quarters of the world, they faced the east, which was therefore "in front"; the west was behind them; the south was on their right, and the north on their left.

<hi type="bold">stink--</hi>metaphor from locusts, which perish when blown by a storm into the sea or the desert, and emit from their putrefying bodies such a stench as often breeds a pestilence.

<hi type="bold">because he hath done great things--</hi>that is, because the invader hath haughtily magnified himself in his doings. Compare as to Sennacherib, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.19.11-2Kgs.13.22">2Ki 19:11-13, 22</reference>, 28. This is quite inapplicable to the locusts, who merely seek food, not self-glorification, in invading a country.

20. the northern army-- The Hebrew expresses that the north in relation to Palestine is not merely the quarter whence the invader comes, but is his native land, "the Northlander"; namely, the Assyrian or Babylonian (compare Jr 1:14, 15; Zep 2:13). The locust's native country is not the north, but the south, the deserts of Arabia, Egypt, and Libya. Assyria and Babylon are the type and forerunner of all Israel's foes (Rome, and the final Antichrist), from whom God will at last deliver His people, as He did from Sennacherib (2Ki 19:35). face... hinder part-- more applicable to a human army's van and rear, than to locusts. The northern invaders are to be dispersed in every other direction but that from which they had come: "a land barren and desolate," that is, Arabia-Deserta: "the eastern (or front) sea," that is, the Dead Sea: "the utmost (or hinder) sea," that is, the Mediterranean. In front and behind mean east and west; as, in marking the quarters of the world, they faced the east, which was therefore "in front"; the west was behind them; the south was on their right, and the north on their left. stink-- metaphor from locusts, which perish when blown by a storm into the sea or the desert, and emit from their putrefying bodies such a stench as often breeds a pestilence. because he hath done great things-- that is, because the invader hath haughtily magnified himself in his doings. Compare as to Sennacherib, 2Ki 19:11-13, 22, 28. This is quite inapplicable to the locusts, who merely seek food, not self-glorification, in invading a country.


21-23. In an ascending gradation, the land destroyed by the enemy, the beasts of the field, and the children of Zion, the land's inhabitants, are addressed, the former two by personification.

<hi type="bold">Lord will do great things--</hi>In contrast to the "great things" done by the haughty foe (<reference osisRef="Joel.2.20">Joe 2:20</reference>) to the hurt of Judah stand the "great things" to be done by Jehovah for her benefit (compare <reference osisRef="Ps.126.2">Psa 126:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="Ps.126.3">3</reference>).

21-23. In an ascending gradation, the land destroyed by the enemy, the beasts of the field, and the children of Zion, the land's inhabitants, are addressed, the former two by personification. Lord will do great things-- In contrast to the "great things" done by the haughty foe (Joe 2:20) to the hurt of Judah stand the "great things" to be done by Jehovah for her benefit (compare Psa 126:2, 3).


24. The effect of the seasonable rains shall be abundance of all articles of food.


<hi type="bold">25. locust ... cankerworm ... caterpiller ... palmer worm--</hi>the reverse order from <reference osisRef="Joel.1.4">Joe 1:4</reference>, where (see on <reference osisRef="Joel.1.4">Joe 1:4</reference>) God will restore not only what has been lost by the full-grown consuming locust, but also what has been lost by the less destructive licking locust, and swarming locust, and gnawing locust.

25. locust... cankerworm... caterpiller... palmer worm-- the reverse order from Joe 1:4, where (see on Joe 1:4) God will restore not only what has been lost by the full-grown consuming locust, but also what has been lost by the less destructive licking locust, and swarming locust, and gnawing locust.


<hi type="bold">26. never be ashamed--</hi>shall no longer endure the "reproach of the heathen (<reference osisRef="Joel.2.17">Joe 2:17</reference>), [Maurer]; or rather, "shall not bear the shame of disappointed hopes," as the husbandmen had heretofore (<reference osisRef="Joel.1.11">Joe 1:11</reference>). So spiritually, waiting on God, His people shall not have the shame of disappointment in their expectations from Him (<reference osisRef="Rom.9.33">Ro 9:33</reference>).

26. never be ashamed-- shall no longer endure the "reproach of the heathen (Joe 2:17), [Maurer]; or rather, "shall not bear the shame of disappointed hopes," as the husbandmen had heretofore (Joe 1:11). So spiritually, waiting on God, His people shall not have the shame of disappointment in their expectations from Him (Ro 9:33).


<hi type="bold">27. know that I am in the midst of Israel--</hi>As in the Old Testament dispensation God was present by the Shekinah, so in the New Testament first, for a brief time by the Word made flesh dwelling among us (<reference osisRef="John.1.14">Joh 1:14</reference>), and to the close of this dispensation by the Holy Spirit in the Church (<reference osisRef="Matt.28.20">Mt 28:20</reference>), and probably in a more perceptible manner with Israel when restored (<reference osisRef="Ezek.37.26-Ezek.37.28">Eze 37:26-28</reference>).

<hi type="bold">never be ashamed--</hi>not an unmeaning repetition from <reference osisRef="Joel.2.26">Joe 2:26</reference>. The twice-asserted truth enforces its unfailing certainty. As the "shame" in <reference osisRef="Joel.2.26">Joe 2:26</reference> refers to temporal blessings, so in this verse it refers to the spiritual blessings flowing from the presence of God with His people (compare <reference osisRef="Jer.3.16">Jr 3:16</reference>, <reference osisRef="Jer.3.17">17</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rev.21.3">Re 21:3</reference>).

27. know that I am in the midst of Israel-- As in the Old Testament dispensation God was present by the Shekinah, so in the New Testament first, for a brief time by the Word made flesh dwelling among us (Joh 1:14), and to the close of this dispensation by the Holy Spirit in the Church (Mt 28:20), and probably in a more perceptible manner with Israel when restored (Eze 37:26-28). never be ashamed-- not an unmeaning repetition from Joe 2:26. The twice-asserted truth enforces its unfailing certainty. As the "shame" in Joe 2:26 refers to temporal blessings, so in this verse it refers to the spiritual blessings flowing from the presence of God with His people (compare Jr 3:16, 17; Re 21:3).


<hi type="bold">28. afterward--</hi>"in the last days" (<reference osisRef="Isa.2.2">Is 2:2</reference>) under Messiah after the invasion and deliverance of Israel from the northern army. Having heretofore stated the outward blessings, he now raises their minds to the expectation of extraordinary spiritual blessings, which constitute the true restoration of God's people (<reference osisRef="Isa.44.3">Is 44:3</reference>). Fulfilled in earnest (<reference osisRef="Acts.2.17">Ac 2:17</reference>) on Pentecost; among the Jews and the subsequent election of a people among the Gentiles; hereafter more fully at the restoration of Israel (<reference osisRef="Isa.54.13">Is 54:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.31.9">Jr 31:9</reference>, <reference osisRef="Jer.31.34">34</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.39.29">Eze 39:29</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zech.12.10">Zec 12:10</reference>) and the consequent conversion of the whole world (<reference osisRef="Isa.2.2">Is 2:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.11.9">11:9</reference>; 66:18-23; <reference osisRef="Mic.5.7">Mi 5:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rom.11.12">Ro 11:12</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rom.11.15">15</reference>). As the Jews have been the seedmen of the elect Church gathered out of Jews and Gentiles, the first Gospel preachers being Jews from Jerusalem, so they shall be the harvest men of the coming world-wide Church, to be set up at Messiah's appearing. That the promise is not restricted to the first Pentecost appears from Peter's own words: "The promise is (not only) unto you and to your children, (but also) to all that are afar off (both in space and in time), even as many as the Lord our God shall call" (<reference osisRef="Acts.2.39">Ac 2:39</reference>). So here "upon all flesh."

<hi type="bold">I will pour out--</hi>under the new covenant: not merely, let fall drops, as under the Old Testament (<reference osisRef="John.7.39">Joh 7:39</reference>).

<hi type="bold">my spirit--</hi>the Spirit "proceeding from the Father and the Son," and at the same time one with the Father and the Son (compare <reference osisRef="Isa.11.2">Is 11:2</reference>).

<hi type="bold">sons ... daughters ... old ... young--</hi>not merely on a privileged few (<reference osisRef="Num.11.29">Nu 11:29</reference>) as the prophets of the Old Testament, but men of all ages and ranks. See <reference osisRef="Acts.21.9">Ac 21:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.11.5">1Co 11:5</reference>, as to "daughters," that is, women, prophesying.

<hi type="bold">dreams ... visions--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Acts.9.10">Ac 9:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Acts.16.9">16:9</reference>). The "dreams" are attributed to the "old men," as more in accordance with their years; "visions" to the "young men," as adapted to their more lively minds. The three modes whereby God revealed His will under the Old Testament (<reference osisRef="Num.12.6">Nu 12:6</reference>), "prophecy, dreams, and visions," are here made the symbol of the full manifestation of Himself to all His people, not only in miraculous gifts to some, but by His indwelling Spirit to all in the New Testament (<reference osisRef="John.14.21">Joh 14:21</reference>, <reference osisRef="John.14.23">23</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.15.15">15:15</reference>). In <reference osisRef="Acts.16.9">Ac 16:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="Acts.18.9">18:9</reference>, the term used is "vision," though in the night, not a dream. No other dream is mentioned in the New Testament save those given to Joseph in the very beginning of the New Testament, before the full Gospel had come; and to the wife of Pilate, a Gentile (<reference osisRef="Matt.1.20">Mt 1:20</reference>; 2:13; 27:19). "Prophesying" in the New Testament is applied to all speaking under the enlightenment of the Holy Spirit, and not merely to foretelling events. All true Christians are "priests" and "ministers" of our God (<reference osisRef="Isa.61.6">Is 61:6</reference>), and have the Spirit (<reference osisRef="Ezek.36.26">Eze 36:26</reference>, <reference osisRef="Ezek.36.27">27</reference>). Besides this, probably, a special gift of prophecy and miracle-working is to be given at or before Messiah's coming again.

28. afterward-- "in the last days" (Is 2:2) under Messiah after the invasion and deliverance of Israel from the northern army. Having heretofore stated the outward blessings, he now raises their minds to the expectation of extraordinary spiritual blessings, which constitute the true restoration of God's people (Is 44:3). Fulfilled in earnest (Ac 2:17) on Pentecost; among the Jews and the subsequent election of a people among the Gentiles; hereafter more fully at the restoration of Israel (Is 54:13; Jr 31:9, 34; Eze 39:29; Zec 12:10) and the consequent conversion of the whole world (Is 2:2; 11:9; 66:18-23; Mi 5:7; Ro 11:12, 15). As the Jews have been the seedmen of the elect Church gathered out of Jews and Gentiles, the first Gospel preachers being Jews from Jerusalem, so they shall be the harvest men of the coming world-wide Church, to be set up at Messiah's appearing. That the promise is not restricted to the first Pentecost appears from Peter's own words: "The promise is (not only) unto you and to your children, (but also) to all that are afar off (both in space and in time), even as many as the Lord our God shall call" (Ac 2:39). So here "upon all flesh." I will pour out-- under the new covenant: not merely, let fall drops, as under the Old Testament (Joh 7:39). my spirit-- the Spirit "proceeding from the Father and the Son," and at the same time one with the Father and the Son (compare Is 11:2). sons... daughters... old... young-- not merely on a privileged few (Nu 11:29) as the prophets of the Old Testament, but men of all ages and ranks. See Ac 21:9; 1Co 11:5, as to "daughters," that is, women, prophesying. dreams... visions-- (Ac 9:10; 16:9). The "dreams" are attributed to the "old men," as more in accordance with their years; "visions" to the "young men," as adapted to their more lively minds. The three modes whereby God revealed His will under the Old Testament (Nu 12:6), "prophecy, dreams, and visions," are here made the symbol of the full manifestation of Himself to all His people, not only in miraculous gifts to some, but by His indwelling Spirit to all in the New Testament (Joh 14:21, 23; 15:15). In Ac 16:9; 18:9, the term used is "vision," though in the night, not a dream. No other dream is mentioned in the New Testament save those given to Joseph in the very beginning of the New Testament, before the full Gospel had come; and to the wife of Pilate, a Gentile (Mt 1:20; 2:13; 27:19). "Prophesying" in the New Testament is applied to all speaking under the enlightenment of the Holy Spirit, and not merely to foretelling events. All true Christians are "priests" and "ministers" of our God (Is 61:6), and have the Spirit (Eze 36:26, 27). Besides this, probably, a special gift of prophecy and miracle-working is to be given at or before Messiah's coming again.


<hi type="bold">29. And also--</hi>"And even." The very slaves by becoming the Lord's servants are His freemen (<reference osisRef="1Cor.7.22">1Co 7:22</reference>; <reference osisRef="Gal.3.28">Ga 3:28</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.3.11">Col 3:11</reference>; Phm 16). Therefore, in <reference osisRef="Acts.2.18">Ac 2:18</reference> it is quoted, "My servants" and "My handmaidens"; as it is only by becoming the Lord's servants they are spiritually free, and partake of the same spirit as the other members of the Church.

29. And also-- "And even." The very slaves by becoming the Lord's servants are His freemen (1Co 7:22; Ga 3:28; Col 3:11; Phm 16). Therefore, in Ac 2:18 it is quoted, "My servants" and "My handmaidens"; as it is only by becoming the Lord's servants they are spiritually free, and partake of the same spirit as the other members of the Church.


30-31. As Messiah's manifestation is full of joy to believers, so it has an aspect of wrath to unbelievers, which is represented here. Thus when the Jews received Him not in His coming of grace, He came in judgment on Jerusalem. Physical prodigies, massacres, and conflagrations preceded its destruction [Josephus, Wars of the Jews]. To these the language here may allude; but the figures chiefly symbolize political revolutions and changes in the ruling powers of the world, prognosticated by previous disasters (<reference osisRef="Amos.8.9">Am 8:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="Matt.24.29">Mt 24:29</reference>; <reference osisRef="Luke.21.25-Luke.21.27">Lu 21:25-27</reference>), and convulsions such as preceded the overthrow of the Jewish polity. Such shall probably occur in a more appalling degree before the final destruction of the ungodly world ("the great and terrible day of Jehovah," compare Mal 4:5), of which Jerusalem's overthrow is the type and earnest.

30-31. As Messiah's manifestation is full of joy to believers, so it has an aspect of wrath to unbelievers, which is represented here. Thus when the Jews received Him not in His coming of grace, He came in judgment on Jerusalem. Physical prodigies, massacres, and conflagrations preceded its destruction [Josephus, Wars of the Jews]. To these the language here may allude; but the figures chiefly symbolize political revolutions and changes in the ruling powers of the world, prognosticated by previous disasters (Am 8:9; Mt 24:29; Lu 21:25-27), and convulsions such as preceded the overthrow of the Jewish polity. Such shall probably occur in a more appalling degree before the final destruction of the ungodly world ("the great and terrible day of Jehovah," compare Mal 4:5), of which Jerusalem's overthrow is the type and earnest.


<hi type="bold">32. call on ... name of ... Lord--</hi>Hebrew, Jehovah. Applied to Jesus in <reference osisRef="Rom.10.13">Ro 10:13</reference> (compare <reference osisRef="Acts.9.14">Ac 9:14</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.1.2">1Co 1:2</reference>). Therefore, Jesus is Jehovah; and the phrase means, "Call on Messiah in His divine attributes."

<hi type="bold">shall be delivered--</hi>as the Christians were, just before Jerusalem's destruction, by retiring to Pella, warned by the Saviour (<reference osisRef="Matt.24.16">Mt 24:16</reference>); a type of the spiritual deliverance of all believers, and of the last deliverance of the elect "remnant" of Israel from the final assault of Antichrist. "In Zion and Jerusalem" the Saviour first appeared; and there again shall He appear as the Deliverer (<reference osisRef="Zech.14.1-Zech.14.5">Zec 14:1-5</reference>).

<hi type="bold">as the Lord hath said--</hi>Joel herein refers, not to the other prophets, but to his own words preceding.

<hi type="bold">call--</hi>metaphor from an invitation to a feast, which is an act of gratuitous kindness (<reference osisRef="Luke.14.16">Lu 14:16</reference>). So the remnant called and saved is according to the election of grace, not for man's merits, power, or efforts (<reference osisRef="Rom.11.5">Ro 11:5</reference>). <chapter eID="Joel.2"/>

32. call on... name of... Lord-- Hebrew, Jehovah. Applied to Jesus in Ro 10:13 (compare Ac 9:14; 1Co 1:2). Therefore, Jesus is Jehovah; and the phrase means, "Call on Messiah in His divine attributes." shall be delivered-- as the Christians were, just before Jerusalem's destruction, by retiring to Pella, warned by the Saviour (Mt 24:16); a type of the spiritual deliverance of all believers, and of the last deliverance of the elect "remnant" of Israel from the final assault of Antichrist. "In Zion and Jerusalem" the Saviour first appeared; and there again shall He appear as the Deliverer (Zec 14:1-5). as the Lord hath said-- Joel herein refers, not to the other prophets, but to his own words preceding. call-- metaphor from an invitation to a feast, which is an act of gratuitous kindness (Lu 14:16). So the remnant called and saved is according to the election of grace, not for man's merits, power, or efforts (Ro 11:5).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 3</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Joel.3.1-Joel.3.21">Joe 3:1-21</reference>. God's Vengeance on Israel's Foes in the Valley of Jehoshaphat. His Blessing on the Church.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. bring again the captivity--</hi>that is, reverse it. The Jews restrict this to the return from Babylon. Christians refer it to the coming of Christ. But the prophet comprises the whole redemption, beginning from the return out of Babylon, then continued from the first advent of Christ down to the last day (His second advent), when God will restore His Church to perfect felicity [Calvin].

CHAPTER 3 Joe 3:1-21. God's Vengeance on Israel's Foes in the Valley of Jehoshaphat. His Blessing on the Church. 1. bring again the captivity-- that is, reverse it. The Jews restrict this to the return from Babylon. Christians refer it to the coming of Christ. But the prophet comprises the whole redemption, beginning from the return out of Babylon, then continued from the first advent of Christ down to the last day (His second advent), when God will restore His Church to perfect felicity [Calvin].


2. Parallel to <reference osisRef="Zech.14.2">Zec 14:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="Zech.3.4">3, 4</reference>, where the "Mount of Olives" answers to the "Valley of Jehoshaphat" here. The latter is called "the valley of blessing" (Berachah) (<reference osisRef="2Chr.20.26">2Ch 20:26</reference>). It lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives and has the Kedron flowing through it. As Jehoshaphat overthrew the confederate foes of Judah, namely, Ammon, Moab, &c. (<reference osisRef="Ps.83.6-Ps.83.8">Psa 83:6-8</reference>), in this valley, so God was to overthrow the Tyrians, Zidonians, Philistines, Edom, and Egypt, with a similar utter overthrow (<reference osisRef="Joel.3.4">Joe 3:4</reference>, <reference osisRef="Joel.3.19">19</reference>). This has been long ago fulfilled; but the ultimate event shadowed forth herein is still future, when God shall specially interpose to destroy Jerusalem's last foes, of whom Tyre, Zidon, Edom, Egypt, and Philistia are the types. As "Jehoshaphat" means "the judgment of Jehovah," the valley of Jehoshaphat may be used as a general term for the theater of God's final judgments on Israel's foes, with an allusion to the judgment inflicted on them by Jehoshaphat. The definite mention of the Mount of Olives in <reference osisRef="Zech.14.4">Zec 14:4</reference>, and the fact that this was the scene of the ascension, makes it likely the same shall be the scene of Christ's coming again: compare "this same Jesus ... shall so come in like manner as ye have seen Him go into heaven" (<reference osisRef="Acts.1.11">Ac 1:11</reference>).

<hi type="bold">all nations--</hi>namely, which have maltreated Judah.

<hi type="bold">plead with them--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Isa.66.16">Is 66:16</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.38.22">Eze 38:22</reference>).

<hi type="bold">my heritage Israel--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Deut.32.9">De 32:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.10.16">Jr 10:16</reference>). Implying that the source of Judah's redemption is God's free love, wherewith He chose Israel as His peculiar heritage, and at the same time assuring them, when desponding because of trials, that He would plead their cause as His own, and as if He were injured in their person.

2. Parallel to Zec 14:2, 3, 4, where the "Mount of Olives" answers to the "Valley of Jehoshaphat" here. The latter is called "the valley of blessing" (Berachah) (2Ch 20:26). It lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives and has the Kedron flowing through it. As Jehoshaphat overthrew the confederate foes of Judah, namely, Ammon, Moab, &c. (Psa 83:6-8), in this valley, so God was to overthrow the Tyrians, Zidonians, Philistines, Edom, and Egypt, with a similar utter overthrow (Joe 3:4, 19). This has been long ago fulfilled; but the ultimate event shadowed forth herein is still future, when God shall specially interpose to destroy Jerusalem's last foes, of whom Tyre, Zidon, Edom, Egypt, and Philistia are the types. As "Jehoshaphat" means "the judgment of Jehovah," the valley of Jehoshaphat may be used as a general term for the theater of God's final judgments on Israel's foes, with an allusion to the judgment inflicted on them by Jehoshaphat. The definite mention of the Mount of Olives in Zec 14:4, and the fact that this was the scene of the ascension, makes it likely the same shall be the scene of Christ's coming again: compare "this same Jesus... shall so come in like manner as ye have seen Him go into heaven" (Ac 1:11). all nations-- namely, which have maltreated Judah. plead with them-- (Is 66:16; Eze 38:22). my heritage Israel-- (De 32:9; Jr 10:16). Implying that the source of Judah's redemption is God's free love, wherewith He chose Israel as His peculiar heritage, and at the same time assuring them, when desponding because of trials, that He would plead their cause as His own, and as if He were injured in their person.


<hi type="bold">3. cast lots for my people--</hi>that is, divided among themselves My people as their captives by lot. Compare as to the distribution of captives by lot (Ob 11; <reference osisRef="Nah.3.10">Na 3:10</reference>).

<hi type="bold">given a boy for ... harlot--</hi>Instead of paying a harlot for her prostitution in money, they gave her a Jewish captive boy as a slave.

<hi type="bold">girl for wine--</hi>So valueless did they regard a Jewish girl that they would sell her for a draught of wine.

3. cast lots for my people-- that is, divided among themselves My people as their captives by lot. Compare as to the distribution of captives by lot (Ob 11; Na 3:10). given a boy for... harlot-- Instead of paying a harlot for her prostitution in money, they gave her a Jewish captive boy as a slave. girl for wine-- So valueless did they regard a Jewish girl that they would sell her for a draught of wine.


<hi type="bold">4. what have ye to do with me--</hi>Ye have no connection with Me (that is, with My people: God identifying Himself with Israel); I (that is, My people) have given you no cause of quarrel, why then do ye trouble Me (that is, My people)? (Compare the same phrase, <reference osisRef="Josh.22.24">Jos 22:24</reference>; <reference osisRef="Judg.11.12">Jud 11:12</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Sam.16.10">2Sa 16:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Matt.8.29">Mt 8:29</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Tyre ... Zidon ... Palestine--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Amos.1.6">Am 1:6</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Cor.1.9">9</reference>).

<hi type="bold">if ye recompense me--</hi>If ye injure Me (My people), in revenge for fancied wrongs (<reference osisRef="Ezek.25.15-Ezek.25.17">Eze 25:15-17</reference>), I will requite you in your own coin swiftly and speedily.

4. what have ye to do with me-- Ye have no connection with Me (that is, with My people: God identifying Himself with Israel); I (that is, My people) have given you no cause of quarrel, why then do ye trouble Me (that is, My people)? (Compare the same phrase, Jos 22:24; Jud 11:12; 2Sa 16:10; Mt 8:29). Tyre... Zidon... Palestine-- (Am 1:6, 9). if ye recompense me-- If ye injure Me (My people), in revenge for fancied wrongs (Eze 25:15-17), I will requite you in your own coin swiftly and speedily.


<hi type="bold">5. my silver ... my gold--</hi>that is, the gold and silver of My people. The Philistines and Arabians had carried off all the treasures of King Jehoram's house (<reference osisRef="2Chr.21.16">2Ch 21:16</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Chr.21.17">17</reference>). Compare also <reference osisRef="1Kgs.15.18">1Ki 15:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.12.18">2Ki 12:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.14">14:14</reference>, for the spoiling of the treasures of the temple and the king's palace in Judah by Syria. It was customary among the heathen to hang up in the idol temples some of the spoils of war as presents to their gods.

5. my silver... my gold-- that is, the gold and silver of My people. The Philistines and Arabians had carried off all the treasures of King Jehoram's house (2Ch 21:16, 17). Compare also 1Ki 15:18; 2Ki 12:18; 14:14, for the spoiling of the treasures of the temple and the king's palace in Judah by Syria. It was customary among the heathen to hang up in the idol temples some of the spoils of war as presents to their gods.


<hi type="bold">6. Grecians--</hi>literally, "Javanites," that is, the Ionians, a Greek colony on the coast of Asia Minor who were the first Greeks known to the Jews. The Greeks themselves, however, in their original descent came from Javan (<reference osisRef="Gen.10.2">Ge 10:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="Gen.10.4">4</reference>). Probably the germ of Greek civilization in part came through the Jewish slaves imported into Greece from Phoenicia by traffickers. <reference osisRef="Ezek.27.13">Eze 27:13</reference> mentions Javan and Tyre as trading in the persons of men.

<hi type="bold">far from their border--</hi>far from Judea; so that the captive Jews were cut off from all hope of return.

6. Grecians-- literally, "Javanites," that is, the Ionians, a Greek colony on the coast of Asia Minor who were the first Greeks known to the Jews. The Greeks themselves, however, in their original descent came from Javan (Ge 10:2, 4). Probably the germ of Greek civilization in part came through the Jewish slaves imported into Greece from Phoenicia by traffickers. Eze 27:13 mentions Javan and Tyre as trading in the persons of men. far from their border-- far from Judea; so that the captive Jews were cut off from all hope of return.


<hi type="bold">7. raise them--</hi>that is, I will rouse them. Neither sea nor distance will prevent My bringing them back. Alexander, and his successors, restored to liberty many Jews in bondage in Greece [Josephus, Antiquities, 13.5; Wars of the Jews, 3.9,2].

7. raise them-- that is, I will rouse them. Neither sea nor distance will prevent My bringing them back. Alexander, and his successors, restored to liberty many Jews in bondage in Greece [Josephus, Antiquities, 13.5; Wars of the Jews, 3.9,2].


<hi type="bold">8. sell them to ... Sabeans--</hi>The Persian Artaxerxes Mnemon and Darius Ochus, and chiefly the Greek Alexander, reduced the Phoenician and Philistine powers. Thirty thousand Tyrians after the capture of Tyre by the last conqueror, and multitudes of Philistines on the taking of Gaza, were sold as slaves. The Jews are here said to do that which the God of Judah does in vindication of their wrong, namely, sell the Phoenicians who sold them, to a people "far off," as was Greece, whither the Jews had been sold. The Sabeans at the most remote extremity of Arabia Felix are referred to (compare <reference osisRef="Jer.6.20">Jr 6:20</reference>; <reference osisRef="Matt.12.42">Mt 12:42</reference>).

8. sell them to... Sabeans-- The Persian Artaxerxes Mnemon and Darius Ochus, and chiefly the Greek Alexander, reduced the Phoenician and Philistine powers. Thirty thousand Tyrians after the capture of Tyre by the last conqueror, and multitudes of Philistines on the taking of Gaza, were sold as slaves. The Jews are here said to do that which the God of Judah does in vindication of their wrong, namely, sell the Phoenicians who sold them, to a people "far off," as was Greece, whither the Jews had been sold. The Sabeans at the most remote extremity of Arabia Felix are referred to (compare Jr 6:20; Mt 12:42).


9. The nations hostile to Israel are summoned by Jehovah to "come up" (this phrase is used because Jerusalem was on a hill) against Jerusalem, not that they may destroy it, but to be destroyed by the Lord (<reference osisRef="Ezek.38.7-Ezek.38.23">Eze 38:7-23</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zech.12.2-Zech.9.14">Zec 12:2-9; 14</reference>:2, 3).

<hi type="bold">Prepare war--</hi>literally, sanctify war: because the heathen always began war with religious ceremonies. The very phrase used of Babylon's preparations against Jerusalem (<reference osisRef="Jer.6.4">Jr 6:4</reference>) is now used of the final foes of Jerusalem. As Babylon was then desired by God to advance against her for her destruction, so now all her foes, of whom Babylon was the type, are desired to advance against her for their own destruction.

9. The nations hostile to Israel are summoned by Jehovah to "come up" (this phrase is used because Jerusalem was on a hill) against Jerusalem, not that they may destroy it, but to be destroyed by the Lord (Eze 38:7-23; Zec 12:2-9; 14:2, 3). Prepare war-- literally, sanctify war: because the heathen always began war with religious ceremonies. The very phrase used of Babylon's preparations against Jerusalem (Jr 6:4) is now used of the final foes of Jerusalem. As Babylon was then desired by God to advance against her for her destruction, so now all her foes, of whom Babylon was the type, are desired to advance against her for their own destruction.


<hi type="bold">10. Beat your ploughshares into swords--</hi>As the foes are desired to "beat their ploughshares into swords, and their pruning hooks into spears," that so they may perish in their unhallowed attack on Judah and Jerusalem, so these latter, and the nations converted to God by them, after the overthrow of the antichristian confederacy, shall, on the contrary, "beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning hooks," when under Messiah's coming reign there shall be war no more (<reference osisRef="Isa.2.4">Is 2:4</reference>; <reference osisRef="Hos.2.18">Ho 2:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="Mic.4.3">Mi 4:3</reference>).

<hi type="bold">let the weak say, I am strong--</hi>So universal shall be the rage of Israel's foes for invading her, that even the weak among them will fancy themselves strong enough to join the invading forces. Age and infirmity were ordinarily made valid excuses for exemption from service, but so mad shall be the fury of the world against God's people, that even the feeble will not desire to be exempted (compare <reference osisRef="Ps.2.1-Ps.2.3">Psa 2:1-3</reference>).

10. Beat your ploughshares into swords-- As the foes are desired to "beat their ploughshares into swords, and their pruning hooks into spears," that so they may perish in their unhallowed attack on Judah and Jerusalem, so these latter, and the nations converted to God by them, after the overthrow of the antichristian confederacy, shall, on the contrary, "beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning hooks," when under Messiah's coming reign there shall be war no more (Is 2:4; Ho 2:18; Mi 4:3). let the weak say, I am strong-- So universal shall be the rage of Israel's foes for invading her, that even the weak among them will fancy themselves strong enough to join the invading forces. Age and infirmity were ordinarily made valid excuses for exemption from service, but so mad shall be the fury of the world against God's people, that even the feeble will not desire to be exempted (compare Psa 2:1-3).


<hi type="bold">11. Assemble--</hi>"Hasten" [Maurer].

<hi type="bold">thither--</hi>to the valley of Jehoshaphat.

<hi type="bold">thy mighty ones--</hi>the warriors who fancy themselves "mighty ones," but who are on that very spot to be overthrown by Jehovah [Maurer]. Compare "the mighty men" (<reference osisRef="Joel.3.9">Joe 3:9</reference>). Rather, Joel speaks of God's really "mighty ones" in contrast to the self-styled "mighty men" (<reference osisRef="Joel.3.9">Joe 3:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.103.20">Psa 103:20</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.13.3">Is 13:3</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="Dan.10.13">Da 10:13</reference>). Auberlen remarks: One prophet supplements the other, for they all prophesied only "in part." What was obscure to one was revealed to the other; what is briefly described by one is more fully so by another. Daniel calls Antichrist a king, and dwells on his worldly conquests; John looks more to his spiritual tyranny, for which reason he adds a second beast, wearing the semblance of spirituality. Antichrist himself is described by Daniel. Isaiah (<reference osisRef="Isa.29.1-Isa.29.24">Is 29:1-24</reference>), Joel (<reference osisRef="Joel.3.1-Joel.3.21">Joe 3:1-21</reference>) and Zechariah (Zec 12:<reference osisRef="1Cor.14.21">1-14:21</reference>), describe his army of heathen followers coming up against Jerusalem, but not Antichrist himself.

11. Assemble-- "Hasten" [Maurer]. thither-- to the valley of Jehoshaphat. thy mighty ones-- the warriors who fancy themselves "mighty ones," but who are on that very spot to be overthrown by Jehovah [Maurer]. Compare "the mighty men" (Joe 3:9). Rather, Joel speaks of God's really "mighty ones" in contrast to the self-styled "mighty men" (Joe 3:9; Psa 103:20; Is 13:3; compare Da 10:13). Auberlen remarks: One prophet supplements the other, for they all prophesied only "in part." What was obscure to one was revealed to the other; what is briefly described by one is more fully so by another. Daniel calls Antichrist a king, and dwells on his worldly conquests; John looks more to his spiritual tyranny, for which reason he adds a second beast, wearing the semblance of spirituality. Antichrist himself is described by Daniel. Isaiah (Is 29:1-24), Joel (Joe 3:1-21) and Zechariah (Zec 12:1-14:21), describe his army of heathen followers coming up against Jerusalem, but not Antichrist himself.


12. See <reference osisRef="Joel.3.2">Joe 3:2</reference>.

<hi type="bold">judge all the heathen round about--</hi>that is, all the nations from all parts of the earth which have maltreated Israel; not merely, as Henderson supposes, the nations round about Jerusalem (compare <reference osisRef="Ps.110.6">Psa 110:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.2.4">Is 2:4</reference>; <reference osisRef="Mic.4.3">Mi 4:3</reference>, <reference osisRef="Mic.4.11-Mic.4.13">11-13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zeph.3.15-Zeph.3.19">Zep 3:15-19</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zech.12.9">Zec 12:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zech.14.3-Zech.14.11">14:3-11</reference>; Mal 4:1-3).

12. See Joe 3:2. judge all the heathen round about-- that is, all the nations from all parts of the earth which have maltreated Israel; not merely, as Henderson supposes, the nations round about Jerusalem (compare Psa 110:6; Is 2:4; Mi 4:3, 11-13; Zep 3:15-19; Zec 12:9; 14:3-11; Mal 4:1-3).


13. Direction to the ministers of vengeance to execute God's wrath, as the enemy's wickedness is come to its full maturity. God does not cut off the wicked at once, but waits till their guilt is at its full (so as to the Amorites' iniquity, <reference osisRef="Gen.15.16">Ge 15:16</reference>), to show forth His own long-suffering, and the justice of their doom who have so long abused it (Mt 13:27-30, 38, 40; <reference osisRef="Rev.14.15-Rev.14.19">Re 14:15-19</reference>). For the image of a harvest to be threshed, compare <reference osisRef="Jer.51.33">Jr 51:33</reference>; and a wine-press, <reference osisRef="Isa.63.3">Is 63:3</reference> and <reference osisRef="Lam.1.15">La 1:15</reference>.

13. Direction to the ministers of vengeance to execute God's wrath, as the enemy's wickedness is come to its full maturity. God does not cut off the wicked at once, but waits till their guilt is at its full (so as to the Amorites' iniquity, Ge 15:16), to show forth His own long-suffering, and the justice of their doom who have so long abused it (Mt 13:27-30, 38, 40; Re 14:15-19). For the image of a harvest to be threshed, compare Jr 51:33; and a wine-press, Is 63:3 and La 1:15.


14. The prophet in vision seeing the immense array of nations congregating, exclaims, "Multitudes, multitudes!" a Hebraism for immense multitudes.

<hi type="bold">valley of decision--</hi>that is, the valley in which they are to meet their "determined doom." The same as "the valley of Jehoshaphat," that is, "the valley of judgment" (see on <reference osisRef="Joel.3.2">Joe 3:2</reference>). Compare <reference osisRef="Joel.3.12">Joe 3:12</reference>, "there will I sit to judge," which confirms English Version rather than Margin, "threshing." The repetition of "valley of decision" heightens the effect and pronounces the awful certainty of their doom.

14. The prophet in vision seeing the immense array of nations congregating, exclaims, "Multitudes, multitudes!" a Hebraism for immense multitudes. valley of decision-- that is, the valley in which they are to meet their "determined doom." The same as "the valley of Jehoshaphat," that is, "the valley of judgment" (see on Joe 3:2). Compare Joe 3:12, "there will I sit to judge," which confirms English Version rather than Margin, "threshing." The repetition of "valley of decision" heightens the effect and pronounces the awful certainty of their doom.


15. (See on <reference osisRef="Joel.2.10">Joe 2:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Joel.2.30">Joe 2:30</reference>).

15. (See on Joe 2:10; Joe 2:30).


16. (Compare <reference osisRef="Ezek.38.18-Ezek.38.22">Eze 38:18-22</reference>). The victories of the Jews over their cruel foe Antiochus, under the Maccabees, may be a reference of this prophecy; but the ultimate reference is to the last Antichrist, of whom Antiochus was the type. Jerusalem being the central seat of the theocracy (<reference osisRef="Ps.132.13">Psa 132:13</reference>), it is from thence that Jehovah discomfits the foe.

<hi type="bold">roar--</hi>as a lion (<reference osisRef="Jer.25.30">Jr 25:30</reference>; <reference osisRef="Amos.1.2">Am 1:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.3.8">3:8</reference>). Compare as to Jehovah's voice thundering, <reference osisRef="Ps.18.13">Psa 18:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Hab.3.10">Ha 3:10</reference>, <reference osisRef="Hab.3.11">11</reference>.

<hi type="bold">Lord ... the hope of his people--</hi>or, "their refuge" (<reference osisRef="Ps.46.1">Psa 46:1</reference>).

16. (Compare Eze 38:18-22). The victories of the Jews over their cruel foe Antiochus, under the Maccabees, may be a reference of this prophecy; but the ultimate reference is to the last Antichrist, of whom Antiochus was the type. Jerusalem being the central seat of the theocracy (Psa 132:13), it is from thence that Jehovah discomfits the foe. roar-- as a lion (Jr 25:30; Am 1:2; 3:8). Compare as to Jehovah's voice thundering, Psa 18:13; Ha 3:10, 11. Lord... the hope of his people-- or, "their refuge" (Psa 46:1).


<hi type="bold">17. shall ye know--</hi>experimentally by the proofs of favors which I shall vouchsafe to you. So "know" (<reference osisRef="Isa.60.16">Is 60:16</reference>; <reference osisRef="Hos.2.20">Ho 2:20</reference>).

<hi type="bold">dwelling in Zion--</hi>as peculiarly your God.

<hi type="bold">holy ... no strangers pass through--</hi>to attack, or to defile, the holy city (<reference osisRef="Isa.35.8">Is 35:8</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.52.1">52:1</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zech.14.21">Zec 14:21</reference>). Strangers, or Gentiles, shall come to Jerusalem, but it shall be in order to worship Jehovah there (<reference osisRef="Zech.14.16">Zec 14:16</reference>).

17. shall ye know-- experimentally by the proofs of favors which I shall vouchsafe to you. So "know" (Is 60:16; Ho 2:20). dwelling in Zion-- as peculiarly your God. holy... no strangers pass through-- to attack, or to defile, the holy city (Is 35:8; 52:1; Zec 14:21). Strangers, or Gentiles, shall come to Jerusalem, but it shall be in order to worship Jehovah there (Zec 14:16).


<hi type="bold">18. mountains ... drop ... wine--</hi>figurative for abundance of vines, which were cultivated in terraces of earth between the rocks on the sides of the hills of Palestine (<reference osisRef="Amos.9.13">Am 9:13</reference>).

<hi type="bold">hills ... flow with milk--</hi>that is, they shall abound in flocks and herds yielding milk plentifully, through the richness of the pastures.

<hi type="bold">waters--</hi>the great desideratum for fertility in the parched East (<reference osisRef="Isa.30.25">Is 30:25</reference>).

<hi type="bold">fountain ... of ... house of ... Lord ... water ... valley of Shittim--</hi>The blessings, temporal and spiritual, issuing from Jehovah's house at Jerusalem, shall extend even to Shittim, on the border between Moab and Israel, beyond Jordan (<reference osisRef="Num.25.1">Nu 25:1</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.33.49">33:49</reference>; <reference osisRef="Josh.2.1">Jos 2:1</reference>; <reference osisRef="Mic.6.5">Mi 6:5</reference>). "Shittim" means "acacias," which grow only in arid regions: implying that even the arid desert shall be fertilized by the blessing from Jerusalem. So <reference osisRef="Ezek.47.1-Ezek.47.12">Eze 47:1-12</reference> describes the waters issuing from the threshold of the house as flowing into the Dead Sea, and purifying it. Also in <reference osisRef="Zech.14.8">Zec 14:8</reference> the waters flow on one side into the Mediterranean, on the other side into the Dead Sea, near which latter Shittim was situated (compare <reference osisRef="Ps.46.4">Psa 46:4</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rev.22.1">Re 22:1</reference>).

18. mountains... drop... wine-- figurative for abundance of vines, which were cultivated in terraces of earth between the rocks on the sides of the hills of Palestine (Am 9:13). hills... flow with milk-- that is, they shall abound in flocks and herds yielding milk plentifully, through the richness of the pastures. waters-- the great desideratum for fertility in the parched East (Is 30:25). fountain... of... house of... Lord... water... valley of Shittim-- The blessings, temporal and spiritual, issuing from Jehovah's house at Jerusalem, shall extend even to Shittim, on the border between Moab and Israel, beyond Jordan (Nu 25:1; 33:49; Jos 2:1; Mi 6:5). "Shittim" means "acacias," which grow only in arid regions: implying that even the arid desert shall be fertilized by the blessing from Jerusalem. So Eze 47:1-12 describes the waters issuing from the threshold of the house as flowing into the Dead Sea, and purifying it. Also in Zec 14:8 the waters flow on one side into the Mediterranean, on the other side into the Dead Sea, near which latter Shittim was situated (compare Psa 46:4; Re 22:1).


<hi type="bold">19. Edom--</hi>It was subjugated by David, but revolted under Jehoram (<reference osisRef="2Chr.21.8-2Chr.21.10">2Ch 21:8-10</reference>); and at every subsequent opportunity tried to injure Judah. Egypt under Shishak spoiled Jerusalem under Rehoboam of the treasures of the temple and the king's house; subsequently to the captivity, it inflicted under the Ptolemies various injuries on Judea. Antiochus spoiled Egypt (<reference osisRef="Dan.11.40-Dan.11.43">Da 11:40-43</reference>). Edom was made "desolate" under the Maccabees [Josephus, Antiquities, 12.11,12]. The low condition of the two countries for centuries proves the truth of the prediction (compare <reference osisRef="Isa.19.1">Is 19:1</reference>, &c.; <reference osisRef="Jer.49.17">Jr 49:17</reference>; Ob 10). So shall fare all the foes of Israel, typified by these two (<reference osisRef="Isa.63.1">Is 63:1</reference>, &c.).

19. Edom-- It was subjugated by David, but revolted under Jehoram (2Ch 21:8-10); and at every subsequent opportunity tried to injure Judah. Egypt under Shishak spoiled Jerusalem under Rehoboam of the treasures of the temple and the king's house; subsequently to the captivity, it inflicted under the Ptolemies various injuries on Judea. Antiochus spoiled Egypt (Da 11:40-43). Edom was made "desolate" under the Maccabees [Josephus, Antiquities, 12.11,12]. The low condition of the two countries for centuries proves the truth of the prediction (compare Is 19:1, &c.; Jr 49:17; Ob 10). So shall fare all the foes of Israel, typified by these two (Is 63:1, &c.).


<hi type="bold">20. dwell for ever--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Amos.9.15">Am 9:15</reference>), that is, be established as a flourishing state.

20. dwell for ever-- (Am 9:15), that is, be established as a flourishing state.


<hi type="bold">21. cleanse ... blood ... not cleansed--</hi>I will purge away from Judah the extreme guilt (represented by "blood," the shedding of which was the climax of her sin, <reference osisRef="Isa.1.15">Is 1:15</reference>) which was for long not purged away, but visited with judgments (<reference osisRef="Isa.4.4">Is 4:4</reference>). Messiah saves from guilt, in order to save from punishment (<reference osisRef="Matt.1.21">Mt 1:21</reference>). <chapter eID="Joel.3"/>

21. cleanse... blood... not cleansed-- I will purge away from Judah the extreme guilt (represented by "blood," the shedding of which was the climax of her sin, Is 1:15) which was for long not purged away, but visited with judgments (Is 4:4). Messiah saves from guilt, in order to save from punishment (Mt 1:21).


<milestone n="THE BOOK OF AMOS" type="x-usfm-toc1"/> <milestone n="" type="x-usfm-toc2"/> <milestone n="" type="x-usfm-toc3"/> <title type="main">THE BOOK OF AMOS</title>

THE BOOK OF AMOS