<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.8.29">Jos 8:29</reference>. The King Hanged.</title>

<hi type="bold">29. The king of Ai he hanged on a tree until eventide--</hi>that is, gibbeted. In ancient, and particularly Oriental wars, the chiefs, when taken prisoners, were usually executed. The Israelites were obliged, by the divine law, to put them to death. The execution of the king of Ai would tend to facilitate the conquest of the land, by striking terror into the other chiefs, and making it appear a judicial process, in which they were inflicting the vengeance of God upon His enemies.

<hi type="bold">take his carcass down ... and raise thereon a great heap of stones--</hi>It was taken down at sunset, according to the divine command (<reference osisRef="Deut.21.23">De 21:23</reference>), and cast into a pit dug "at the entering of the gate," because that was the most public place. An immense cairn was raised over his grave--an ancient usage, still existing in the East, whereby is marked the sepulchre of persons whose memory is infamous.

 <reference osisRef="Josh.8.30">Jos 8:30</reference>, <reference osisRef="Josh.8.31">31</reference>. Joshua Builds an Altar.

Jos 8:29. The King Hanged. 29. The king of Ai he hanged on a tree until eventide-- that is, gibbeted. In ancient, and particularly Oriental wars, the chiefs, when taken prisoners, were usually executed. The Israelites were obliged, by the divine law, to put them to death. The execution of the king of Ai would tend to facilitate the conquest of the land, by striking terror into the other chiefs, and making it appear a judicial process, in which they were inflicting the vengeance of God upon His enemies. take his carcass down... and raise thereon a great heap of stones-- It was taken down at sunset, according to the divine command (De 21:23), and cast into a pit dug "at the entering of the gate," because that was the most public place. An immense cairn was raised over his grave--an ancient usage, still existing in the East, whereby is marked the sepulchre of persons whose memory is infamous. Jos 8:30, 31. Joshua Builds an Altar.


<hi type="bold">30-31. Then Joshua built an altar unto the Lord God of Israel in mount Ebal--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="Deut.27.11">De 27:11</reference>). This spot was little short of twenty miles from Ai. The march through a hostile country and the unmolested performance of the religious ceremonial observed at this mountain, would be greatly facilitated, through the blessing of God, by the disastrous fall of Ai. The solemn duty was to be attended to at the first convenient opportunity after the entrance into Canaan (<reference osisRef="Deut.27.2">De 27:2</reference>); and with this in view Joshua seems to have conducted the people through the mountainous region that intervened though no details of the journey have been recorded. Ebal was on the north, opposite to Gerizim, which was on the south side of the town Sichem (Nablous).

30-31. Then Joshua built an altar unto the Lord God of Israel in mount Ebal-- (See on De 27:11). This spot was little short of twenty miles from Ai. The march through a hostile country and the unmolested performance of the religious ceremonial observed at this mountain, would be greatly facilitated, through the blessing of God, by the disastrous fall of Ai. The solemn duty was to be attended to at the first convenient opportunity after the entrance into Canaan (De 27:2); and with this in view Joshua seems to have conducted the people through the mountainous region that intervened though no details of the journey have been recorded. Ebal was on the north, opposite to Gerizim, which was on the south side of the town Sichem (Nablous).


<hi type="bold">32. he wrote there upon the stones a copy of the law of Moses--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="Deut.27.2">De 27:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="Deut.3.5">3, 5</reference>); that is, the blessings and curses of the law. Some think that the stones which contained this inscription were the stones of the altar: but this verse seems rather to indicate that a number of stone pillars were erected alongside of the altar, and on which, after they were plastered, this duplicate of the law was inscribed.

32. he wrote there upon the stones a copy of the law of Moses-- (See on De 27:2, 3, 5); that is, the blessings and curses of the law. Some think that the stones which contained this inscription were the stones of the altar: but this verse seems rather to indicate that a number of stone pillars were erected alongside of the altar, and on which, after they were plastered, this duplicate of the law was inscribed.


<hi type="bold">33. all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side--</hi>One half of Israel was arranged on Gerizim, and the other half on Ebal--along the sides and base of each.

<hi type="bold">before the priests the Levites--</hi>in full view of them.

33. all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side-- One half of Israel was arranged on Gerizim, and the other half on Ebal--along the sides and base of each. before the priests the Levites-- in full view of them.


<hi type="bold">34. afterward he read all the words of the law--</hi>caused the priests or Levites to read it (<reference osisRef="Deut.27.14">De 27:14</reference>). Persons are often said in Scripture to do that which they only command to be done.

34. afterward he read all the words of the law-- caused the priests or Levites to read it (De 27:14). Persons are often said in Scripture to do that which they only command to be done.


<hi type="bold">35. There was not a word of all that Moses commanded, which Joshua read not--</hi>It appears that a much larger portion of the law was read on this occasion than the brief summary inscribed on the stones; and this must have been the essence of the law as contained in Deuteronomy (<reference osisRef="Deut.4.44">De 4:44</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.6.9">6:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.27.8">27:8</reference>). It was not written on the stones, but on the plaster. The immediate design of this rehearsal was attained by the performance of the act itself. It only related to posterity, in so far as the record of the event would be handed down in the Book of Joshua, or the documents which form the groundwork of it [Hengstenberg]. Thus faithfully did Joshua execute the instructions given by Moses. How awfully solemn must have been the assemblage and the occasion! The eye and the ear of the people being both addressed, it was calculated to leave an indelible impression; and with spirits elevated by their brilliant victories in the land of promise, memory would often revert to the striking scene on mounts Ebal and Gerizim, and in the vale of Sychar. <chapter eID="Josh.8"/>

35. There was not a word of all that Moses commanded, which Joshua read not-- It appears that a much larger portion of the law was read on this occasion than the brief summary inscribed on the stones; and this must have been the essence of the law as contained in Deuteronomy (De 4:44; 6:9; 27:8). It was not written on the stones, but on the plaster. The immediate design of this rehearsal was attained by the performance of the act itself. It only related to posterity, in so far as the record of the event would be handed down in the Book of Joshua, or the documents which form the groundwork of it [Hengstenberg]. Thus faithfully did Joshua execute the instructions given by Moses. How awfully solemn must have been the assemblage and the occasion! The eye and the ear of the people being both addressed, it was calculated to leave an indelible impression; and with spirits elevated by their brilliant victories in the land of promise, memory would often revert to the striking scene on mounts Ebal and Gerizim, and in the vale of Sychar.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 9</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.9.1-Josh.9.27">Jos 9:1-27</reference>. The Kings Combine against Israel.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. all the kings which were on this side--</hi>that is, the western side of Jordan.

<hi type="bold">in the hills, and in ther valleys, and in all the coasts of the great sea--</hi>This threefold distinction marks out very clearly a large portion of Canaan. The first designates the hill country, which belonged afterwards to the tribes of Judah and Ephraim: the second, all the low country from Carmel to Gaza; and the third, the shores of the Mediterranean, from the Isthmus of Tyre to the plain of Joppa. (As for the tribes mentioned, see on <reference osisRef="Num.13.29">Nu 13:29</reference>).

<hi type="bold">heard thereof--</hi>that is, of the sacking of Jericho and Ai, as well as the rapid advance of the Israelites into the interior of the country.

CHAPTER 9 Jos 9:1-27. The Kings Combine against Israel. 1. all the kings which were on this side-- that is, the western side of Jordan. in the hills, and in ther valleys, and in all the coasts of the great sea-- This threefold distinction marks out very clearly a large portion of Canaan. The first designates the hill country, which belonged afterwards to the tribes of Judah and Ephraim: the second, all the low country from Carmel to Gaza; and the third, the shores of the Mediterranean, from the Isthmus of Tyre to the plain of Joppa. (As for the tribes mentioned, see on Nu 13:29). heard thereof-- that is, of the sacking of Jericho and Ai, as well as the rapid advance of the Israelites into the interior of the country.


<hi type="bold">2. they gathered themselves together, to fight with Joshua and with Israel, with one accord--</hi>Although divided by separate interests and often at war with each other, a sense of common danger prompted them to suspend their mutual animosities, that by their united forces they might prevent the land from falling into the hands of foreign masters.

2. they gathered themselves together, to fight with Joshua and with Israel, with one accord-- Although divided by separate interests and often at war with each other, a sense of common danger prompted them to suspend their mutual animosities, that by their united forces they might prevent the land from falling into the hands of foreign masters.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.9.3-Josh.9.15">Jos 9:3-15</reference>. The Gibeonites Obtain a League by Craft.</title>

<hi type="bold">3-15. when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard--</hi>This town, as its name imports, was situated on a rocky eminence, about six miles northwest from Jerusalem, where the modern village of El Jib now stands. It was the capital of the Hivites, and a large important city (<reference osisRef="Josh.10.2">Jos 10:2</reference>). It seems to have formed, in union with a few other towns in the neighborhood, a free independent state (<reference osisRef="Josh.9.17">Jos 9:17</reference>) and to have enjoyed a republican government (<reference osisRef="Josh.9.11">Jos 9:11</reference>).

Jos 9:3-15. The Gibeonites Obtain a League by Craft. 3-15. when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard-- This town, as its name imports, was situated on a rocky eminence, about six miles northwest from Jerusalem, where the modern village of El Jib now stands. It was the capital of the Hivites, and a large important city (Jos 10:2). It seems to have formed, in union with a few other towns in the neighborhood, a free independent state (Jos 9:17) and to have enjoyed a republican government (Jos 9:11).


<hi type="bold">16-17. at the end of three days ... they heard that they were their neighbours, and that they dwelt among them--</hi>This information was obtained in their further progress through the country; for as <reference osisRef="Josh.9.17">Jos 9:17</reference> should be rendered, "when the children of Israel journeyed, they came to their cities." Gibeon was about eighteen or twenty miles from Gilgal.

16-17. at the end of three days... they heard that they were their neighbours, and that they dwelt among them-- This information was obtained in their further progress through the country; for as Jos 9:17 should be rendered, "when the children of Israel journeyed, they came to their cities." Gibeon was about eighteen or twenty miles from Gilgal.


<hi type="bold">18-27. the children of Israel smote them not--</hi>The moral character of the Gibeonites' stratagem was bad. The princes of the congregation did not vindicate either the expediency or the lawfulness of the connection they had formed; but they felt the solemn obligations of their oath; and, although the popular clamor was loud against them, caused either by disappointment at losing the spoils of Gibeon, or by displeasure at the apparent breach of the divine commandment, they determined to adhere to their pledge, "because they had sworn by the Lord God of Israel." The Israelitish princes acted conscientiously; they felt themselves bound by their solemn promise; but to prevent the disastrous consequences of their imprudent haste, they resolved to degrade the Gibeonites to a servile condition as a means of preventing their people from being ensnared into idolatry, and thus acted up, as they thought, to the true spirit and end of the law.

18-27. the children of Israel smote them not-- The moral character of the Gibeonites' stratagem was bad. The princes of the congregation did not vindicate either the expediency or the lawfulness of the connection they had formed; but they felt the solemn obligations of their oath; and, although the popular clamor was loud against them, caused either by disappointment at losing the spoils of Gibeon, or by displeasure at the apparent breach of the divine commandment, they determined to adhere to their pledge, "because they had sworn by the Lord God of Israel." The Israelitish princes acted conscientiously; they felt themselves bound by their solemn promise; but to prevent the disastrous consequences of their imprudent haste, they resolved to degrade the Gibeonites to a servile condition as a means of preventing their people from being ensnared into idolatry, and thus acted up, as they thought, to the true spirit and end of the law.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 10</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.10.1-Josh.10.5">Jos 10:1-5</reference>. Five Kings War against Gibeon.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. Adoni-zedek--</hi>"lord of righteousness"--nearly synonymous with Melchizedek, "king of righteousness." These names were common titles of the Jebusite kings.

<hi type="bold">Jerusalem--</hi>The original name, "Salem" (<reference osisRef="Gen.14.18">Ge 14:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.76.2">Psa 76:2</reference>), was superseded by that here given, which signifies "a peaceful possession," or "a vision of peace," in allusion, as some think, to the strikingly symbolic scene (<reference osisRef="Gen.22.14">Ge 22:14</reference>) represented on the mount whereon that city was afterwards built.

<hi type="bold">inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them--</hi>that is, the Israelites; had made an alliance with that people, and acknowledging their supremacy, were living on terms of friendly intercourse with them.

CHAPTER 10 Jos 10:1-5. Five Kings War against Gibeon. 1. Adoni-zedek-- "lord of righteousness"--nearly synonymous with Melchizedek, "king of righteousness." These names were common titles of the Jebusite kings. Jerusalem-- The original name, "Salem" (Ge 14:18; Psa 76:2), was superseded by that here given, which signifies "a peaceful possession," or "a vision of peace," in allusion, as some think, to the strikingly symbolic scene (Ge 22:14) represented on the mount whereon that city was afterwards built. inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them-- that is, the Israelites; had made an alliance with that people, and acknowledging their supremacy, were living on terms of friendly intercourse with them.


<hi type="bold">2. they feared greatly--</hi>The dread inspired by the rapid conquests of the Israelites had been immensely increased by the fact of a state so populous and so strong as Gibeon having found it expedient to submit to the power and the terms of the invaders.

<hi type="bold">as one of the royal cities--</hi>Although itself a republic (<reference osisRef="Josh.9.3">Jos 9:3</reference>), it was large and well-fortified, like those places in which the chiefs of the country usually established their residence.

2. they feared greatly-- The dread inspired by the rapid conquests of the Israelites had been immensely increased by the fact of a state so populous and so strong as Gibeon having found it expedient to submit to the power and the terms of the invaders. as one of the royal cities-- Although itself a republic (Jos 9:3), it was large and well-fortified, like those places in which the chiefs of the country usually established their residence.


<hi type="bold">3-4. Wherefore Adoni-zedek ... sent, ... saying, Come up unto me, and help me--</hi>A combined attack was meditated on Gibeon, with a view not only to punish its people for their desertion of the native cause, but by its overthrow to interpose a barrier to the farther inroads of the Israelites. This confederacy among the mountaineers of Southern Palestine was formed and headed by the king of Jerusalem, because his territory was most exposed to danger, Gibeon being only six miles distant, and because he evidently possessed some degree of pre-eminence over his royal neighbors.

3-4. Wherefore Adoni-zedek... sent,... saying, Come up unto me, and help me-- A combined attack was meditated on Gibeon, with a view not only to punish its people for their desertion of the native cause, but by its overthrow to interpose a barrier to the farther inroads of the Israelites. This confederacy among the mountaineers of Southern Palestine was formed and headed by the king of Jerusalem, because his territory was most exposed to danger, Gibeon being only six miles distant, and because he evidently possessed some degree of pre-eminence over his royal neighbors.


<hi type="bold">5. the five kings of the Amorites--</hi>The settlement of this powerful and warlike tribe lay within the confines of Moab; but having also acquired extensive possessions on the southwest of the Jordan, their name, as the ruling power, seems to have been given to the region generally (<reference osisRef="2Sam.21.2">2Sa 21:2</reference>), although Hebron was inhabited by Hittites or Hivites (<reference osisRef="Josh.11.19">Jos 11:19</reference>), and Jerusalem by Jebusites (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.63">Jos 15:63</reference>).

5. the five kings of the Amorites-- The settlement of this powerful and warlike tribe lay within the confines of Moab; but having also acquired extensive possessions on the southwest of the Jordan, their name, as the ruling power, seems to have been given to the region generally (2Sa 21:2), although Hebron was inhabited by Hittites or Hivites (Jos 11:19), and Jerusalem by Jebusites (Jos 15:63).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.10.6-Josh.10.9">Jos 10:6-9</reference>. Joshua Rescues It.</title>

<hi type="bold">6-8. the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua--</hi>Their appeal was urgent and their claim to protection irresistible, on the ground, not only of kindness and sympathy, but of justice. In attacking the Canaanites, Joshua had received from God a general assurance of success (<reference osisRef="Josh.1.5">Jos 1:5</reference>). But the intelligence of so formidable a combination among the native princes seems to have depressed his mind with the anxious and dispiriting idea that it was a chastisement for the hasty and inconsiderate alliance entered into with the Gibeonites. It was evidently to be a struggle of life and death, not only to Gibeon, but to the Israelites. And in this view the divine communication that was made to him was seasonable and animating. He seems to have asked the counsel of God and received an answer, before setting out on the expedition.

Jos 10:6-9. Joshua Rescues It. 6-8. the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua-- Their appeal was urgent and their claim to protection irresistible, on the ground, not only of kindness and sympathy, but of justice. In attacking the Canaanites, Joshua had received from God a general assurance of success (Jos 1:5). But the intelligence of so formidable a combination among the native princes seems to have depressed his mind with the anxious and dispiriting idea that it was a chastisement for the hasty and inconsiderate alliance entered into with the Gibeonites. It was evidently to be a struggle of life and death, not only to Gibeon, but to the Israelites. And in this view the divine communication that was made to him was seasonable and animating. He seems to have asked the counsel of God and received an answer, before setting out on the expedition.


<hi type="bold">9. Joshua therefore came upon them suddenly--</hi>This is explained in the following clause, where he is described as having accomplished, by a forced march of picked men, in one night, a distance of twenty-six miles, which, according to the slow pace of Eastern armies and caravans, had formerly been a three days' journey (<reference osisRef="Josh.9.17">Jos 9:17</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="Josh.10.10">Jos 10:10</reference>, <reference osisRef="Josh.10.11">11</reference>. God Fights against Them with Hailstones.

9. Joshua therefore came upon them suddenly-- This is explained in the following clause, where he is described as having accomplished, by a forced march of picked men, in one night, a distance of twenty-six miles, which, according to the slow pace of Eastern armies and caravans, had formerly been a three days' journey (Jos 9:17). Jos 10:10, 11. God Fights against Them with Hailstones.


<hi type="bold">10-11. the Lord discomfited them--</hi>Hebrew, "terrified," confounded the Amorite allies, probably by a fearful storm of lightning and thunder. So the word is usually employed (<reference osisRef="1Sam.7.10">1Sa 7:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.18.13">Psa 18:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.144.6">144:6</reference>).

<hi type="bold">and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon--</hi>This refers to the attack of the Israelites upon the besiegers. It is evident that there had been much hard fighting around the heights of Gibeon, for the day was far spent before the enemy took to flight.

<hi type="bold">chased them along the way that goeth up to Beth-horon--</hi>that is, "the House of Caves," of which there are still traces existing. There were two contiguous villages of that name, upper and nether. Upper Beth-horon was nearest Gibeon--about ten miles distant, and approached by a gradual ascent through a long and precipitous ravine. This was the first stage of the flight. The fugitives had crossed the high ridge of Upper Beth-horon, and were in full flight down the descent to Beth-horon the Nether. The road between the two places is so rocky and rugged that there is a path made by means of steps cut in the rock [Robinson]. Down this pass Joshua continued his victorious rout. Here it was that the Lord interposed, assisting His people by means of a storm, which, having been probably gathering all day, burst with such irresistible fury, that "they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword." The Oriental hailstorm is a terrific agent; the hailstones are masses of ice, large as walnuts, and sometimes as two fists; their prodigious size, and the violence with which they fall, make them always very injurious to property, and often fatal to life. The miraculous feature of this tempest, which fell on the Amorite army, was the entire preservation of the Israelites from its destructive ravages.

10-11. the Lord discomfited them-- Hebrew, "terrified," confounded the Amorite allies, probably by a fearful storm of lightning and thunder. So the word is usually employed (1Sa 7:10; Psa 18:13; 144:6). and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon-- This refers to the attack of the Israelites upon the besiegers. It is evident that there had been much hard fighting around the heights of Gibeon, for the day was far spent before the enemy took to flight. chased them along the way that goeth up to Beth-horon-- that is, "the House of Caves," of which there are still traces existing. There were two contiguous villages of that name, upper and nether. Upper Beth-horon was nearest Gibeon--about ten miles distant, and approached by a gradual ascent through a long and precipitous ravine. This was the first stage of the flight. The fugitives had crossed the high ridge of Upper Beth-horon, and were in full flight down the descent to Beth-horon the Nether. The road between the two places is so rocky and rugged that there is a path made by means of steps cut in the rock [Robinson]. Down this pass Joshua continued his victorious rout. Here it was that the Lord interposed, assisting His people by means of a storm, which, having been probably gathering all day, burst with such irresistible fury, that "they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword." The Oriental hailstorm is a terrific agent; the hailstones are masses of ice, large as walnuts, and sometimes as two fists; their prodigious size, and the violence with which they fall, make them always very injurious to property, and often fatal to life. The miraculous feature of this tempest, which fell on the Amorite army, was the entire preservation of the Israelites from its destructive ravages.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.10.12-Josh.10.15">Jos 10:12-15</reference>. The Sun and Moon Stand Still at the Word of Joshua.</title>

<hi type="bold">12-15. Then spake Joshua to the Lord ... and ... he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still ... and thou, Moon--</hi>The inspired author here breaks off the thread of his history of this miraculous victory to introduce a quotation from an ancient poem, in which the mighty acts of that day were commemorated. The passage, which is parenthetical, contains a poetical description of the victory which was miraculously gained by the help of God, and forms an extract from "the book of Jasher," that is, "the upright"--an anthology, or collection of national songs, in honor of renowned and eminently pious heroes. The language of a poem is not to be literally interpreted; and therefore, when the sun and moon are personified, addressed as intelligent beings, and represented as standing still, the explanation is that the light of the sun and moon was supernaturally prolonged by the same laws of refraction and reflection that ordinarily cause the sun to appear above the horizon, when it is in reality below it [Keil, Bush]. Gibeon ("a hill") was now at the back of the Israelites, and the height would soon have intercepted the rays of the setting sun. The valley of Ajalon ("stags") was before them, and so near that it was sometimes called "the valley of Gibeon" (<reference osisRef="Isa.28.21">Is 28:21</reference>). It would seem, from <reference osisRef="Josh.10.14">Jos 10:14</reference>, that the command of Joshua was in reality a prayer to God for the performance of this miracle; and that, although the prayers of eminently good men like Moses often prevailed with God, never was there on any other occasion so astonishing a display of divine power made in behalf of His people, as in answer to the prayer of Joshua. <reference osisRef="Josh.10.15">Jos 10:15</reference> is the end of the quotation from Jasher; and it is necessary to notice this, as the fact described in it is recorded in due course, and the same words, by the sacred historian (<reference osisRef="Josh.10.43">Jos 10:43</reference>).

Jos 10:12-15. The Sun and Moon Stand Still at the Word of Joshua. 12-15. Then spake Joshua to the Lord... and... he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still... and thou, Moon-- The inspired author here breaks off the thread of his history of this miraculous victory to introduce a quotation from an ancient poem, in which the mighty acts of that day were commemorated. The passage, which is parenthetical, contains a poetical description of the victory which was miraculously gained by the help of God, and forms an extract from "the book of Jasher," that is, "the upright"--an anthology, or collection of national songs, in honor of renowned and eminently pious heroes. The language of a poem is not to be literally interpreted; and therefore, when the sun and moon are personified, addressed as intelligent beings, and represented as standing still, the explanation is that the light of the sun and moon was supernaturally prolonged by the same laws of refraction and reflection that ordinarily cause the sun to appear above the horizon, when it is in reality below it [Keil, Bush]. Gibeon ("a hill") was now at the back of the Israelites, and the height would soon have intercepted the rays of the setting sun. The valley of Ajalon ("stags") was before them, and so near that it was sometimes called "the valley of Gibeon" (Is 28:21). It would seem, from Jos 10:14, that the command of Joshua was in reality a prayer to God for the performance of this miracle; and that, although the prayers of eminently good men like Moses often prevailed with God, never was there on any other occasion so astonishing a display of divine power made in behalf of His people, as in answer to the prayer of Joshua. Jos 10:15 is the end of the quotation from Jasher; and it is necessary to notice this, as the fact described in it is recorded in due course, and the same words, by the sacred historian (Jos 10:43).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.10.16-Josh.10.27">Jos 10:16-27</reference>. The Five Kings Hanged.</title>

<hi type="bold">16-27. these five kings ... hid themselves in a cave--</hi>Hebrew, "the cave."

<hi type="bold">at Makkedah--</hi>The pursuit was continued, without interruption, to Makkedah at the foot of the western mountains, where Joshua seems to have halted with the main body of his troops while a detachment was sent forward to scour the country in pursuit of the remaining stragglers, a few of whom succeeded in reaching the neighboring cities. The last act, probably the next day, was the disposal of the prisoners, among whom the five kings were consigned to the infamous doom of being slain (<reference osisRef="Deut.20.16">De 20:16</reference>, <reference osisRef="Deut.20.17">17</reference>); and then their corpses were suspended on five trees till the evening.

Jos 10:16-27. The Five Kings Hanged. 16-27. these five kings... hid themselves in a cave-- Hebrew, "the cave." at Makkedah-- The pursuit was continued, without interruption, to Makkedah at the foot of the western mountains, where Joshua seems to have halted with the main body of his troops while a detachment was sent forward to scour the country in pursuit of the remaining stragglers, a few of whom succeeded in reaching the neighboring cities. The last act, probably the next day, was the disposal of the prisoners, among whom the five kings were consigned to the infamous doom of being slain (De 20:16, 17); and then their corpses were suspended on five trees till the evening.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.10.28-Josh.10.42">Jos 10:28-42</reference>. Seven More Kings Conquered.</title>

<hi type="bold">28-42. that day Joshua took Makkedah--</hi>In this and the following verses is described the rapid succession of victory and extermination which swept the whole of southern Palestine into the hands of Israel. "All these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because the Lord God of Israel fought for Israel. And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal." <chapter eID="Josh.10"/>

Jos 10:28-42. Seven More Kings Conquered. 28-42. that day Joshua took Makkedah-- In this and the following verses is described the rapid succession of victory and extermination which swept the whole of southern Palestine into the hands of Israel. "All these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because the Lord God of Israel fought for Israel. And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal."


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 11</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.11.1-Josh.11.9">Jos 11:1-9</reference>. Divers Kings Overcome at the Waters of Merom.</title>

<hi type="bold">1-9. And it came to pass, when Jabin king of Hazor had heard those things--</hi>The scene of the sacred narrative is here shifted to the north of Canaan, where a still more extensive confederacy was formed among the ruling powers to oppose the further progress of the Israelites. Jabin ("the Intelligent"), which seems to have been a hereditary title (<reference osisRef="Judg.4.2">Jud 4:2</reference>), took the lead, from Hazor being the capital of the northern region (<reference osisRef="Josh.11.10">Jos 11:10</reference>). It was situated on the borders of lake Merom. The other cities mentioned must have been in the vicinity though their exact position is unknown.

CHAPTER 11 Jos 11:1-9. Divers Kings Overcome at the Waters of Merom. 1-9. And it came to pass, when Jabin king of Hazor had heard those things-- The scene of the sacred narrative is here shifted to the north of Canaan, where a still more extensive confederacy was formed among the ruling powers to oppose the further progress of the Israelites. Jabin ("the Intelligent"), which seems to have been a hereditary title (Jud 4:2), took the lead, from Hazor being the capital of the northern region (Jos 11:10). It was situated on the borders of lake Merom. The other cities mentioned must have been in the vicinity though their exact position is unknown.


<hi type="bold">11. he burnt Hazor with fire--</hi>calmly and deliberately, doubtless, according to divine direction.

11. he burnt Hazor with fire-- calmly and deliberately, doubtless, according to divine direction.


<hi type="bold">13. as for the cities that stood still in their strength--</hi>literally, "on their heaps." It was a Phoenician custom to build cities on heights, natural or artificial [Hengstenberg].

13. as for the cities that stood still in their strength-- literally, "on their heaps." It was a Phoenician custom to build cities on heights, natural or artificial [Hengstenberg].


<hi type="bold">16. So Joshua took all that land--</hi>Here follows a general view of the conquest. The division of the country there into five parts; namely, the hills, the land of Goshen, that is, a pastoral land near Gibeon (<reference osisRef="Josh.10.41">Jos 10:41</reference>); the valley, the plains and the mountains of Israel, i. e., Carmel, rests upon a diversity of geographical positions, which is characteristic of the region.

16. So Joshua took all that land-- Here follows a general view of the conquest. The division of the country there into five parts; namely, the hills, the land of Goshen, that is, a pastoral land near Gibeon (Jos 10:41); the valley, the plains and the mountains of Israel, i. e., Carmel, rests upon a diversity of geographical positions, which is characteristic of the region.


<hi type="bold">17. from the mount Halak--</hi>Hebrew, "the smooth mountain."

<hi type="bold">that goeth up to Seir--</hi>an irregular line of white naked hills, about eighty feet high, and seven or eight geographical miles in length that cross the whole Ghor, eight miles south of the Dead Sea, probably "the ascent of Akrabbim" [Robinson].

<hi type="bold">unto Baal-gad in the valley of Lebanon--</hi>the city or temple of the god of destiny, in Baalbec.

17. from the mount Halak-- Hebrew, "the smooth mountain." that goeth up to Seir-- an irregular line of white naked hills, about eighty feet high, and seven or eight geographical miles in length that cross the whole Ghor, eight miles south of the Dead Sea, probably "the ascent of Akrabbim" [Robinson]. unto Baal-gad in the valley of Lebanon-- the city or temple of the god of destiny, in Baalbec.


<hi type="bold">23. Joshua took the whole land--</hi>The battle of the take of Merom was to the north what the battle of Beth-horon was to the south; more briefly told and less complete in its consequences; but still the decisive conflict by which the whole northern region of Canaan fell into the hands of Israel [Stanley]. <chapter eID="Josh.11"/>

23. Joshua took the whole land-- The battle of the take of Merom was to the north what the battle of Beth-horon was to the south; more briefly told and less complete in its consequences; but still the decisive conflict by which the whole northern region of Canaan fell into the hands of Israel [Stanley].


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 12</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.12.1-Josh.12.6">Jos 12:1-6</reference>. The Two Kings Whose Countries Moses Took and Disposed of.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan--</hi>This chapter contains a recapitulation of the conquests made in the promised land, with the additional mention of some places not formerly noted in the sacred history. The river Arnon on the south and mount Hermon on the north were the respective boundaries of the land acquired by the Israelites beyond Jordan (see <reference osisRef="Num.21.21-Num.21.24">Nu 21:21-24</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.2.36">De 2:36</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.3.3-2Cor.3.16">3:3-16</reference> [and see on De 2:24]).

CHAPTER 12 Jos 12:1-6. The Two Kings Whose Countries Moses Took and Disposed of. 1. Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan-- This chapter contains a recapitulation of the conquests made in the promised land, with the additional mention of some places not formerly noted in the sacred history. The river Arnon on the south and mount Hermon on the north were the respective boundaries of the land acquired by the Israelites beyond Jordan (see Nu 21:21-24; De 2:36; 3:3-16 [and see on De 2:24]).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.12.7-Josh.12.24">Jos 12:7-24</reference>. The One and Thirty Kings on the West Side of Jordan, Which Joshua Smote.</title>

<hi type="bold">7. Baal-gad ... even unto ... Halak--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="Josh.11.17">Jos 11:17</reference>). A list of thirty-one chief towns is here given; and, as the whole land contained a superficial extent of only fifteen miles in length by fifty in breadth, it is evident that these capital cities belonged to petty and insignificant kingdoms. With a few exceptions, they were not the scenes of any important events recorded in the sacred history, and therefore do not require a particular notice. <chapter eID="Josh.12"/>

Jos 12:7-24. The One and Thirty Kings on the West Side of Jordan, Which Joshua Smote. 7. Baal-gad... even unto... Halak-- (See on Jos 11:17). A list of thirty-one chief towns is here given; and, as the whole land contained a superficial extent of only fifteen miles in length by fifty in breadth, it is evident that these capital cities belonged to petty and insignificant kingdoms. With a few exceptions, they were not the scenes of any important events recorded in the sacred history, and therefore do not require a particular notice.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 13</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.13.1-Josh.13.33">Jos 13:1-33</reference>. Bounds of the Land Not Yet Conquered.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. Now Joshua was old and stricken in years--</hi>He was probably above a hundred years old; for the conquest and survey of the land occupied about seven years, the partition one; and he died at the age of one hundred ten years (<reference osisRef="Josh.24.29">Jos 24:29</reference>). The distribution, as well as the conquest of the land, was included in the mission of Joshua; and his advanced age supplied a special reason for entering on the immediate discharge of that duty; namely, of allocating Canaan among the tribes of Israel--not only the parts already won, but those also which were still to be conquered.

CHAPTER 13 Jos 13:1-33. Bounds of the Land Not Yet Conquered. 1. Now Joshua was old and stricken in years-- He was probably above a hundred years old; for the conquest and survey of the land occupied about seven years, the partition one; and he died at the age of one hundred ten years (Jos 24:29). The distribution, as well as the conquest of the land, was included in the mission of Joshua; and his advanced age supplied a special reason for entering on the immediate discharge of that duty; namely, of allocating Canaan among the tribes of Israel--not only the parts already won, but those also which were still to be conquered.


<hi type="bold">2-6. This is the land that yet remaineth--</hi>that is, to be acquired. This section forms a parenthesis, in which the historian briefly notices the districts yet unsubdued; namely, first, the whole country of the Philistines--a narrow tract stretching about sixty miles along the Mediterranean coast, and that of the Geshurites to the south of it (<reference osisRef="1Sam.27.8">1Sa 27:8</reference>). Both included that portion of the country "from Sihor, which is before Egypt," a small brook near El-Arish, which on the east was the southern boundary of Canaan, to Ekron, the most northerly of the five chief lordships or principalities of the Philistines.

2-6. This is the land that yet remaineth-- that is, to be acquired. This section forms a parenthesis, in which the historian briefly notices the districts yet unsubdued; namely, first, the whole country of the Philistines--a narrow tract stretching about sixty miles along the Mediterranean coast, and that of the Geshurites to the south of it (1Sa 27:8). Both included that portion of the country "from Sihor, which is before Egypt," a small brook near El-Arish, which on the east was the southern boundary of Canaan, to Ekron, the most northerly of the five chief lordships or principalities of the Philistines.


<hi type="bold">8. With whom--</hi>Hebrew, "him." The antecedent is evidently to Manasseh, not, however, the half-tribe just mentioned, but the other half; for the historian, led, as it were, by the sound of the word, breaks off to describe the possessions beyond Jordan already assigned to Reuben, Gad, and the half of Manasseh (see on <reference osisRef="Num.32.1">Nu 32:1</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.32.33">Nu 32:33</reference>; also see <reference osisRef="Deut.3.8-Deut.3.17">De 3:8-17</reference>). It may be proper to remark that it was wise to put these boundaries on record. In case of any misunderstanding or dispute arising about the exact limits of each district or property, an appeal could always be made to this authoritative document, and a full knowledge as well as grateful sense obtained of what they had received from God (<reference osisRef="Ps.16.5">Psa 16:5</reference>, <reference osisRef="Ps.16.6">6</reference>). <chapter eID="Josh.13"/>

8. With whom-- Hebrew, "him." The antecedent is evidently to Manasseh, not, however, the half-tribe just mentioned, but the other half; for the historian, led, as it were, by the sound of the word, breaks off to describe the possessions beyond Jordan already assigned to Reuben, Gad, and the half of Manasseh (see on Nu 32:1; Nu 32:33; also see De 3:8-17). It may be proper to remark that it was wise to put these boundaries on record. In case of any misunderstanding or dispute arising about the exact limits of each district or property, an appeal could always be made to this authoritative document, and a full knowledge as well as grateful sense obtained of what they had received from God (Psa 16:5, 6).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 14</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.14.1-Josh.14.5">Jos 14:1-5</reference>. The Nine Tribes and a Half to Have Their Inheritance by Lot.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. these are the countries which the children of Israel inherited in the land of Canaan--</hi>This chapter forms the introduction to an account of the allocation of the land west of Jordan, or Canaan proper, to the nine tribes and a half. It was also made by lot in presence of a select number of superintendents, appointed according to divine directions given to Moses (see on <reference osisRef="Num.34.16">Nu 34:16</reference>). In everything pertaining to civil government, and even the division of the land, Joshua was the acknowledged chief. But in a matter to be determined by lot, a solemn appeal was made to God, and hence Eleazar, as high priest, is named before Joshua.

CHAPTER 14 Jos 14:1-5. The Nine Tribes and a Half to Have Their Inheritance by Lot. 1. these are the countries which the children of Israel inherited in the land of Canaan-- This chapter forms the introduction to an account of the allocation of the land west of Jordan, or Canaan proper, to the nine tribes and a half. It was also made by lot in presence of a select number of superintendents, appointed according to divine directions given to Moses (see on Nu 34:16). In everything pertaining to civil government, and even the division of the land, Joshua was the acknowledged chief. But in a matter to be determined by lot, a solemn appeal was made to God, and hence Eleazar, as high priest, is named before Joshua.


<hi type="bold">4. The children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim--</hi>As two and a half tribes were settled on the east Jordan, and the Levites had no inheritance assigned them in land, there would have been only eight and a half tribes to provide for. But Ephraim and Manasseh, the two sons of Joseph, had been constituted two tribes (<reference osisRef="Gen.48.5">Ge 48:5</reference>), and although Levi was excluded, the original number of the tribes of Israel was still preserved.

4. The children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim-- As two and a half tribes were settled on the east Jordan, and the Levites had no inheritance assigned them in land, there would have been only eight and a half tribes to provide for. But Ephraim and Manasseh, the two sons of Joseph, had been constituted two tribes (Ge 48:5), and although Levi was excluded, the original number of the tribes of Israel was still preserved.


<hi type="bold">5. the children of Israel ... divided the land--</hi>that is, they made the preliminary arrangements for the work. A considerable time was requisite for the survey and measurement.

5. the children of Israel... divided the land-- that is, they made the preliminary arrangements for the work. A considerable time was requisite for the survey and measurement.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.14.6-Josh.14.15">Jos 14:6-15</reference>. Caleb by Privilege Requests and Obtains Hebron.</title>

<hi type="bold">6-11. Then the children of Judah came unto Joshua in Gilgal: and Caleb ... said--</hi>This incident is recorded here because it occurred while the preparations were being made for casting the lots, which, it appears, were begun in Gilgal. The claim of Caleb to the mountains of Hebron as his personal and family possessions was founded on a solemn promise of Moses, forty-five years before (<reference osisRef="Num.14.24">Nu 14:24</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.1.36">De 1:36</reference>; <reference osisRef="Josh.14.10">Jos 14:10</reference>), to give him that land on account of his fidelity. Being one of the nominees appointed to preside over the division of the country, he might have been charged with using his powers as a commissioner to his own advantage, had he urged his request in private; and therefore he took some of his brethren along with him as witness of the justice and propriety of his conduct.

Jos 14:6-15. Caleb by Privilege Requests and Obtains Hebron. 6-11. Then the children of Judah came unto Joshua in Gilgal: and Caleb... said-- This incident is recorded here because it occurred while the preparations were being made for casting the lots, which, it appears, were begun in Gilgal. The claim of Caleb to the mountains of Hebron as his personal and family possessions was founded on a solemn promise of Moses, forty-five years before (Nu 14:24; De 1:36; Jos 14:10), to give him that land on account of his fidelity. Being one of the nominees appointed to preside over the division of the country, he might have been charged with using his powers as a commissioner to his own advantage, had he urged his request in private; and therefore he took some of his brethren along with him as witness of the justice and propriety of his conduct.


<hi type="bold">12. give me this mountain, whereof the Lord spake in that day--</hi>this highland region.

<hi type="bold">for thou heardest in that day how the Anakims were there--</hi>The report of the spies, who tried to kindle the flame of sedition and discontent, related chiefly to the people and condition of this mountain district, and hence it was promised as the reward of Caleb's truth, piety, and faithfulness.

12. give me this mountain, whereof the Lord spake in that day-- this highland region. for thou heardest in that day how the Anakims were there-- The report of the spies, who tried to kindle the flame of sedition and discontent, related chiefly to the people and condition of this mountain district, and hence it was promised as the reward of Caleb's truth, piety, and faithfulness.


<hi type="bold">13-14. Joshua blessed him, and gave unto Caleb Hebron for an inheritance--</hi>Joshua, who was fully cognizant of all the circumstances, not only admitted the claim, but in a public and earnest manner prayed for the divine blessing to succor the efforts of Caleb in driving out the idolatrous occupiers.

13-14. Joshua blessed him, and gave unto Caleb Hebron for an inheritance-- Joshua, who was fully cognizant of all the circumstances, not only admitted the claim, but in a public and earnest manner prayed for the divine blessing to succor the efforts of Caleb in driving out the idolatrous occupiers.


<hi type="bold">15. Kirjath-arba--</hi>that is, the city of Arba, a warrior among the native race remarkable for strength and stature.

<hi type="bold">the land had rest from war--</hi>Most of the kings having been slain and the natives dispirited, there was no general or systematic attempt to resist the progress and settlement of the Israelites. <chapter eID="Josh.14"/>

15. Kirjath-arba-- that is, the city of Arba, a warrior among the native race remarkable for strength and stature. the land had rest from war-- Most of the kings having been slain and the natives dispirited, there was no general or systematic attempt to resist the progress and settlement of the Israelites.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 15</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.15.1-Josh.15.12">Jos 15:1-12</reference>. Borders of the Lot of Judah.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. This then was the lot of the tribe of the children of Judah--</hi>In what manner the lot was drawn on this occasion the sacred historian does not say; but it is probable that the method adopted was similar to that described in <reference osisRef="Josh.18.10">Jos 18:10</reference>. Though the general survey of the country had not been completed, some rough draft or delineation of the first conquered part must have been made, and satisfactory evidence obtained that it was large enough to furnish three cantons, before all the tribes cast lots for them; and they fell to Judah, Ephraim, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The lot of Judah came first, in token of the pre-eminence of that tribe over all the others; and its destined superiority thus received the visible sanction of God. The territory, assigned to it as a possession, was large and extensive, being bounded on the south by the wilderness of Zin, and the southern extremity of the Salt Sea (<reference osisRef="Num.34.3-Num.34.5">Nu 34:3-5</reference>); on the east, by that sea, extending to the point where it receives the waters of the Jordan; on the north, by a line drawn nearly parallel to Jerusalem, across the country, from the northern extremity of the Salt Sea to the southern limits of the Philistine territory, and to the Mediterranean; and on the west this sea was its boundary, as far as Sihor (Wady El-Arish).

CHAPTER 15 Jos 15:1-12. Borders of the Lot of Judah. 1. This then was the lot of the tribe of the children of Judah-- In what manner the lot was drawn on this occasion the sacred historian does not say; but it is probable that the method adopted was similar to that described in Jos 18:10. Though the general survey of the country had not been completed, some rough draft or delineation of the first conquered part must have been made, and satisfactory evidence obtained that it was large enough to furnish three cantons, before all the tribes cast lots for them; and they fell to Judah, Ephraim, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The lot of Judah came first, in token of the pre-eminence of that tribe over all the others; and its destined superiority thus received the visible sanction of God. The territory, assigned to it as a possession, was large and extensive, being bounded on the south by the wilderness of Zin, and the southern extremity of the Salt Sea (Nu 34:3-5); on the east, by that sea, extending to the point where it receives the waters of the Jordan; on the north, by a line drawn nearly parallel to Jerusalem, across the country, from the northern extremity of the Salt Sea to the southern limits of the Philistine territory, and to the Mediterranean; and on the west this sea was its boundary, as far as Sihor (Wady El-Arish).


<hi type="bold">2. the bay--</hi>Hebrew, "tongue." It pushes its waters out in this form to a great distance [Robinson].

2. the bay-- Hebrew, "tongue." It pushes its waters out in this form to a great distance [Robinson].


<hi type="bold">3. Maaleh-akrabbim--</hi>Hebrew, "the ascent of scorpions"; a pass in the "bald mountain" (see on <reference osisRef="Josh.11.17">Jos 11:17</reference>), probably much infested by these venomous reptiles.

3. Maaleh-akrabbim-- Hebrew, "the ascent of scorpions"; a pass in the "bald mountain" (see on Jos 11:17), probably much infested by these venomous reptiles.


<hi type="bold">5. the end--</hi>that is, the mouth of the Jordan.

5. the end-- that is, the mouth of the Jordan.


<hi type="bold">6. Beth-hogla--</hi>now Ain Hajla, a fine spring of clear and sweet water, at the northern extremity of the Dead Sea, about two miles from the Jordan [Robinson].

<hi type="bold">Beth-arabah--</hi>"the house," or "place of solitude," in the desert of Judah (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.61">Jos 15:61</reference>).

<hi type="bold">stone of Bohan the son of Reuben--</hi>the sepulchral monument of a Reubenite leader, who had been distinguished for his bravery, and had fallen in the Canaanite war.

6. Beth-hogla-- now Ain Hajla, a fine spring of clear and sweet water, at the northern extremity of the Dead Sea, about two miles from the Jordan [Robinson]. Beth-arabah-- "the house," or "place of solitude," in the desert of Judah (Jos 15:61). stone of Bohan the son of Reuben-- the sepulchral monument of a Reubenite leader, who had been distinguished for his bravery, and had fallen in the Canaanite war.


<hi type="bold">7. Achor--</hi>(see on <reference osisRef="Josh.7.26">Jos 7:26</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Adummim--</hi>a rising ground in the wilderness of Jericho, on the south of the little brook that flowed near Jericho (<reference osisRef="Josh.16.1">Jos 16:1</reference>).

<hi type="bold">En-shemesh--</hi>"the fountain of the sun"; "either the present well of the apostle, below Bethany, on the road to Jericho, or the fountain near to St. Saba" [Robinson].

<hi type="bold">En-rogel--</hi>"the fuller's fountain," on the southeast of Jerusalem, below the spot where the valleys of Jehoshaphat and Hinnom unite.

7. Achor-- (see on Jos 7:26). Adummim-- a rising ground in the wilderness of Jericho, on the south of the little brook that flowed near Jericho (Jos 16:1). En-shemesh-- "the fountain of the sun"; "either the present well of the apostle, below Bethany, on the road to Jericho, or the fountain near to St. Saba" [Robinson]. En-rogel-- "the fuller's fountain," on the southeast of Jerusalem, below the spot where the valleys of Jehoshaphat and Hinnom unite.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.15.13-Josh.15.15">Jos 15:13-15</reference>. Caleb's Portion and Conquest.</title>

<hi type="bold">13. unto Caleb he gave a part among the children of Judah--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="Josh.14.6">Jos 14:6</reference>).

Jos 15:13-15. Caleb's Portion and Conquest. 13. unto Caleb he gave a part among the children of Judah-- (See on Jos 14:6).


<hi type="bold">14. drove thence the three sons of Anak--</hi>rather three chiefs of the Anakim race. This exploit is recorded to the honor of Caleb, as the success of it was the reward of his trust in God.

14. drove thence the three sons of Anak-- rather three chiefs of the Anakim race. This exploit is recorded to the honor of Caleb, as the success of it was the reward of his trust in God.


<hi type="bold">15. Debir--</hi>"oracle." Its former name, Kirjath-sepher, signifies "city of the book," being probably a place where public registers were kept.

15. Debir-- "oracle." Its former name, Kirjath-sepher, signifies "city of the book," being probably a place where public registers were kept.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.15.16-Josh.15.20">Jos 15:16-20</reference>. Othniel, for His Valor, Has Achsah to Wife.</title>

<hi type="bold">16-20. He that smiteth Kirjath-sepher--</hi>This offer was made as an incentive to youthful bravery (see on <reference osisRef="1Sam.17.25">1Sa 17:25</reference>); and the prize was won by Othniel, Caleb's younger brother (<reference osisRef="Judg.1.13">Jud 1:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.3.9">3:9</reference>). This was the occasion of drawing out the latent energies of him who was destined to be the first judge in Israel.

Jos 15:16-20. Othniel, for His Valor, Has Achsah to Wife. 16-20. He that smiteth Kirjath-sepher-- This offer was made as an incentive to youthful bravery (see on 1Sa 17:25); and the prize was won by Othniel, Caleb's younger brother (Jud 1:13; 3:9). This was the occasion of drawing out the latent energies of him who was destined to be the first judge in Israel.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.15.21-Josh.15.63">Jos 15:21-63</reference>. Cities of Judah.</title>

<hi type="bold">21-63. the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah--</hi>There is given a list of cities within the tribal territory of Judah, arranged in four divisions, corresponding to the districts of which it consisted--the cities in the southern part (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.21-Josh.15.32">Jos 15:21-32</reference>), those in the lowlands (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.33-Josh.15.47">Jos 15:33-47</reference>), those in the highlands (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.48-Josh.15.60">Jos 15:48-60</reference>), and those in the desert (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.61">Jos 15:61</reference>, <reference osisRef="Josh.15.62">62</reference>). One gets the best idea of the relative situation of these cities by looking at the map. <chapter eID="Josh.15"/>

Jos 15:21-63. Cities of Judah. 21-63. the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah-- There is given a list of cities within the tribal territory of Judah, arranged in four divisions, corresponding to the districts of which it consisted--the cities in the southern part (Jos 15:21-32), those in the lowlands (Jos 15:33-47), those in the highlands (Jos 15:48-60), and those in the desert (Jos 15:61, 62). One gets the best idea of the relative situation of these cities by looking at the map.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 16</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.16.1-Josh.16.4">Jos 16:1-4</reference>. The General Borders of the Sons of Joseph.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. the lot of the children of Joseph fell--</hi>Hebrew, "went forth," referring either to the lot as drawn out of the urn, or to the tract of land thereby assigned. The first four verses describe the territory allotted to the family of Joseph in the rich domains of central Palestine. It was drawn in one lot, that the brethren might be contiguously situated; but it was afterwards divided. The southern boundary only is described here; that on the north being irregular and less defined (<reference osisRef="Josh.17.10">Jos 17:10</reference>, <reference osisRef="Josh.17.11">11</reference>), is not mentioned.

<hi type="bold">water of Jericho--</hi>(<reference osisRef="2Kgs.2.19">2Ki 2:19</reference>), at the joint of its junction with the Jordan.

<hi type="bold">mount Beth-el--</hi>the ridge south of Beth-el. Having described the position of Joseph's family generally the historian proceeds to define the territory; first, that of Ephraim.

CHAPTER 16 Jos 16:1-4. The General Borders of the Sons of Joseph. 1. the lot of the children of Joseph fell-- Hebrew, "went forth," referring either to the lot as drawn out of the urn, or to the tract of land thereby assigned. The first four verses describe the territory allotted to the family of Joseph in the rich domains of central Palestine. It was drawn in one lot, that the brethren might be contiguously situated; but it was afterwards divided. The southern boundary only is described here; that on the north being irregular and less defined (Jos 17:10, 11), is not mentioned. water of Jericho-- (2Ki 2:19), at the joint of its junction with the Jordan. mount Beth-el-- the ridge south of Beth-el. Having described the position of Joseph's family generally the historian proceeds to define the territory; first, that of Ephraim.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.16.5-Josh.16.9">Jos 16:5-9</reference>. The Borders of the Inheritance of Ephraim.</title>

<hi type="bold">5-9. the border of their inheritance ... was Ataroth-addar--</hi>Ataroth-addar (now Atara), four miles south of Jetta [Robinson], is fixed on as a center, through which a line is drawn from Upper Beth-horon to Michmethah, showing the western limit of their actual possessions. The tract beyond that to the sea was still unconquered.

Jos 16:5-9. The Borders of the Inheritance of Ephraim. 5-9. the border of their inheritance... was Ataroth-addar-- Ataroth-addar (now Atara), four miles south of Jetta [Robinson], is fixed on as a center, through which a line is drawn from Upper Beth-horon to Michmethah, showing the western limit of their actual possessions. The tract beyond that to the sea was still unconquered.


<hi type="bold">10. they drave not out the Canaanites ... but the Canaanites dwell among the Ephraimites unto this day, and serve under tribute--</hi>This is the first mention of the fatal policy of the Israelites, in neglecting the divine command (<reference osisRef="Deut.20.16">De 20:16</reference>) to exterminate the idolaters. <chapter eID="Josh.16"/>

10. they drave not out the Canaanites... but the Canaanites dwell among the Ephraimites unto this day, and serve under tribute-- This is the first mention of the fatal policy of the Israelites, in neglecting the divine command (De 20:16) to exterminate the idolaters.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 17</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.17.1-Josh.17.6">Jos 17:1-6</reference>. Lot of Manasseh.</title>

<hi type="bold">1-6. There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh--</hi>Ephraim was mentioned, as the more numerous and powerful branch of the family of Joseph (<reference osisRef="Gen.48.19">Ge 48:19</reference>, <reference osisRef="Gen.48.20">20</reference>); but Manasseh still retained the right of primogeniture and had a separate inheritance assigned.

<hi type="bold">Machir--</hi>his descendants.

<hi type="bold">the father of Gilead--</hi>Though he had a son of that name (<reference osisRef="Num.26.29">Nu 26:29</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.27.1">27:1</reference>), yet, as is evident from the use of the Hebrew article, reference is made, not to the person, but the province of Gilead. "Father" here means lord or possessor of Gilead. This view is confirmed by the fact that it was not Machir, but his descendants, who subdued Gilead and Bashan (<reference osisRef="Num.32.41">Nu 32:41</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.3.13-Deut.3.15">De 3:13-15</reference>). These Machirites had their portion on the east side of Jordan. The western portion of land, allotted to the tribe of Manasseh, was divided into ten portions because the male descendants who had sons consisted of five families, to which, consequently, five shares were given; and the sixth family, namely, the posterity of Hepher, being all women, the five daughters of Zelophehad were, on application to the valuators, endowed each with an inheritance in land (see on <reference osisRef="Num.27.4">Nu 27:4</reference>).

CHAPTER 17 Jos 17:1-6. Lot of Manasseh. 1-6. There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh-- Ephraim was mentioned, as the more numerous and powerful branch of the family of Joseph (Ge 48:19, 20); but Manasseh still retained the right of primogeniture and had a separate inheritance assigned. Machir-- his descendants. the father of Gilead-- Though he had a son of that name (Nu 26:29; 27:1), yet, as is evident from the use of the Hebrew article, reference is made, not to the person, but the province of Gilead. "Father" here means lord or possessor of Gilead. This view is confirmed by the fact that it was not Machir, but his descendants, who subdued Gilead and Bashan (Nu 32:41; De 3:13-15). These Machirites had their portion on the east side of Jordan. The western portion of land, allotted to the tribe of Manasseh, was divided into ten portions because the male descendants who had sons consisted of five families, to which, consequently, five shares were given; and the sixth family, namely, the posterity of Hepher, being all women, the five daughters of Zelophehad were, on application to the valuators, endowed each with an inheritance in land (see on Nu 27:4).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.17.7-Josh.17.11">Jos 17:7-11</reference>. This Coast.</title>

<hi type="bold">7-11. the coast of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethah--</hi>The southern boundary is here traced from the east. Asher (now Yasir), the starting point, was a town fifteen Roman miles east of Shechem, and anciently a place of importance.

Jos 17:7-11. This Coast. 7-11. the coast of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethah-- The southern boundary is here traced from the east. Asher (now Yasir), the starting point, was a town fifteen Roman miles east of Shechem, and anciently a place of importance.


<hi type="bold">12-13. Yet the children of Manasseh could not drive out those cities--</hi>probably due to indolence, a love of ease. Perhaps a mistaken humanity, arising from a disregard or forgetfulness of the divine command, and a decreasing principle of faith and zeal in the service of God, were the causes of their failure.

12-13. Yet the children of Manasseh could not drive out those cities-- probably due to indolence, a love of ease. Perhaps a mistaken humanity, arising from a disregard or forgetfulness of the divine command, and a decreasing principle of faith and zeal in the service of God, were the causes of their failure.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.17.14-Josh.17.18">Jos 17:14-18</reference>. The Children of Joseph Ask for Another Lot.</title>

<hi type="bold">14-18. the children of Joseph spake unto Joshua--</hi>The two tribes join in laying a complaint before the leader, as to the narrow boundaries of their allotment and its insufficiency to be the residence of tribes so vastly increased. But Joshua's answer was full of wisdom as well as patriotism. Knowing their character, he treated them accordingly, and sarcastically turned all their arguments against themselves. Thus he rebuked their unbelief and cowardice.

Jos 17:14-18. The Children of Joseph Ask for Another Lot. 14-18. the children of Joseph spake unto Joshua-- The two tribes join in laying a complaint before the leader, as to the narrow boundaries of their allotment and its insufficiency to be the residence of tribes so vastly increased. But Joshua's answer was full of wisdom as well as patriotism. Knowing their character, he treated them accordingly, and sarcastically turned all their arguments against themselves. Thus he rebuked their unbelief and cowardice.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 18</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.18.1">Jos 18:1</reference>. The Tabernacle Set Up at Shiloh.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. the whole congregation ... assembled together at Shiloh--</hi>The main body of the Israelites had been diminished by the separation of the three tribes, Judah, Ephraim, and Manasseh into their respective allotments; and the country having been in a great measure subdued, the camp was removed to Shiloh (now Seilun). It was twenty or twenty-five miles north of Jerusalem, twelve north of Beth-el, and ten south of Shechem, and embosomed in a rugged and romantic glen. This sequestered spot in the heart of the country might have been recommended by the dictates of convenience. There the allotment of the territory could be most conveniently made, north, south, east, and west, to the different tribes. But "the tabernacle of the congregation was also set up there," and its removal therefore must have been made or sanctioned by divine intimation (<reference osisRef="Deut.12.11">De 12:11</reference>). It remained in Shiloh for more than three hundred years (<reference osisRef="1Sam.4.1-1Sam.4.11">1Sa 4:1-11</reference>).

CHAPTER 18 Jos 18:1. The Tabernacle Set Up at Shiloh. 1. the whole congregation... assembled together at Shiloh-- The main body of the Israelites had been diminished by the separation of the three tribes, Judah, Ephraim, and Manasseh into their respective allotments; and the country having been in a great measure subdued, the camp was removed to Shiloh (now Seilun). It was twenty or twenty-five miles north of Jerusalem, twelve north of Beth-el, and ten south of Shechem, and embosomed in a rugged and romantic glen. This sequestered spot in the heart of the country might have been recommended by the dictates of convenience. There the allotment of the territory could be most conveniently made, north, south, east, and west, to the different tribes. But "the tabernacle of the congregation was also set up there," and its removal therefore must have been made or sanctioned by divine intimation (De 12:11). It remained in Shiloh for more than three hundred years (1Sa 4:1-11).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.18.2-Josh.18.9">Jos 18:2-9</reference>. The Remainder of the Land Described.</title>

<hi type="bold">2. there remained ... seven tribes, which had not yet received their inheritance--</hi>The selection of Shiloh for the seat of worship, together with the consequent removal of the camp thither, had necessarily interrupted the casting of lots, which was commenced by fixing localities for the tribes of Judah and Joseph. Various causes led to a long delay in resuming it. The satisfaction of the people with their change to so pleasant and fertile a district, their preference of a nomad life, a love of ease, and reluctance to renew the war, seem to have made them indifferent to the possession of a settled inheritance. But Joshua was too much alive to the duty laid on him by the Lord to let matters continue in that state; and accordingly, since a general conquest of the land had been made, he resolved to proceed immediately with the lot, believing that when each tribe should receive its inheritance, a new motive would arise to lead them to exert themselves in securing the full possession.

Jos 18:2-9. The Remainder of the Land Described. 2. there remained... seven tribes, which had not yet received their inheritance-- The selection of Shiloh for the seat of worship, together with the consequent removal of the camp thither, had necessarily interrupted the casting of lots, which was commenced by fixing localities for the tribes of Judah and Joseph. Various causes led to a long delay in resuming it. The satisfaction of the people with their change to so pleasant and fertile a district, their preference of a nomad life, a love of ease, and reluctance to renew the war, seem to have made them indifferent to the possession of a settled inheritance. But Joshua was too much alive to the duty laid on him by the Lord to let matters continue in that state; and accordingly, since a general conquest of the land had been made, he resolved to proceed immediately with the lot, believing that when each tribe should receive its inheritance, a new motive would arise to lead them to exert themselves in securing the full possession.


<hi type="bold">3. How long are ye slack to go to possess the land, which the Lord God of your fathers hath given you--</hi>This reproof conveys an impression that the seven tribes were dilatory to a criminal extent.

3. How long are ye slack to go to possess the land, which the Lord God of your fathers hath given you-- This reproof conveys an impression that the seven tribes were dilatory to a criminal extent.


<hi type="bold">4-9. Give out from among you three men for each tribe--</hi>Though the lot determined the part of the country where each tribe was to be located, it could not determine the extent of territory which might be required; and the dissatisfaction of the children of Joseph with the alleged smallness of their possession gave reason to fear that complaints might arise from other quarters, unless precautions were taken to make a proper distribution of the land. For this purpose a commission was given to twenty-one persons--three chosen from each of the seven tribes which had not yet received their inheritance, to make an accurate survey of the country.

4-9. Give out from among you three men for each tribe-- Though the lot determined the part of the country where each tribe was to be located, it could not determine the extent of territory which might be required; and the dissatisfaction of the children of Joseph with the alleged smallness of their possession gave reason to fear that complaints might arise from other quarters, unless precautions were taken to make a proper distribution of the land. For this purpose a commission was given to twenty-one persons--three chosen from each of the seven tribes which had not yet received their inheritance, to make an accurate survey of the country.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.18.10">Jos 18:10</reference>. Divided by Lot.</title>

<hi type="bold">10. Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh before the Lord--</hi>before the tabernacle, where the divine presence was manifested, and which associated with the lot the idea of divine sanction.

Jos 18:10. Divided by Lot. 10. Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh before the Lord-- before the tabernacle, where the divine presence was manifested, and which associated with the lot the idea of divine sanction.


<hi type="bold">11. the lot of ... Benjamin came up--</hi>It has been supposed that there were two urns or vessels, from which the lots were drawn: one containing the names of the tribes, the other containing those of the seven portions; and that the two were drawn out simultaneously.

<hi type="bold">the coast of their lot came forth between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph--</hi>Thus the prophecy of Moses respecting the inheritance of Benjamin was remarkably accomplished. (See on <reference osisRef="Deut.33.12">De 33:12</reference>). <chapter eID="Josh.18"/>

11. the lot of... Benjamin came up-- It has been supposed that there were two urns or vessels, from which the lots were drawn: one containing the names of the tribes, the other containing those of the seven portions; and that the two were drawn out simultaneously. the coast of their lot came forth between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph-- Thus the prophecy of Moses respecting the inheritance of Benjamin was remarkably accomplished. (See on De 33:12).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 19</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.19.1-Josh.19.9">Jos 19:1-9</reference>. The Lot of Simeon.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. the second lot came forth to Simeon--</hi>The next lot that was drawn at Shiloh, gave the tribe of Simeon his inheritance within the territory, which had been assigned to that of Judah. The knowledge of Canaan possessed by the Israelites, when the division of the land commenced, was but very general, being derived from the rapid sweep they had made over it during the course of conquest; and it was on the ground of that rough survey alone that the distribution proceeded, by which Judah received an inheritance. Time showed that this territory was too large (<reference osisRef="Josh.19.9">Jos 19:9</reference>), either for their numbers, however great, to occupy and their arms to defend, or too large in proportion to the allotments of the other tribes. Justice therefore required (what kind and brotherly feeling readily dictated) a modification of their possession; and a part of it was appropriated to Simeon. By thus establishing it within the original domain of another tribe, the prophecy of Jacob in regard to Simeon was fulfilled (<reference osisRef="Gen.49.7">Ge 49:7</reference>); for from its boundaries being not traced, there is reason to conclude that its people were divided and dispersed among those of Judah; and though one group of its cities named (<reference osisRef="Josh.19.2-Josh.19.6">Jos 19:2-6</reference>), gives the idea of a compact district, as it is usually represented by map makers, the other group (<reference osisRef="Josh.19.7">Jos 19:7</reference>, <reference osisRef="Josh.19.8">8</reference>) were situated, two in the south, and two elsewhere, with tracts of the country around them.

CHAPTER 19 Jos 19:1-9. The Lot of Simeon. 1. the second lot came forth to Simeon-- The next lot that was drawn at Shiloh, gave the tribe of Simeon his inheritance within the territory, which had been assigned to that of Judah. The knowledge of Canaan possessed by the Israelites, when the division of the land commenced, was but very general, being derived from the rapid sweep they had made over it during the course of conquest; and it was on the ground of that rough survey alone that the distribution proceeded, by which Judah received an inheritance. Time showed that this territory was too large (Jos 19:9), either for their numbers, however great, to occupy and their arms to defend, or too large in proportion to the allotments of the other tribes. Justice therefore required (what kind and brotherly feeling readily dictated) a modification of their possession; and a part of it was appropriated to Simeon. By thus establishing it within the original domain of another tribe, the prophecy of Jacob in regard to Simeon was fulfilled (Ge 49:7); for from its boundaries being not traced, there is reason to conclude that its people were divided and dispersed among those of Judah; and though one group of its cities named (Jos 19:2-6), gives the idea of a compact district, as it is usually represented by map makers, the other group (Jos 19:7, 8) were situated, two in the south, and two elsewhere, with tracts of the country around them.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.19.10-Josh.19.16">Jos 19:10-16</reference>. Of Zebulun.</title>

<hi type="bold">10-14. the third lot came up for the children of Zebulun--</hi>The boundaries of the possession assigned to them extended from the Lake of Chinnereth (Sea of Galilee) on the east, to the Mediterranean on the west. Although they do not seem at first to have touched on the western shore--a part of Manasseh running north into Asher (<reference osisRef="Josh.17.10">Jos 17:10</reference>)--they afterwards did, according to the prediction of Moses (<reference osisRef="Deut.33.19">De 33:19</reference>). The extent from north to south cannot be very exactly traced; the sites of many of the places through which the boundary line is drawn being unknown. Some of the cities were of note.

Jos 19:10-16. Of Zebulun. 10-14. the third lot came up for the children of Zebulun-- The boundaries of the possession assigned to them extended from the Lake of Chinnereth (Sea of Galilee) on the east, to the Mediterranean on the west. Although they do not seem at first to have touched on the western shore--a part of Manasseh running north into Asher (Jos 17:10)--they afterwards did, according to the prediction of Moses (De 33:19). The extent from north to south cannot be very exactly traced; the sites of many of the places through which the boundary line is drawn being unknown. Some of the cities were of note.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.19.17-Josh.19.23">Jos 19:17-23</reference>. Of Issachar.</title>

<hi type="bold">17-20. the fourth lot came out to Issachar--</hi>Instead of describing the boundaries of this tribe, the inspired historian gives a list of its principal cities. These cities are all in the eastern part of the plain of Esdraelon.

Jos 19:17-23. Of Issachar. 17-20. the fourth lot came out to Issachar-- Instead of describing the boundaries of this tribe, the inspired historian gives a list of its principal cities. These cities are all in the eastern part of the plain of Esdraelon.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.19.24-Josh.19.31">Jos 19:24-31</reference>. Of Asher.</title>

<hi type="bold">24-31. the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher--</hi>The western boundary is traced from north to south through the cities mentioned; the site of them, however, is unknown.

Jos 19:24-31. Of Asher. 24-31. the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher-- The western boundary is traced from north to south through the cities mentioned; the site of them, however, is unknown.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.19.32-Josh.19.39">Jos 19:32-39</reference>. Of Naphtali.</title>

<hi type="bold">32-39. the sixth lot came out to the children of Naphtali--</hi>Although the cities mentioned have not been discovered, it is evident, from Zaanannim, which is by Kedesh, that is, on the northwest of Lake Merom (<reference osisRef="Judg.4.11">Jud 4:11</reference>), that the boundary described (<reference osisRef="Josh.19.34">Jos 19:34</reference>) ran from the southwest towards the northeast, up to the sources of the Jordan.

Jos 19:32-39. Of Naphtali. 32-39. the sixth lot came out to the children of Naphtali-- Although the cities mentioned have not been discovered, it is evident, from Zaanannim, which is by Kedesh, that is, on the northwest of Lake Merom (Jud 4:11), that the boundary described (Jos 19:34) ran from the southwest towards the northeast, up to the sources of the Jordan.


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.19.40-Josh.19.48">Jos 19:40-48</reference>. Of Dan.</title>

<hi type="bold">40-46. the seventh lot came out for the tribe ... Dan--</hi>It lay on the west of Benjamin and consisted of portions surrendered by Judah and Ephraim. Its boundaries are not stated, as they were easily distinguishable from the relative position of Dan to the three adjoining tribes.

Jos 19:40-48. Of Dan. 40-46. the seventh lot came out for the tribe... Dan-- It lay on the west of Benjamin and consisted of portions surrendered by Judah and Ephraim. Its boundaries are not stated, as they were easily distinguishable from the relative position of Dan to the three adjoining tribes.


<hi type="bold">47. the children of Dan went up to fight against Leshem--</hi>The Danites, finding their inheritance too small, decided to enlarge its boundaries by the sword; and, having conquered Leshem (Laish), they planted a colony there, calling the new settlement by the name of Dan (see on <reference osisRef="Judg.18.7">Jud 18:7</reference>).

47. the children of Dan went up to fight against Leshem-- The Danites, finding their inheritance too small, decided to enlarge its boundaries by the sword; and, having conquered Leshem (Laish), they planted a colony there, calling the new settlement by the name of Dan (see on Jud 18:7).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.19.49-Josh.19.51">Jos 19:49-51</reference>. The Children of Israel Give an Inheritance to Joshua.</title>

<hi type="bold">50. According to the word of the Lord they gave him the city which he asked--</hi>It was most proper that the great leader should receive an inheritance suited to his dignity, and as a reward for his public services. But the gift was not left to the spontaneous feelings of a grateful people. It was conferred "according to the word of the Lord"--probably an unrecorded promise, similar to what had been made to Caleb (<reference osisRef="Josh.14.9">Jos 14:9</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Timnath-serah--</hi>or Heres, on Mount Gaash (<reference osisRef="Judg.2.9">Jud 2:9</reference>). Joshua founded it, and was afterwards buried there (<reference osisRef="Josh.24.30">Jos 24:30</reference>).

Jos 19:49-51. The Children of Israel Give an Inheritance to Joshua. 50. According to the word of the Lord they gave him the city which he asked-- It was most proper that the great leader should receive an inheritance suited to his dignity, and as a reward for his public services. But the gift was not left to the spontaneous feelings of a grateful people. It was conferred "according to the word of the Lord"--probably an unrecorded promise, similar to what had been made to Caleb (Jos 14:9). Timnath-serah-- or Heres, on Mount Gaash (Jud 2:9). Joshua founded it, and was afterwards buried there (Jos 24:30).


<hi type="bold">51. These are the inheritances--</hi>This verse is the formal close of the section which narrates the history of the land distribution; and to stamp it with due importance, the names of the commissioners are repeated, as well as the spot where so memorable a transaction took place. <chapter eID="Josh.19"/>

51. These are the inheritances-- This verse is the formal close of the section which narrates the history of the land distribution; and to stamp it with due importance, the names of the commissioners are repeated, as well as the spot where so memorable a transaction took place.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 20</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.20.1-Josh.20.6">Jos 20:1-6</reference>. The Lord Commands the Cities of Refuge.</title>

<hi type="bold">1-3. The Lord spake unto Joshua ... Appoint out for you cities of refuge--</hi>(See <reference osisRef="Num.35.9-Num.35.28">Nu 35:9-28</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.19.1-Deut.19.13">De 19:1-13</reference>). The command here recorded was given on their going to occupy their allotted settlements. The sanctuaries were not temples or altars, as in other countries, but inhabited cities; and the design was not to screen criminals, but only to afford the homicide protection from the vengeance of the deceased's relatives until it should have been ascertained whether the death had resulted from accident and momentary passion, or from premeditated malice. The institution of the cities of refuge, together with the rules prescribed for the guidance of those who sought an asylum within their walls, was an important provision, tending to secure the ends of justice as well as of mercy.

CHAPTER 20 Jos 20:1-6. The Lord Commands the Cities of Refuge. 1-3. The Lord spake unto Joshua... Appoint out for you cities of refuge-- (See Nu 35:9-28; De 19:1-13). The command here recorded was given on their going to occupy their allotted settlements. The sanctuaries were not temples or altars, as in other countries, but inhabited cities; and the design was not to screen criminals, but only to afford the homicide protection from the vengeance of the deceased's relatives until it should have been ascertained whether the death had resulted from accident and momentary passion, or from premeditated malice. The institution of the cities of refuge, together with the rules prescribed for the guidance of those who sought an asylum within their walls, was an important provision, tending to secure the ends of justice as well as of mercy.


<hi type="bold">4. he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand at the entering of the gate of the city--</hi>It was the place of public resort, and on arriving there he related his tale of distress to the elders, who were bound to give him shelter and the means of support, until the local authorities (<reference osisRef="Josh.20.6">Jos 20:6</reference>), having carefully investigated the case, should have pronounced the decision. If found guilty, the manslayer was surrendered to the blood-avenger; if extenuating circumstances appeared, he was to remain in the city of refuge, where he would be safe from the vindictive feelings of his pursuers; but he forfeited the privilege of immunity the moment he ventured beyond the walls.

4. he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand at the entering of the gate of the city-- It was the place of public resort, and on arriving there he related his tale of distress to the elders, who were bound to give him shelter and the means of support, until the local authorities (Jos 20:6), having carefully investigated the case, should have pronounced the decision. If found guilty, the manslayer was surrendered to the blood-avenger; if extenuating circumstances appeared, he was to remain in the city of refuge, where he would be safe from the vindictive feelings of his pursuers; but he forfeited the privilege of immunity the moment he ventured beyond the walls.


<hi type="bold">6. until the death of the high priest--</hi>His death secured the complete deliverance of the manslayer from his sin, only because he had been anointed with the holy oil (<reference osisRef="Num.35.25">Nu 35:25</reference>), the symbol of the Holy Ghost; and thus the death of the earthly high priest became a type of that of the heavenly one (<reference osisRef="Heb.9.14">He 9:14</reference>, <reference osisRef="Heb.9.15">15</reference>).

6. until the death of the high priest-- His death secured the complete deliverance of the manslayer from his sin, only because he had been anointed with the holy oil (Nu 35:25), the symbol of the Holy Ghost; and thus the death of the earthly high priest became a type of that of the heavenly one (He 9:14, 15).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.20.7-Josh.20.9">Jos 20:7-9</reference>. The Israelites Appoint by Name the Cities of Refuge.</title>

<hi type="bold">7-9. they appointed ... cities--</hi>There were six; three on the west, and three on the east, of Jordan. In the first instance, they were a provision of the criminal law of the Hebrews, necessary in the circumstances of that people (see on <reference osisRef="Num.35.11">Nu 35:11</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.19.2">De 19:2</reference>). At the same time they were designed also typically to point out the sinner's way to Christ (<reference osisRef="Heb.6.18">He 6:18</reference>). <chapter eID="Josh.20"/>

Jos 20:7-9. The Israelites Appoint by Name the Cities of Refuge. 7-9. they appointed... cities-- There were six; three on the west, and three on the east, of Jordan. In the first instance, they were a provision of the criminal law of the Hebrews, necessary in the circumstances of that people (see on Nu 35:11; De 19:2). At the same time they were designed also typically to point out the sinner's way to Christ (He 6:18).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 21</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.21.1-Josh.21.8">Jos 21:1-8</reference>. Eight and Forty Cities Given by Lot Out of the Other Tribes unto the Levites.</title>

<hi type="bold">1-3. Then came near the heads of the fathers of the Levites--</hi>The most venerable and distinguished members of the three Levitical families, on behalf of their tribe, applied for the special provision that had been promised them to be now awarded (see on <reference osisRef="Num.35.2">Nu 35:2</reference>). Their inheritance lay within the territory of every tribe. It was assigned in the same place and manner, and by the same commissioners as the other allotments. While the people, knowing the important duties they were to perform, are described (<reference osisRef="Josh.21.3">Jos 21:3</reference>) as readily conceding this "peculiar" to them, it had most probably been specified and reserved for their use while the distribution of the land was in progress.

CHAPTER 21 Jos 21:1-8. Eight and Forty Cities Given by Lot Out of the Other Tribes unto the Levites. 1-3. Then came near the heads of the fathers of the Levites-- The most venerable and distinguished members of the three Levitical families, on behalf of their tribe, applied for the special provision that had been promised them to be now awarded (see on Nu 35:2). Their inheritance lay within the territory of every tribe. It was assigned in the same place and manner, and by the same commissioners as the other allotments. While the people, knowing the important duties they were to perform, are described (Jos 21:3) as readily conceding this "peculiar" to them, it had most probably been specified and reserved for their use while the distribution of the land was in progress.


<hi type="bold">4-8. the lot came out for the families of the Kohathites--</hi>The Levites were divided into Kohathites, Gershonites, and Merarites. Among the former the family of Aaron were exclusively appointed to the priesthood, and all the rest were ranked in the common order of Levites. The first lot was drawn by the Kohathites; and the first of theirs again by the priests, to whom thirteen cities were granted, and ten to the rest of the Kohathites (<reference osisRef="Josh.21.5">Jos 21:5</reference>); thirteen to the Gershonites (<reference osisRef="Josh.21.6">Jos 21:6</reference>), and twelve to the Merarites (<reference osisRef="Josh.21.7">Jos 21:7</reference>).

4-8. the lot came out for the families of the Kohathites-- The Levites were divided into Kohathites, Gershonites, and Merarites. Among the former the family of Aaron were exclusively appointed to the priesthood, and all the rest were ranked in the common order of Levites. The first lot was drawn by the Kohathites; and the first of theirs again by the priests, to whom thirteen cities were granted, and ten to the rest of the Kohathites (Jos 21:5); thirteen to the Gershonites (Jos 21:6), and twelve to the Merarites (Jos 21:7).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.21.9-Josh.21.42">Jos 21:9-42</reference>. The Cities of the Priests.</title>

<hi type="bold">9-40. they gave ... these cities which are here mentioned by name--</hi>It was overruled by the unerring providence of the Divine Lawgiver that the cities of the priests lay within the territories of Judah and Benjamin. This was a provision, the admirable wisdom and propriety of which were fully manifested on the schism that took place in the reign of Rehoboam.

Jos 21:9-42. The Cities of the Priests. 9-40. they gave... these cities which are here mentioned by name-- It was overruled by the unerring providence of the Divine Lawgiver that the cities of the priests lay within the territories of Judah and Benjamin. This was a provision, the admirable wisdom and propriety of which were fully manifested on the schism that took place in the reign of Rehoboam.


<hi type="bold">41. All the cities of the Levites within the possession of the children of Israel were forty and eight cities with their suburbs--</hi>This may appear too great a proportion compared with those of the other tribes. But it must be borne in mind that the list given here contains the names of every Levitical city (see on <reference osisRef="1Chr.6.39-1Chr.6.66">1Ch 6:39-66</reference>); whereas only those cities of the other tribes are mentioned which lay on the frontier or along the boundary line. Besides, the Levites were not the exclusive inhabitants of those forty-eight cities; for there must have been also a considerable number of people kept there to cultivate the glebe lands and tend the cattle. Still further, the Levitical cities had nothing but "their suburbs round about them" [Jos 21:42]; whereas the other cities in Israel possessed a group of independent villages (see Jos 17:1-19:51).

41. All the cities of the Levites within the possession of the children of Israel were forty and eight cities with their suburbs-- This may appear too great a proportion compared with those of the other tribes. But it must be borne in mind that the list given here contains the names of every Levitical city (see on 1Ch 6:39-66); whereas only those cities of the other tribes are mentioned which lay on the frontier or along the boundary line. Besides, the Levites were not the exclusive inhabitants of those forty-eight cities; for there must have been also a considerable number of people kept there to cultivate the glebe lands and tend the cattle. Still further, the Levitical cities had nothing but "their suburbs round about them" [Jos 21:42]; whereas the other cities in Israel possessed a group of independent villages (see Jos 17:1-19:51).


<title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Josh.21.43-Josh.21.45">Jos 21:43-45</reference>. God Gave Them Rest.</title>

<hi type="bold">43-45. the Lord gave unto Israel all the land which he sware to give unto their fathers--</hi>This is a general winding up of the history from the thirteenth chapter, which narrates the occupation of the land by the Israelites. All the promises made, whether to the people or to Joshua (<reference osisRef="Josh.1.5">Jos 1:5</reference>), had been, or were in the course of being fulfilled; and the recorded experience of the Israelites (<reference osisRef="Josh.21.45">Jos 21:45</reference>), is a ground of hope and confidence to the people of God in every age, that all other promises made to the Church will, in due time, be accomplished. <chapter eID="Josh.21"/>

Jos 21:43-45. God Gave Them Rest. 43-45. the Lord gave unto Israel all the land which he sware to give unto their fathers-- This is a general winding up of the history from the thirteenth chapter, which narrates the occupation of the land by the Israelites. All the promises made, whether to the people or to Joshua (Jos 1:5), had been, or were in the course of being fulfilled; and the recorded experience of the Israelites (Jos 21:45), is a ground of hope and confidence to the people of God in every age, that all other promises made to the Church will, in due time, be accomplished.