<hi type="bold">4. filthiness--</hi>obscenity in act or gesture.

<hi type="bold">foolish talking--</hi>the talk of fools, which is folly and sin together. The Greek of it, and of "filthiness," occurs nowhere else in the New Testament.

<hi type="bold">nor--</hi>rather, "or" (compare <reference osisRef="Eph.5.3">Ep 5:3</reference>).

<hi type="bold">jesting--</hi>Greek, "eutrapelia"; found nowhere else in the New Testament: implying strictly that versatility which turns about and adapts itself, without regard to principle, to the shifting circumstances of the moment, and to the varying moods of those with whom it may deal. Not scurrile buffoonery, but refined "persiflage" and "badinage," for which Ephesus was famed [Plautus, A Boastful Soldier, 3.1,42-52], and which, so far from being censured, was and is thought by the world a pleasant accomplishment. In <reference osisRef="Col.3.8">Col 3:8</reference>, "filthy communication" refers to the foulness; "foolish talking," to the folly; "jesting," to the false refinement (and trifling witticism [Tittmann]) Of discourse unseasoned with the salt of grace [Trench].

<hi type="bold">not convenient--</hi>"unseemly"; not such "as become saints" (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.3">Ep 5:3</reference>).

<hi type="bold">rather giving of thanks--</hi>a happy play on sounds in Greek, "eucharistia" contrasted with "eutrapelia"; refined "jesting" and subtle humor sometimes offend the tender feelings of grace; "giving of thanks" gives that real cheerfulness of spirit to believers which the worldly try to get from "jesting" (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.19">Ep 5:19</reference>, <reference osisRef="Eph.5.20">20</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jas.5.13">Jas 5:13</reference>).

4. filthiness-- obscenity in act or gesture. foolish talking-- the talk of fools, which is folly and sin together. The Greek of it, and of "filthiness," occurs nowhere else in the New Testament. nor-- rather, "or" (compare Ep 5:3). jesting-- Greek, "eutrapelia"; found nowhere else in the New Testament: implying strictly that versatility which turns about and adapts itself, without regard to principle, to the shifting circumstances of the moment, and to the varying moods of those with whom it may deal. Not scurrile buffoonery, but refined "persiflage" and "badinage," for which Ephesus was famed [Plautus, A Boastful Soldier, 3.1,42-52], and which, so far from being censured, was and is thought by the world a pleasant accomplishment. In Col 3:8, "filthy communication" refers to the foulness; "foolish talking," to the folly; "jesting," to the false refinement (and trifling witticism [Tittmann]) Of discourse unseasoned with the salt of grace [Trench]. not convenient-- "unseemly"; not such "as become saints" (Ep 5:3). rather giving of thanks-- a happy play on sounds in Greek, "eucharistia" contrasted with "eutrapelia"; refined "jesting" and subtle humor sometimes offend the tender feelings of grace; "giving of thanks" gives that real cheerfulness of spirit to believers which the worldly try to get from "jesting" (Ep 5:19, 20; Jas 5:13).


<hi type="bold">5. this ye know--</hi>The oldest manuscripts read, "Of this ye are sure knowing"; or as Alford, "This ye know being aware."

<hi type="bold">covetous ... idolater--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Col.3.5">Col 3:5</reference>). The best reading may be translated, That is to say, literally, which is (in other words) an idolater. Paul himself had forsaken all for Christ (<reference osisRef="2Cor.6.10">2Co 6:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.11.27">11:27</reference>). Covetousness is worship of the creature instead of the Creator, the highest treason against the King of kings (<reference osisRef="1Sam.15.3">1Sa 15:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="Matt.6.24">Mt 6:24</reference>; <reference osisRef="Phil.3.19">Php 3:19</reference>; <reference osisRef="1John.2.15">1Jo 2:15</reference>).

<hi type="bold">hath--</hi>The present implies the fixedness of the exclusion, grounded on the eternal verities of that kingdom [Alford].

<hi type="bold">of Christ and of God--</hi>rather, as one Greek article is applied to both, "of Christ and God," implying their perfect oneness, which is consistent only with the doctrine that Christ is God (compare <reference osisRef="2Thess.1.12">2Th 1:12</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Tim.5.21">1Ti 5:21</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Tim.6.13">6:13</reference>).

5. this ye know-- The oldest manuscripts read, "Of this ye are sure knowing"; or as Alford, "This ye know being aware." covetous... idolater-- (Col 3:5). The best reading may be translated, That is to say, literally, which is (in other words) an idolater. Paul himself had forsaken all for Christ (2Co 6:10; 11:27). Covetousness is worship of the creature instead of the Creator, the highest treason against the King of kings (1Sa 15:3; Mt 6:24; Php 3:19; 1Jo 2:15). hath-- The present implies the fixedness of the exclusion, grounded on the eternal verities of that kingdom [Alford]. of Christ and of God-- rather, as one Greek article is applied to both, "of Christ and God," implying their perfect oneness, which is consistent only with the doctrine that Christ is God (compare 2Th 1:12; 1Ti 5:21; 6:13).


<hi type="bold">6. vain--</hi>empty, unreal words, namely, palliations of "uncleanness," <reference osisRef="Eph.5.3">Ep 5:3</reference>, <reference osisRef="Eph.5.4">4</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.5.20">Is 5:20</reference> (that it is natural to indulge in love), "covetousness" (that it is useful to society that men should pursue gain), and "jesting" (that it is witty and clever, and that God will not so severely punish for such things).

<hi type="bold">because of these things--</hi>uncleanness, covetousness, &c. (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.3-Eph.5.5">Ep 5:3-5</reference>).

<hi type="bold">cometh--</hi>present, not merely "shall come." Is as sure as if already come.

<hi type="bold">children--</hi>rather, "sons of disobedience" (<reference osisRef="Eph.2.2">Ep 2:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.2.3">3</reference>). The children of unbelief in doctrine (<reference osisRef="Deut.32.20">De 32:20</reference>) are "children of disobedience" in practice, and these again are "children of wrath."

6. vain-- empty, unreal words, namely, palliations of "uncleanness," Ep 5:3, 4; Is 5:20 (that it is natural to indulge in love), "covetousness" (that it is useful to society that men should pursue gain), and "jesting" (that it is witty and clever, and that God will not so severely punish for such things). because of these things-- uncleanness, covetousness, &c. (Ep 5:3-5). cometh-- present, not merely "shall come." Is as sure as if already come. children-- rather, "sons of disobedience" (Ep 2:2, 3). The children of unbelief in doctrine (De 32:20) are "children of disobedience" in practice, and these again are "children of wrath."


7. Here fellowship with wicked workers is forbidden; in <reference osisRef="Eph.5.11">Ep 5:11</reference>, with their wicked works.

7. Here fellowship with wicked workers is forbidden; in Ep 5:11, with their wicked works.


<hi type="bold">8. sometimes--</hi>"once." The emphasis is on "were." Ye ought to have no fellowship with sin, which is darkness, for your state as darkness is now PAST. Stronger than "in darkness" (<reference osisRef="Rom.2.19">Ro 2:19</reference>).

<hi type="bold">light--</hi>not merely "enlightened"; but light enlightening others (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.13">Ep 5:13</reference>).

<hi type="bold">in--</hi>in union with the Lord, who is THE LIGHT.

<hi type="bold">children of light--</hi>not merely "of the light"; just as "children of disobedience" is used on the opposite side; those whose distinguishing characteristic is light. Pliny, a heathen writing to Trajan, bears unwilling testimony to the extraordinary purity of Christians' lives, contrasted with the people around them.

8. sometimes-- "once." The emphasis is on "were." Ye ought to have no fellowship with sin, which is darkness, for your state as darkness is now PAST. Stronger than "in darkness" (Ro 2:19). light-- not merely "enlightened"; but light enlightening others (Ep 5:13). in-- in union with the Lord, who is THE LIGHT. children of light-- not merely "of the light"; just as "children of disobedience" is used on the opposite side; those whose distinguishing characteristic is light. Pliny, a heathen writing to Trajan, bears unwilling testimony to the extraordinary purity of Christians' lives, contrasted with the people around them.


<hi type="bold">9. fruit of the Spirit--</hi>taken by transcribers from <reference osisRef="Gal.5.22">Ga 5:22</reference>. The true reading is that of the oldest manuscripts, "The fruit of THE LIGHT"; in contrast with "the unfruitful works of darkness" (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.11">Ep 5:11</reference>). This verse is parenthetic. Walk as children of light, that is, in all good works and words, "FOR the fruit of the light is [borne] in [Alford; but Bengel, 'consists in'] all goodness [opposed to 'malice,' Ep 4:31], righteousness [opposed to 'covetousness,' Ep 5:3] and truth [opposed to 'lying,' Ep 4:25]."

9. fruit of the Spirit-- taken by transcribers from Ga 5:22. The true reading is that of the oldest manuscripts, "The fruit of THE LIGHT"; in contrast with "the unfruitful works of darkness" (Ep 5:11). This verse is parenthetic. Walk as children of light, that is, in all good works and words, "FOR the fruit of the light is [borne] in [Alford; but Bengel, 'consists in'] all goodness [opposed to 'malice,' Ep 4:31], righteousness [opposed to 'covetousness,' Ep 5:3] and truth [opposed to 'lying,' Ep 4:25]."


<hi type="bold">10. Proving--</hi>construed with "walk" (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.8">Ep 5:8</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rom.12.1">Ro 12:1</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.12.2">2</reference>). As we prove a coin by the eye and the ear, and by using it, so by accurate and continued study, and above all by practice and experimental trial, we may prove or test "what is acceptable unto the Lord." This is the office of "light," of which believers are "children," to manifest what each thing is, whether sightly or unsightly.

10. Proving-- construed with "walk" (Ep 5:8; Ro 12:1, 2). As we prove a coin by the eye and the ear, and by using it, so by accurate and continued study, and above all by practice and experimental trial, we may prove or test "what is acceptable unto the Lord." This is the office of "light," of which believers are "children," to manifest what each thing is, whether sightly or unsightly.


<hi type="bold">11. unfruitful works of darkness--</hi>Sins are terminated in themselves, and therefore are called "works," not "fruits" (<reference osisRef="Gal.5.19">Ga 5:19</reference>, <reference osisRef="Gal.5.22">22</reference>). Their only fruit is that which is not in a true sense fruit (<reference osisRef="Deut.32.32">De 32:32</reference>), namely, "death" (<reference osisRef="Rom.6.21">Ro 6:21</reference>; <reference osisRef="Gal.6.8">Ga 6:8</reference>). Plants cannot bear "fruit" in the absence of light. Sin is "darkness," and its parent is the prince of darkness (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.12">Ep 6:12</reference>). Graces, on the other hand, as flourishing in "the light," are reproductive, and abound in fruits; which, as harmoniously combining in one whole, are termed (in the singular) "the FRUIT of the Spirit" (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.9">Ep 5:9</reference>).

<hi type="bold">rather, &c.--</hi>Translate as Greek, "rather even reprove them" (compare <reference osisRef="Matt.5.14-Matt.5.16">Mt 5:14-16</reference>). Not only "have no fellowship, but even reprove them," namely, in words, and in your deeds, which, shining with "the light," virtually reprove all that is contrary to light (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.13">Ep 5:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.3.19-John.3.21">Joh 3:19-21</reference>). "Have no fellowship," does not imply that we can avoid all intercourse (<reference osisRef="1Cor.5.10">1Co 5:10</reference>), but "avoid such fellowship as will defile yourselves"; just as light, though it touch filth, is not soiled by it; nay, as light detects it, so, "even reprove sin."

11. unfruitful works of darkness-- Sins are terminated in themselves, and therefore are called "works," not "fruits" (Ga 5:19, 22). Their only fruit is that which is not in a true sense fruit (De 32:32), namely, "death" (Ro 6:21; Ga 6:8). Plants cannot bear "fruit" in the absence of light. Sin is "darkness," and its parent is the prince of darkness (Ep 6:12). Graces, on the other hand, as flourishing in "the light," are reproductive, and abound in fruits; which, as harmoniously combining in one whole, are termed (in the singular) "the FRUIT of the Spirit" (Ep 5:9). rather, &c.-- Translate as Greek, "rather even reprove them" (compare Mt 5:14-16). Not only "have no fellowship, but even reprove them," namely, in words, and in your deeds, which, shining with "the light," virtually reprove all that is contrary to light (Ep 5:13; Joh 3:19-21). "Have no fellowship," does not imply that we can avoid all intercourse (1Co 5:10), but "avoid such fellowship as will defile yourselves"; just as light, though it touch filth, is not soiled by it; nay, as light detects it, so, "even reprove sin."


12. The Greek order is, "For the things done in secret by them, it is a shame even to speak of." The "for" gives his reason for "not naming" (compare <reference osisRef="Eph.5.3">Ep 5:3</reference>) in detail the works of darkness, whereas he describes definitely (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.9">Ep 5:9</reference>) "the fruit of the light" [Bengel]. "Speak of," I think, is used here as "speaking of without reproving," in contrast to "even reprove them." Thus the "for" expresses this, Reprove them, for to speak of them without reproving them, is a shame (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.3">Ep 5:3</reference>). Thus "works of darkness" answers to "things done in secret."

12. The Greek order is, "For the things done in secret by them, it is a shame even to speak of." The "for" gives his reason for "not naming" (compare Ep 5:3) in detail the works of darkness, whereas he describes definitely (Ep 5:9) "the fruit of the light" [Bengel]. "Speak of," I think, is used here as "speaking of without reproving," in contrast to "even reprove them." Thus the "for" expresses this, Reprove them, for to speak of them without reproving them, is a shame (Ep 5:3). Thus "works of darkness" answers to "things done in secret."


<hi type="bold">13. that are reproved--</hi>rather, "when they are reproved," namely, by you (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.11">Ep 5:11</reference>).

<hi type="bold">whatsoever doth make manifest--</hi>rather, "everything that is (that is, suffers itself to be) made manifest (or 'shone upon,' namely, by your 'reproving,' <reference osisRef="Eph.5.11">Ep 5:11</reference>) is (thenceforth no longer 'darkness,' <reference osisRef="Eph.5.8">Ep 5:8</reference>, but) light." The devil and the wicked will not suffer themselves to be made manifest by the light, but love darkness, though outwardly the light shines round them. Therefore, "light" has no transforming effect on them, so that they do not become light (<reference osisRef="John.3.19">Joh 3:19</reference>, <reference osisRef="John.3.20">20</reference>). But, says the apostle, you being now light yourselves (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.8">Ep 5:8</reference>), by bringing to light through reproof those who are in darkness, will convert them to light. Your consistent lives and faithful reproofs will be your "armor of light" (<reference osisRef="Rom.13.12">Ro 13:12</reference>) in making an inroad on the kingdom of darkness.

13. that are reproved-- rather, "when they are reproved," namely, by you (Ep 5:11). whatsoever doth make manifest-- rather, "everything that is (that is, suffers itself to be) made manifest (or 'shone upon,' namely, by your 'reproving,' Ep 5:11) is (thenceforth no longer 'darkness,' Ep 5:8, but) light." The devil and the wicked will not suffer themselves to be made manifest by the light, but love darkness, though outwardly the light shines round them. Therefore, "light" has no transforming effect on them, so that they do not become light (Joh 3:19, 20). But, says the apostle, you being now light yourselves (Ep 5:8), by bringing to light through reproof those who are in darkness, will convert them to light. Your consistent lives and faithful reproofs will be your "armor of light" (Ro 13:12) in making an inroad on the kingdom of darkness.


<hi type="bold">14. Wherefore--</hi>referring to the whole foregoing argument (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.8">Ep 5:8</reference>, 11, 13). Seeing that light (spiritual) dispels the pre-existing darkness, He (God) saith ... (compare the same phrase, <reference osisRef="Eph.4.8">Ep 4:8</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Awake--</hi>The reading of all the oldest manuscripts is "Up!" or, "Rouse thee!" a phrase used in stirring men to activity. The words are a paraphrase of <reference osisRef="Isa.60.1">Is 60:1</reference>, 2, not an exact quotation. The word "Christ," shows that in quoting the prophecy, he views it in the light thrown on it by its Gospel fulfilment. As Israel is called on to "awake" from its previous state of "darkness" and "death" (<reference osisRef="Isa.59.10">Is 59:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.60.2">60:2</reference>), for that her Light is come; so the Church, and each individual is similarly called to awake. Believers are called on to "awake" out of sleep; unbelievers, to "arise" from the dead (compare <reference osisRef="Matt.25.5">Mt 25:5</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rom.13.11">Ro 13:11</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Thess.5.6">1Th 5:6</reference>, with <reference osisRef="Eph.2.1">Ep 2:1</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Christ--</hi>"the true light," "the Sun of righteousness."

<hi type="bold">give thee light--</hi>rather, as Greek, "shall shine upon thee" (so enabling thee by being "made manifest" to become, and be, by the very fact, "light," <reference osisRef="Eph.5.13">Ep 5:13</reference>; then being so "enlightened," <reference osisRef="Eph.1.18">Ep 1:18</reference>, thou shalt be able, by "reproving," to enlighten others).

14. Wherefore-- referring to the whole foregoing argument (Ep 5:8, 11, 13). Seeing that light (spiritual) dispels the pre-existing darkness, He (God) saith... (compare the same phrase, Ep 4:8). Awake-- The reading of all the oldest manuscripts is "Up!" or, "Rouse thee!" a phrase used in stirring men to activity. The words are a paraphrase of Is 60:1, 2, not an exact quotation. The word "Christ," shows that in quoting the prophecy, he views it in the light thrown on it by its Gospel fulfilment. As Israel is called on to "awake" from its previous state of "darkness" and "death" (Is 59:10; 60:2), for that her Light is come; so the Church, and each individual is similarly called to awake. Believers are called on to "awake" out of sleep; unbelievers, to "arise" from the dead (compare Mt 25:5; Ro 13:11; 1Th 5:6, with Ep 2:1). Christ-- "the true light," "the Sun of righteousness." give thee light-- rather, as Greek, "shall shine upon thee" (so enabling thee by being "made manifest" to become, and be, by the very fact, "light," Ep 5:13; then being so "enlightened," Ep 1:18, thou shalt be able, by "reproving," to enlighten others).


<hi type="bold">15. that--</hi>rather as Greek, "See how ye walk," &c. The double idea is compressed into one sentence: "See (take heed) how ye walk," and "See that ye walk circumspectly." The manner, as well as the act itself, is included. See how ye are walking, with a view to your being circumspect (literally, accurate, exact) in your walk. Compare <reference osisRef="Col.4.5">Col 4:5</reference>, "Walk in wisdom (answering to 'as wise' here) toward them that are without" (answering to "circumspectly," that is, correctly, in relation to the unbelievers around, not giving occasion of stumbling to any, but edifying all by a consistent walk).

<hi type="bold">not as fools--</hi>Greek, "not as unwise, but as wise."

15. that-- rather as Greek, "See how ye walk," &c. The double idea is compressed into one sentence: "See (take heed) how ye walk," and "See that ye walk circumspectly." The manner, as well as the act itself, is included. See how ye are walking, with a view to your being circumspect (literally, accurate, exact) in your walk. Compare Col 4:5, "Walk in wisdom (answering to 'as wise' here) toward them that are without" (answering to "circumspectly," that is, correctly, in relation to the unbelievers around, not giving occasion of stumbling to any, but edifying all by a consistent walk). not as fools-- Greek, "not as unwise, but as wise."


<hi type="bold">16. Redeeming the time--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Col.4.5">Col 4:5</reference>). Greek, "Buying up for yourselves the seasonable time" (whenever it occurs) of good to yourselves and to others. Buying off from the vanities of "them that are without" (<reference osisRef="Col.4.5">Col 4:5</reference>), and of the "unwise" (here in Ephesians), the opportune time afforded to you for the work of God. In a narrower sense, special favorable seasons for good, occasionally presenting themselves, are referred to, of which believers ought diligently to avail themselves. This constitutes true "wisdom" (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.15">Ep 5:15</reference>). In a larger sense, the whole season from the time that one is spiritually awakened, is to be "redeemed" from vanity for God (compare <reference osisRef="2Cor.6.2">2Co 6:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Pet.4.2-1Pet.4.4">1Pe 4:2-4</reference>). "Redeem" implies the preciousness of the opportune season, a jewel to be bought at any price. Wahl explains, "Redeeming for yourselves (that is, availing yourselves of) the opportunity (offered you of acting aright), and commanding the time as a master does his servant." Tittmann, "Watch the time, and make it your own so as to control it; as merchants look out for opportunities, and accurately choose out the best goods; serve not the time, but command it, and it shall do what you approve." So Pindar [Pythia, 4.509], "The time followed him as his servant, and was not as a runaway slave."

<hi type="bold">because the days are evil--</hi>The days of life in general are so exposed to evil, as to make it necessary to make the most of the seasonable opportunity so long as it lasts (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.13">Ep 6:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Gen.47.9">Ge 47:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.49.5">Psa 49:5</reference>; <reference osisRef="Eccl.11.2">Ec 11:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="Eccl.12.1">12:1</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.12.35">Joh 12:35</reference>). Besides, there are many special evil days (in persecution, sickness, &c.) when the Christian is laid by in silence; therefore he needs the more to improve the seasonable times afforded to him (<reference osisRef="Amos.5.13">Am 5:13</reference>), which Paul perhaps alludes to.

16. Redeeming the time-- (Col 4:5). Greek, "Buying up for yourselves the seasonable time" (whenever it occurs) of good to yourselves and to others. Buying off from the vanities of "them that are without" (Col 4:5), and of the "unwise" (here in Ephesians), the opportune time afforded to you for the work of God. In a narrower sense, special favorable seasons for good, occasionally presenting themselves, are referred to, of which believers ought diligently to avail themselves. This constitutes true "wisdom" (Ep 5:15). In a larger sense, the whole season from the time that one is spiritually awakened, is to be "redeemed" from vanity for God (compare 2Co 6:2; 1Pe 4:2-4). "Redeem" implies the preciousness of the opportune season, a jewel to be bought at any price. Wahl explains, "Redeeming for yourselves (that is, availing yourselves of) the opportunity (offered you of acting aright), and commanding the time as a master does his servant." Tittmann, "Watch the time, and make it your own so as to control it; as merchants look out for opportunities, and accurately choose out the best goods; serve not the time, but command it, and it shall do what you approve." So Pindar [Pythia, 4.509], "The time followed him as his servant, and was not as a runaway slave." because the days are evil-- The days of life in general are so exposed to evil, as to make it necessary to make the most of the seasonable opportunity so long as it lasts (Ep 6:13; Ge 47:9; Psa 49:5; Ec 11:2; 12:1; Joh 12:35). Besides, there are many special evil days (in persecution, sickness, &c.) when the Christian is laid by in silence; therefore he needs the more to improve the seasonable times afforded to him (Am 5:13), which Paul perhaps alludes to.


<hi type="bold">17. Wherefore--</hi>seeing that ye need to walk so circumspectly, choosing and using the right opportunity of good.

<hi type="bold">unwise--</hi>a different Greek word from that in <reference osisRef="Eph.5.15">Ep 5:15</reference>. Translate, "foolish," or "senseless."

<hi type="bold">understanding--</hi>not merely knowing as a matter of fact (<reference osisRef="Luke.12.47">Lu 12:47</reference>), but knowing with understanding.

<hi type="bold">the will of the Lord--</hi>as to how each opportunity is to be used. The Lord's will, ultimately, is our "sanctification" (<reference osisRef="1Thess.4.3">1Th 4:3</reference>); and that "in every thing," meantime, we should "give thanks" (<reference osisRef="1Thess.5.18">1Th 5:18</reference>; compare above, <reference osisRef="Eph.5.10">Ep 5:10</reference>).

17. Wherefore-- seeing that ye need to walk so circumspectly, choosing and using the right opportunity of good. unwise-- a different Greek word from that in Ep 5:15. Translate, "foolish," or "senseless." understanding-- not merely knowing as a matter of fact (Lu 12:47), but knowing with understanding. the will of the Lord-- as to how each opportunity is to be used. The Lord's will, ultimately, is our "sanctification" (1Th 4:3); and that "in every thing," meantime, we should "give thanks" (1Th 5:18; compare above, Ep 5:10).


<hi type="bold">18. excess--</hi>worthless, ruinous, reckless prodigality.

<hi type="bold">wherein--</hi>not in the wine itself when used aright (<reference osisRef="1Tim.5.23">1Ti 5:23</reference>), but in the "excess" as to it.

<hi type="bold">but be filled with the Spirit--</hi>The effect in inspiration was that the person was "filled" with an ecstatic exhilaration, like that caused by wine; hence the two are here connected (compare <reference osisRef="Acts.2.13-Acts.2.18">Ac 2:13-18</reference>). Hence arose the abstinence from wine of many of the prophets, for example, John the Baptist, namely, in order to keep distinct before the world the ecstasy caused by the Spirit, from that caused by wine. So also in ordinary Christians the Spirit dwells not in the mind that seeks the disturbing influences of excitement, but in the well-balanced prayerful mind. Such a one expresses his joy, not in drunken or worldly songs, but in Christian hymns of thankfulness.

18. excess-- worthless, ruinous, reckless prodigality. wherein-- not in the wine itself when used aright (1Ti 5:23), but in the "excess" as to it. but be filled with the Spirit-- The effect in inspiration was that the person was "filled" with an ecstatic exhilaration, like that caused by wine; hence the two are here connected (compare Ac 2:13-18). Hence arose the abstinence from wine of many of the prophets, for example, John the Baptist, namely, in order to keep distinct before the world the ecstasy caused by the Spirit, from that caused by wine. So also in ordinary Christians the Spirit dwells not in the mind that seeks the disturbing influences of excitement, but in the well-balanced prayerful mind. Such a one expresses his joy, not in drunken or worldly songs, but in Christian hymns of thankfulness.


19. (<reference osisRef="Col.3.16">Col 3:16</reference>).

<hi type="bold">to yourselves--</hi>"to one another." Hence soon arose the antiphonal or responsive chanting of which Pliny writes to Trajan: "They are wont on a fixed day to meet before daylight [to avoid persecution] and to recite a hymn among themselves by turns, to Christ, as if being God." The Spirit gives true eloquence; wine, a spurious eloquence.

<hi type="bold">psalms--</hi>generally accompanied by an instrument.

<hi type="bold">hymns--</hi>in direct praise to God (compare <reference osisRef="Acts.16.25">Ac 16:25</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.14.26">1Co 14:26</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jas.5.13">Jas 5:13</reference>).

<hi type="bold">songs--</hi>the general term for lyric pieces; "spiritual" is added to mark their being here restricted to sacred subjects, though not merely to direct praises of God, but also containing exhortations, prophecies, &c. Contrast the drunken "songs," <reference osisRef="Amos.8.10">Am 8:10</reference>.

<hi type="bold">making melody--</hi>Greek, "playing and singing with an instrument."

<hi type="bold">in your heart--</hi>not merely with the tongue; but the serious feeling of the heart accompanying the singing of the lips (compare <reference osisRef="1Cor.14.15">1Co 14:15</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.47.7">Psa 47:7</reference>). The contrast is between the heathen and the Christian practice, "Let your songs be not the drinking songs of heathen feasts, but psalms and hymns; and their accompaniment, not the music of the lyre, but the melody of the heart" [Conybeare and Howson].

<hi type="bold">to the Lord--</hi>See Pliny's letter quoted above: "To Christ as God."

19. (Col 3:16). to yourselves-- "to one another." Hence soon arose the antiphonal or responsive chanting of which Pliny writes to Trajan: "They are wont on a fixed day to meet before daylight [to avoid persecution] and to recite a hymn among themselves by turns, to Christ, as if being God." The Spirit gives true eloquence; wine, a spurious eloquence. psalms-- generally accompanied by an instrument. hymns-- in direct praise to God (compare Ac 16:25; 1Co 14:26; Jas 5:13). songs-- the general term for lyric pieces; "spiritual" is added to mark their being here restricted to sacred subjects, though not merely to direct praises of God, but also containing exhortations, prophecies, &c. Contrast the drunken "songs," Am 8:10. making melody-- Greek, "playing and singing with an instrument." in your heart-- not merely with the tongue; but the serious feeling of the heart accompanying the singing of the lips (compare 1Co 14:15; Psa 47:7). The contrast is between the heathen and the Christian practice, "Let your songs be not the drinking songs of heathen feasts, but psalms and hymns; and their accompaniment, not the music of the lyre, but the melody of the heart" [Conybeare and Howson]. to the Lord-- See Pliny's letter quoted above: "To Christ as God."


<hi type="bold">20. thanks ... for all things--</hi>even for adversities; also for blessings, unknown as well as known (<reference osisRef="Col.3.17">Col 3:17</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Thess.5.18">1Th 5:18</reference>).

<hi type="bold">unto God and the Father--</hi>the Fountain of every blessing in Creation, Providence, Election, and Redemption.

<hi type="bold">Lord Jesus Christ--</hi>by whom all things, even distresses, become ours (<reference osisRef="Rom.8.35">Ro 8:35</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rom.8.37">37</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.3.20-1Cor.3.23">1Co 3:20-23</reference>).

20. thanks... for all things-- even for adversities; also for blessings, unknown as well as known (Col 3:17; 1Th 5:18). unto God and the Father-- the Fountain of every blessing in Creation, Providence, Election, and Redemption. Lord Jesus Christ-- by whom all things, even distresses, become ours (Ro 8:35, 37; 1Co 3:20-23).


21. (<reference osisRef="Phil.2.3">Php 2:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Pet.5.5">1Pe 5:5</reference>.) Here he passes from our relations to God, to those which concern our fellow men.

<hi type="bold">in the fear of God--</hi>All the oldest manuscripts and authorities read, "in the fear of Christ." The believer passes from under the bondage of the law as a letter, to be "the servant of Christ" (<reference osisRef="1Cor.7.22">1Co 7:22</reference>), which, through the instinct of love to Him, is really to be "the Lord's freeman"; for he is "under the law to Christ" (<reference osisRef="1Cor.9.21">1Co 9:21</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="John.8.36">Joh 8:36</reference>). Christ, not the Father (<reference osisRef="John.5.22">Joh 5:22</reference>), is to be our judge. Thus reverential fear of displeasing Him is the motive for discharging our relative duties as Christians (<reference osisRef="1Cor.10.22">1Co 10:22</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.5.11">2Co 5:11</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Pet.2.13">1Pe 2:13</reference>).

21. (Php 2:3; 1Pe 5:5.) Here he passes from our relations to God, to those which concern our fellow men. in the fear of God-- All the oldest manuscripts and authorities read, "in the fear of Christ." The believer passes from under the bondage of the law as a letter, to be "the servant of Christ" (1Co 7:22), which, through the instinct of love to Him, is really to be "the Lord's freeman"; for he is "under the law to Christ" (1Co 9:21; compare Joh 8:36). Christ, not the Father (Joh 5:22), is to be our judge. Thus reverential fear of displeasing Him is the motive for discharging our relative duties as Christians (1Co 10:22; 2Co 5:11; 1Pe 2:13).


22. (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.9">Ep 6:9</reference>.) The Church's relation to Christ in His everlasting purpose, is the foundation and archetype of the three greatest of earthly relations, that of husband and wife (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.22-Eph.5.33">Ep 5:22-33</reference>), parent and child (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.1-Eph.6.4">Ep 6:1-4</reference>), master and servant (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.4-Eph.6.9">Ep 6:4-9</reference>). The oldest manuscripts omit "submit yourselves"; supplying it from <reference osisRef="Eph.5.21">Ep 5:21</reference>, "Ye wives (submitting yourselves) unto your own husbands." "Your own" is an argument for submissiveness on the part of the wives; it is not a stranger, but your own husbands whom you are called on to submit unto (compare <reference osisRef="Gen.3.16">Ge 3:16</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.7.2">1Co 7:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.14.34">14:34</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.3.18">Col 3:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="Titus.2.5">Tit 2:5</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Pet.3.1-1Pet.3.7">1Pe 3:1-7</reference>). Those subject ought to submit themselves, of whatever kind their superiors are. "Submit" is the term used of wives: "obey," of children (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.1">Ep 6:1</reference>), as there is a greater equality between wives and husbands, than between children and parents.

<hi type="bold">as unto the Lord--</hi>Submissiveness is rendered by the wife to the husband under the eye of Christ, and so is rendered to Christ Himself. The husband stands to the wife in the relation that the Lord does to the Church, and this is to be the ground of her submission: though that submission is inferior in kind and degree to that which she owes Christ (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.24">Ep 5:24</reference>).

22. (Ep 6:9.) The Church's relation to Christ in His everlasting purpose, is the foundation and archetype of the three greatest of earthly relations, that of husband and wife (Ep 5:22-33), parent and child (Ep 6:1-4), master and servant (Ep 6:4-9). The oldest manuscripts omit "submit yourselves"; supplying it from Ep 5:21, "Ye wives (submitting yourselves) unto your own husbands." "Your own" is an argument for submissiveness on the part of the wives; it is not a stranger, but your own husbands whom you are called on to submit unto (compare Ge 3:16; 1Co 7:2; 14:34; Col 3:18; Tit 2:5; 1Pe 3:1-7). Those subject ought to submit themselves, of whatever kind their superiors are. "Submit" is the term used of wives: "obey," of children (Ep 6:1), as there is a greater equality between wives and husbands, than between children and parents. as unto the Lord-- Submissiveness is rendered by the wife to the husband under the eye of Christ, and so is rendered to Christ Himself. The husband stands to the wife in the relation that the Lord does to the Church, and this is to be the ground of her submission: though that submission is inferior in kind and degree to that which she owes Christ (Ep 5:24).


23. (<reference osisRef="1Cor.11.3">1Co 11:3</reference>.)

<hi type="bold">even as--</hi>Greek, "as also."

<hi type="bold">and he is--</hi>The oldest manuscripts read, "Himself (being) Saviour," omitting "and," and "is." In Christ's case, the Headship is united with, nay gained by, His having SAVED the body in the process of redemption; so that (Paul implies) I am not alleging Christ's Headship as one entirely identical with that other, for He has a claim to it, and office in it, peculiar to Himself [Alford]. The husband is not saviour of the wife, in which particular Christ excels; hence, "But" (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.24">Ep 5:24</reference>) follows [Bengel].

23. (1Co 11:3.) even as-- Greek, "as also." and he is-- The oldest manuscripts read, "Himself (being) Saviour," omitting "and," and "is." In Christ's case, the Headship is united with, nay gained by, His having SAVED the body in the process of redemption; so that (Paul implies) I am not alleging Christ's Headship as one entirely identical with that other, for He has a claim to it, and office in it, peculiar to Himself [Alford]. The husband is not saviour of the wife, in which particular Christ excels; hence, "But" (Ep 5:24) follows [Bengel].


<hi type="bold">24. Therefore--</hi>Translate, as Greek, "But," or "Nevertheless," that is, though there be the difference of headships mentioned in <reference osisRef="Eph.5.23">Ep 5:23</reference>, nevertheless, thus far they are one, namely, in the subjection or submission (the same Greek stands for "is subject," as for "submit," <reference osisRef="Eph.5.21">Ep 5:21</reference>, <reference osisRef="Eph.5.22">22</reference>) of the Church to Christ, being the prototype of that of the wife to the husband.

<hi type="bold">their own--</hi>not in most of the oldest manuscripts, and not needed by the argument.

<hi type="bold">in every thing--</hi>appertaining to a husband's legitimate authority; "in the Lord" (<reference osisRef="Col.3.18">Col 3:18</reference>); everything not contrary to God.

24. Therefore-- Translate, as Greek, "But," or "Nevertheless," that is, though there be the difference of headships mentioned in Ep 5:23, nevertheless, thus far they are one, namely, in the subjection or submission (the same Greek stands for "is subject," as for "submit," Ep 5:21, 22) of the Church to Christ, being the prototype of that of the wife to the husband. their own-- not in most of the oldest manuscripts, and not needed by the argument. in every thing-- appertaining to a husband's legitimate authority; "in the Lord" (Col 3:18); everything not contrary to God.


25. "Thou hast seen the measure of obedience; now hear also the measure of love. Do you wish your wife to obey you, as the Church is to obey Christ? Then have a solicitude for her as Christ had for the Church (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.23">Ep 5:23</reference>, "Himself the Saviour of the body"); and "if it be necessary to give thy life for her, or to be cut in ten thousand pieces, or to endure any other suffering whatever, do not refuse it; and if you suffer thus, not even so do you do what Christ has done; for you indeed do so being already united to her, but He did so for one that treated Him with aversion and hatred. As, therefore, He brought to His feet one that so treated Him, and that even wantonly spurned Him, by much tenderness of regard, not by threats, insults, and terror: so also do you act towards your wife, and though you see her disdainful and wantonly wayward, you will be able to bring her to your feet by much thoughtfulness for her, by love, by kindness. For no bound is more sovereign in binding than such bonds, especially in the case of husband and wife. For one may constrain a servant by fear, though not even he is so to be bound to you; for he may readily run away. But the companion of your life, the mother of your children, the basis of all your joy, you ought to bind to you, not by fear and threats, but by love and attachment" [Chrysostom].

<hi type="bold">gave himself--</hi>Greek, "gave Himself up."

<hi type="bold">for it--</hi>Translate, "for her." The relation of the Church to Christ is the ground of Christianity's having raised woman to her due place in the social scale, from which she was, and is, excluded in heathen lands.

25. "Thou hast seen the measure of obedience; now hear also the measure of love. Do you wish your wife to obey you, as the Church is to obey Christ? Then have a solicitude for her as Christ had for the Church (Ep 5:23, "Himself the Saviour of the body"); and "if it be necessary to give thy life for her, or to be cut in ten thousand pieces, or to endure any other suffering whatever, do not refuse it; and if you suffer thus, not even so do you do what Christ has done; for you indeed do so being already united to her, but He did so for one that treated Him with aversion and hatred. As, therefore, He brought to His feet one that so treated Him, and that even wantonly spurned Him, by much tenderness of regard, not by threats, insults, and terror: so also do you act towards your wife, and though you see her disdainful and wantonly wayward, you will be able to bring her to your feet by much thoughtfulness for her, by love, by kindness. For no bound is more sovereign in binding than such bonds, especially in the case of husband and wife. For one may constrain a servant by fear, though not even he is so to be bound to you; for he may readily run away. But the companion of your life, the mother of your children, the basis of all your joy, you ought to bind to you, not by fear and threats, but by love and attachment" [Chrysostom]. gave himself-- Greek, "gave Himself up." for it-- Translate, "for her." The relation of the Church to Christ is the ground of Christianity's having raised woman to her due place in the social scale, from which she was, and is, excluded in heathen lands.


<hi type="bold">26. sanctify--</hi>that is, consecrate her to God. Compare <reference osisRef="John.17.19">Joh 17:19</reference>, meaning, "I devote Myself as a holy sacrifice, that My disciples also may be devoted or consecrated as holy in (through) the truth" [Neander] (<reference osisRef="Heb.2.11">He 2:11</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.10.10">10:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.13.12">13:12</reference> see on <reference osisRef="Heb.10.10">He 10:10</reference>).

<hi type="bold">and cleanse--</hi>rather, as Greek, "cleansing," without the "and."

<hi type="bold">with the washing of water--</hi>rather as Greek, "with," or "by the laver of the water," namely, the baptismal water. So it ought to be translated in <reference osisRef="Titus.3.5">Tit 3:5</reference>, the only other passage in the New Testament where it occurs. As the bride passed through a purifying bath before marriage, so the Church (compare <reference osisRef="Rev.21.2">Re 21:2</reference>). He speaks of baptism according to its high ideal and design, as if the inward grace accompanied the outward rite; hence he asserts of outward baptism whatever is involved in a believing appropriation of the divine truths it symbolizes, and says that Christ, by baptism, has purified the Church [Neander] (<reference osisRef="1Pet.3.21">1Pe 3:21</reference>).

<hi type="bold">by the word--</hi>Greek, "IN the word." To be joined with "cleansing it," or "her." The "word of faith" (<reference osisRef="Rom.10.8">Ro 10:8</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rom.9.17">9, 17</reference>), of which confession is made in baptism, and which carries the real cleansing (<reference osisRef="John.15.3">Joh 15:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.17.17">17:17</reference>) and regenerating power (<reference osisRef="1Pet.1.23">1Pe 1:23</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.3.21">3:21</reference>) [Alford]. So Augustine [Tract 80, in John], "Take away the word, and what is the water save water? Add the word to the element, and it becomes a sacrament, being itself as it were the visible word." The regenerating efficacy of baptism is conveyed in, and by, the divine word alone.

26. sanctify-- that is, consecrate her to God. Compare Joh 17:19, meaning, "I devote Myself as a holy sacrifice, that My disciples also may be devoted or consecrated as holy in (through) the truth" [Neander] (He 2:11; 10:10; 13:12 see on He 10:10). and cleanse-- rather, as Greek, "cleansing," without the "and." with the washing of water-- rather as Greek, "with," or "by the laver of the water," namely, the baptismal water. So it ought to be translated in Tit 3:5, the only other passage in the New Testament where it occurs. As the bride passed through a purifying bath before marriage, so the Church (compare Re 21:2). He speaks of baptism according to its high ideal and design, as if the inward grace accompanied the outward rite; hence he asserts of outward baptism whatever is involved in a believing appropriation of the divine truths it symbolizes, and says that Christ, by baptism, has purified the Church [Neander] (1Pe 3:21). by the word-- Greek, "IN the word." To be joined with "cleansing it," or "her." The "word of faith" (Ro 10:8, 9, 17), of which confession is made in baptism, and which carries the real cleansing (Joh 15:3; 17:17) and regenerating power (1Pe 1:23; 3:21) [Alford]. So Augustine [Tract 80, in John], "Take away the word, and what is the water save water? Add the word to the element, and it becomes a sacrament, being itself as it were the visible word." The regenerating efficacy of baptism is conveyed in, and by, the divine word alone.


<hi type="bold">27. he--</hi>The oldest manuscripts and authorities read, "That He might Himself present unto Himself the Church glorious," namely, as a bride (<reference osisRef="2Cor.11.2">2Co 11:2</reference>). Holiness and glory are inseparable. "Cleansing" is the necessary preliminary to both. Holiness is glory internal; glory is holiness shining forth outwardly. The laver of baptism is the vehicle, but the word is the nobler and true instrument of the cleansing [Bengel]. It is Christ that prepares the Church with the necessary ornaments of grace, for presentation to Himself, as the Bridegroom at His coming again (<reference osisRef="Matt.25.1">Mt 25:1</reference>, &c.; <reference osisRef="Rev.19.7">Re 19:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rev.21.2">21:2</reference>).

<hi type="bold">not having spot--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Song.4.7">So 4:7</reference>). The visible Church now contains clean and unclean together, like Noah's ark; like the wedding room which contained some that had, and others that had not, the wedding garment (<reference osisRef="Matt.22.10-Matt.22.14">Mt 22:10-14</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="2Tim.2.20">2Ti 2:20</reference>); or as the good and bad fish are taken in the same net because it cannot discern the bad from the good, the fishermen being unable to know what kind of fish the nets have taken under the waves. Still the Church is termed "holy" in the creed, in reference to her ideal and ultimate destination. When the Bridegroom comes, the bride shall be presented to Him wholly without spot, the evil being cut off from the body for ever (<reference osisRef="Matt.13.47-Matt.13.50">Mt 13:47-50</reference>). Not that there are two churches, one with bad and good intermingled, another in which there are good alone; but one and the same Church in relation to different times, now with good and evil together, hereafter with good alone [Pearson].

27. he-- The oldest manuscripts and authorities read, "That He might Himself present unto Himself the Church glorious," namely, as a bride (2Co 11:2). Holiness and glory are inseparable. "Cleansing" is the necessary preliminary to both. Holiness is glory internal; glory is holiness shining forth outwardly. The laver of baptism is the vehicle, but the word is the nobler and true instrument of the cleansing [Bengel]. It is Christ that prepares the Church with the necessary ornaments of grace, for presentation to Himself, as the Bridegroom at His coming again (Mt 25:1, &c.; Re 19:7; 21:2). not having spot-- (So 4:7). The visible Church now contains clean and unclean together, like Noah's ark; like the wedding room which contained some that had, and others that had not, the wedding garment (Mt 22:10-14; compare 2Ti 2:20); or as the good and bad fish are taken in the same net because it cannot discern the bad from the good, the fishermen being unable to know what kind of fish the nets have taken under the waves. Still the Church is termed "holy" in the creed, in reference to her ideal and ultimate destination. When the Bridegroom comes, the bride shall be presented to Him wholly without spot, the evil being cut off from the body for ever (Mt 13:47-50). Not that there are two churches, one with bad and good intermingled, another in which there are good alone; but one and the same Church in relation to different times, now with good and evil together, hereafter with good alone [Pearson].


28. Translate, "So ought husbands also (thus the oldest manuscripts read) to love their own (compare Note, see on <reference osisRef="Eph.5.22">Ep 5:22</reference>) wives as their own bodies."

<hi type="bold">He that loveth his wife loveth himself--</hi>So there is the same love and the same union of body between Christ and the Church (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.30">Ep 5:30</reference>, <reference osisRef="Eph.5.32">32</reference>).

28. Translate, "So ought husbands also (thus the oldest manuscripts read) to love their own (compare Note, see on Ep 5:22) wives as their own bodies." He that loveth his wife loveth himself-- So there is the same love and the same union of body between Christ and the Church (Ep 5:30, 32).


<hi type="bold">29. For--</hi>Supply, and we all love ourselves: "For no man," &c.

<hi type="bold">his own flesh--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Eph.5.31">Ep 5:31</reference>, end).

<hi type="bold">nourisheth--</hi>Greek, "nourisheth it up," namely, to maturity. "Nourisheth," refers to food and internal sustenance; "cherisheth," to clothing and external fostering.

<hi type="bold">even as--</hi>Translate, "even as also."

<hi type="bold">the Lord--</hi>The oldest manuscripts read, "Christ." <reference osisRef="Exod.21.10">Ex 21:10</reference> prescribes three duties to the husband. The two former (food and raiment) are here alluded to in a spiritual sense, by "nourisheth and cherisheth"; the third "duty of marriage" is not added in consonance with the holy propriety of Scripture language: its antitype is, "know the Lord" (<reference osisRef="Hos.2.19">Ho 2:19</reference>, 20) [Bengel].

29. For-- Supply, and we all love ourselves: "For no man," &c. his own flesh-- (Ep 5:31, end). nourisheth-- Greek, "nourisheth it up," namely, to maturity. "Nourisheth," refers to food and internal sustenance; "cherisheth," to clothing and external fostering. even as-- Translate, "even as also." the Lord-- The oldest manuscripts read, "Christ." Ex 21:10 prescribes three duties to the husband. The two former (food and raiment) are here alluded to in a spiritual sense, by "nourisheth and cherisheth"; the third "duty of marriage" is not added in consonance with the holy propriety of Scripture language: its antitype is, "know the Lord" (Ho 2:19, 20) [Bengel].


<hi type="bold">30. For--</hi>Greek, "Because" (<reference osisRef="1Cor.6.15">1Co 6:15</reference>). Christ nourisheth and cherisheth the Church as being of one flesh with Him. Translate, "Because we are members of His body (His literal body), being OF His flesh and of His bones" [Alford] (<reference osisRef="Gen.2.23">Ge 2:23</reference>, 24). The Greek expresses, "Being formed out of" or "of the substance of His flesh." Adam's deep sleep, wherein Eve was formed from out of his opened side, is an emblem of Christ's death, which was the birth of the Spouse, the Church. <reference osisRef="John.12.24">Joh 12:24</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.19.34">19:34</reference>, <reference osisRef="John.19.35">35</reference>, to which <reference osisRef="Eph.5.25-Eph.5.27">Ep 5:25-27</reference> allude, as implying atonement by His blood, and sanctification by the "water," answering to that which flowed from His side (compare also <reference osisRef="John.7.38">Joh 7:38</reference>, <reference osisRef="John.7.39">39</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.6.11">1Co 6:11</reference>). As Adam gave Eve a new name, Hebrew, "Isha," "woman," formed from his own rib, Ish, "man," signifying her formation from him, so Christ, <reference osisRef="Rev.2.17">Re 2:17</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.3.12">3:12</reference>. <reference osisRef="Gen.2.21">Ge 2:21</reference>, 23, 24 puts the bones first because the reference there is to the natural structure. But Paul is referring to the flesh of Christ. It is not our bones and flesh, but "we" that are spiritually propagated (in our soul and spirit now, and in the body hereafter, regenerated) from the manhood of Christ which has flesh and bones. We are members of His glorified body (<reference osisRef="John.6.53">Joh 6:53</reference>). The two oldest existing manuscripts, and Coptic or Memphitic version, omit "of His flesh and of His bones"; the words may have crept into the text through the Margin from <reference osisRef="Gen.2.23">Ge 2:23</reference>, Septuagint. However, Irenæus, 294, and the old Latin and Vulgate versions, with some good old manuscripts, have them.

30. For-- Greek, "Because" (1Co 6:15). Christ nourisheth and cherisheth the Church as being of one flesh with Him. Translate, "Because we are members of His body (His literal body), being OF His flesh and of His bones" [Alford] (Ge 2:23, 24). The Greek expresses, "Being formed out of" or "of the substance of His flesh." Adam's deep sleep, wherein Eve was formed from out of his opened side, is an emblem of Christ's death, which was the birth of the Spouse, the Church. Joh 12:24; 19:34, 35, to which Ep 5:25-27 allude, as implying atonement by His blood, and sanctification by the "water," answering to that which flowed from His side (compare also Joh 7:38, 39; 1Co 6:11). As Adam gave Eve a new name, Hebrew, "Isha," "woman," formed from his own rib, Ish, "man," signifying her formation from him, so Christ, Re 2:17; 3:12. Ge 2:21, 23, 24 puts the bones first because the reference there is to the natural structure. But Paul is referring to the flesh of Christ. It is not our bones and flesh, but "we" that are spiritually propagated (in our soul and spirit now, and in the body hereafter, regenerated) from the manhood of Christ which has flesh and bones. We are members of His glorified body (Joh 6:53). The two oldest existing manuscripts, and Coptic or Memphitic version, omit "of His flesh and of His bones"; the words may have crept into the text through the Margin from Ge 2:23, Septuagint. However, Irenæus, 294, and the old Latin and Vulgate versions, with some good old manuscripts, have them.


<hi type="bold">31. For--</hi>The propagation of the Church from Christ, as that of Eve from Adam, is the foundation of the spiritual marriage. The natural marriage, wherein "a man leaves father and mother (the oldest manuscripts omit 'his') and is joined unto his wife," is not the principal thing meant here, but the spiritual marriage represented by it, and on which it rests, whereby Christ left the Father's bosom to woo to Himself the Church out of a lost world: <reference osisRef="Eph.5.32">Ep 5:32</reference> proves this: His earthly mother as such, also, He holds in secondary account as compared with His spiritual Bride (<reference osisRef="Luke.2.48">Lu 2:48</reference>, 49; <reference osisRef="2Cor.8.19-2Cor.8.21">8:19-21</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.11.27">11:27</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.11.28">28</reference>). He shall again leave His Father's abode to consummate the union (<reference osisRef="Matt.25.1-Matt.25.10">Mt 25:1-10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rev.19.7">Re 19:7</reference>).

<hi type="bold">they two shall be one flesh--</hi>So the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Septuagint, &c., read (<reference osisRef="Gen.2.24">Ge 2:24</reference>), instead of "they shall be one flesh." So <reference osisRef="Matt.19.5">Mt 19:5</reference>. In natural marriage, husband and wife combine the elements of one perfect human being: the one being incomplete without the other. So Christ, as God-man, is pleased to make the Church, the body, a necessary adjunct to Himself, the Head. He is the archetype of the Church, from whom and according to whom, as the pattern, she is formed. He is her Head, as the husband is of the wife (<reference osisRef="Rom.6.5">Ro 6:5</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.11.3">1Co 11:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.15.45">15:45</reference>). Christ will never allow any power to sever Himself and His bride, indissolubly joined (<reference osisRef="Matt.19.6">Mt 19:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.10.28">Joh 10:28</reference>, <reference osisRef="John.10.29">29</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.13.1">13:1</reference>).

31. For-- The propagation of the Church from Christ, as that of Eve from Adam, is the foundation of the spiritual marriage. The natural marriage, wherein "a man leaves father and mother (the oldest manuscripts omit 'his') and is joined unto his wife," is not the principal thing meant here, but the spiritual marriage represented by it, and on which it rests, whereby Christ left the Father's bosom to woo to Himself the Church out of a lost world: Ep 5:32 proves this: His earthly mother as such, also, He holds in secondary account as compared with His spiritual Bride (Lu 2:48, 49; 8:19-21; 11:27, 28). He shall again leave His Father's abode to consummate the union (Mt 25:1-10; Re 19:7). they two shall be one flesh-- So the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Septuagint, &c., read (Ge 2:24), instead of "they shall be one flesh." So Mt 19:5. In natural marriage, husband and wife combine the elements of one perfect human being: the one being incomplete without the other. So Christ, as God-man, is pleased to make the Church, the body, a necessary adjunct to Himself, the Head. He is the archetype of the Church, from whom and according to whom, as the pattern, she is formed. He is her Head, as the husband is of the wife (Ro 6:5; 1Co 11:3; 15:45). Christ will never allow any power to sever Himself and His bride, indissolubly joined (Mt 19:6; Joh 10:28, 29; 13:1).


32. Rather, "This mystery is a great one." This profound truth, beyond man's power of discovering, but now revealed, namely, of the spiritual union of Christ and the Church, represented by the marriage union, is a great one, of deep import. See on <reference osisRef="Eph.5.30">Ep 5:30</reference>. So "mystery" is used of a divine truth not to be discovered save by revelation of God (<reference osisRef="Rom.11.25">Ro 11:25</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.15.51">1Co 15:51</reference>). The Vulgate wrongly translates, "This is a great sacrament," which is made the plea by the Romish Church (in spite of the blunder having been long ago exposed by their own commentators, Cajetan and Estius) for making marriage a sacrament; it is plain not marriage in general, but that of Christ and the Church, is what is pronounced to be a "great mystery," as the words following prove, "I [emphatic] say it in regard to Christ and to the Church" (so the Greek is best translated). "I, while I quote these words out of Scripture, use them in a higher sense" [Conybeare and Howson].

32. Rather, "This mystery is a great one." This profound truth, beyond man's power of discovering, but now revealed, namely, of the spiritual union of Christ and the Church, represented by the marriage union, is a great one, of deep import. See on Ep 5:30. So "mystery" is used of a divine truth not to be discovered save by revelation of God (Ro 11:25; 1Co 15:51). The Vulgate wrongly translates, "This is a great sacrament," which is made the plea by the Romish Church (in spite of the blunder having been long ago exposed by their own commentators, Cajetan and Estius) for making marriage a sacrament; it is plain not marriage in general, but that of Christ and the Church, is what is pronounced to be a "great mystery," as the words following prove, "I [emphatic] say it in regard to Christ and to the Church" (so the Greek is best translated). "I, while I quote these words out of Scripture, use them in a higher sense" [Conybeare and Howson].


<hi type="bold">33. Nevertheless--</hi>not to pursue further the mystical meaning of marriage. Translate, as Greek, "Do ye also (as Christ does) severally each one so love," &c. The words, "severally each one," refer to them in their individual capacity, contrasted with the previous collective view of the members of the Church as the bride of Christ. <chapter eID="Eph.5"/>

33. Nevertheless-- not to pursue further the mystical meaning of marriage. Translate, as Greek, "Do ye also (as Christ does) severally each one so love," &c. The words, "severally each one," refer to them in their individual capacity, contrasted with the previous collective view of the members of the Church as the bride of Christ.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 6</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Eph.6.1-Eph.6.24">Ep 6:1-24</reference>. Mutual Duties of Parents and Children: Masters and Servants: Our Life a Warfare: The Spiritual Armour Needed against Spiritual Foes. Conclusion.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. obey--</hi>stronger than the expression as to wives, "submitting," or "being subject" (<reference osisRef="Eph.5.21">Ep 5:21</reference>). Obedience is more unreasoning and implicit; submission is the willing subjection of an inferior in point of order to one who has a right to command.

<hi type="bold">in the Lord--</hi>Both parents and children being Christians "in the Lord," expresses the element in which the obedience is to take place, and the motive to obedience. In <reference osisRef="Col.3.20">Col 3:20</reference>, it is, "Children, obey your parents in all things." This clause, "in the Lord," would suggest the due limitation of the obedience required (<reference osisRef="Acts.5.29">Ac 5:29</reference>; compare on the other hand, the abuse, <reference osisRef="Mark.7.11-Mark.7.13">Mr 7:11-13</reference>).

<hi type="bold">right--</hi>Even by natural law we should render obedience to them from whom we have derived life.

CHAPTER 6 Ep 6:1-24. Mutual Duties of Parents and Children: Masters and Servants: Our Life a Warfare: The Spiritual Armour Needed against Spiritual Foes. Conclusion. 1. obey-- stronger than the expression as to wives, "submitting," or "being subject" (Ep 5:21). Obedience is more unreasoning and implicit; submission is the willing subjection of an inferior in point of order to one who has a right to command. in the Lord-- Both parents and children being Christians "in the Lord," expresses the element in which the obedience is to take place, and the motive to obedience. In Col 3:20, it is, "Children, obey your parents in all things." This clause, "in the Lord," would suggest the due limitation of the obedience required (Ac 5:29; compare on the other hand, the abuse, Mr 7:11-13). right-- Even by natural law we should render obedience to them from whom we have derived life.


2. Here the authority of revealed law is added to that of natural law.

<hi type="bold">which is ... promise--</hi>The "promise" is not made the main motive to obedience, but an incidental one. The main motive is, because it is God's will (<reference osisRef="Deut.5.16">De 5:16</reference>, "Honor thy father and mother, as the Lord thy God hath COMMANDED thee"); and that it is so peculiarly, is shown by His accompanying it "with a promise."

<hi type="bold">first--</hi>in the decalogue with a special promise. The promise in the second commandment is a general one. Their duty is more expressly prescribed to children than to parents; for love descends rather than ascends [Bengel]. This verse proves the law in the Old Testament is not abolished.

2. Here the authority of revealed law is added to that of natural law. which is... promise-- The "promise" is not made the main motive to obedience, but an incidental one. The main motive is, because it is God's will (De 5:16, "Honor thy father and mother, as the Lord thy God hath COMMANDED thee"); and that it is so peculiarly, is shown by His accompanying it "with a promise." first-- in the decalogue with a special promise. The promise in the second commandment is a general one. Their duty is more expressly prescribed to children than to parents; for love descends rather than ascends [Bengel]. This verse proves the law in the Old Testament is not abolished.


<hi type="bold">3. long on the earth--</hi>In <reference osisRef="Exod.20.12">Ex 20:12</reference>, "long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee," which Paul adapts to Gospel times, by taking away the local and limited reference peculiar to the Jews in Canaan. The godly are equally blessed in every land, as the Jews were in the land which God gave them. This promise is always fulfilled, either literally, or by the substitution of a higher blessing, namely, one spiritual and eternal (<reference osisRef="Job.5.26">Job 5:26</reference>; <reference osisRef="Prov.10.27">Pr 10:27</reference>). The substance and essence of the law are eternally in force: its accidents alone (applying to Israel of old) are abolished (<reference osisRef="Rom.6.15">Ro 6:15</reference>).

3. long on the earth-- In Ex 20:12, "long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee," which Paul adapts to Gospel times, by taking away the local and limited reference peculiar to the Jews in Canaan. The godly are equally blessed in every land, as the Jews were in the land which God gave them. This promise is always fulfilled, either literally, or by the substitution of a higher blessing, namely, one spiritual and eternal (Job 5:26; Pr 10:27). The substance and essence of the law are eternally in force: its accidents alone (applying to Israel of old) are abolished (Ro 6:15).


<hi type="bold">4. fathers--</hi>including mothers; the fathers are specified as being the fountains of domestic authority. Fathers are more prone to passion in relation to their children than mothers, whose fault is rather over-indulgence.

<hi type="bold">provoke not--</hi>irritate not, by vexatious commands, unreasonable blame, and uncertain temper [Alford]. <reference osisRef="Col.3.21">Col 3:21</reference>, "lest they be discouraged."

<hi type="bold">nurture--</hi>Greek, "discipline," namely, training by chastening in act where needed (<reference osisRef="Job.5.17">Job 5:17</reference>; <reference osisRef="Heb.12.7">He 12:7</reference>).

<hi type="bold">admonition--</hi>training by words (<reference osisRef="Deut.6.7">De 6:7</reference>; "catechise," <reference osisRef="Prov.22.6">Pr 22:6</reference>, Margin), whether of encouragement, or remonstrance, or reproof, according as is required [Trench]. Contrast <reference osisRef="1Sam.3.13">1Sa 3:13</reference>, Margin.

<hi type="bold">of the Lord--</hi>such as the Lord approves, and by His Spirit dictates.

4. fathers-- including mothers; the fathers are specified as being the fountains of domestic authority. Fathers are more prone to passion in relation to their children than mothers, whose fault is rather over-indulgence. provoke not-- irritate not, by vexatious commands, unreasonable blame, and uncertain temper [Alford]. Col 3:21, "lest they be discouraged." nurture-- Greek, "discipline," namely, training by chastening in act where needed (Job 5:17; He 12:7). admonition-- training by words (De 6:7; "catechise," Pr 22:6, Margin), whether of encouragement, or remonstrance, or reproof, according as is required [Trench]. Contrast 1Sa 3:13, Margin. of the Lord-- such as the Lord approves, and by His Spirit dictates.


<hi type="bold">5. Servants--</hi>literally, "slaves."

<hi type="bold">masters according to the flesh--</hi>in contrast to your true and heavenly Master (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.4">Ep 6:4</reference>). A consolatory him that the mastership to which they were subject, was but for a time [Chrysostom]; and that their real liberty was still their own (<reference osisRef="1Cor.7.22">1Co 7:22</reference>).

<hi type="bold">fear and trembling--</hi>not slavish terror, but (See on <reference osisRef="1Cor.2.3">1Co 2:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.7.15">2Co 7:15</reference>) an anxious eagerness to do your duty, and a fear of displeasing, as great as is produced in the ordinary slave by "threatenings" (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.9">Ep 6:9</reference>).

<hi type="bold">singleness--</hi>without double-mindedness, or "eye service" (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.6">Ep 6:6</reference>), which seeks to please outwardly, without the sincere desire to make the master's interest at all times the first consideration (<reference osisRef="1Chr.29.17">1Ch 29:17</reference>; <reference osisRef="Matt.6.22">Mt 6:22</reference>, <reference osisRef="Matt.6.23">23</reference>; <reference osisRef="Luke.11.34">Lu 11:34</reference>). "Simplicity."

5. Servants-- literally, "slaves." masters according to the flesh-- in contrast to your true and heavenly Master (Ep 6:4). A consolatory him that the mastership to which they were subject, was but for a time [Chrysostom]; and that their real liberty was still their own (1Co 7:22). fear and trembling-- not slavish terror, but (See on 1Co 2:3; 2Co 7:15) an anxious eagerness to do your duty, and a fear of displeasing, as great as is produced in the ordinary slave by "threatenings" (Ep 6:9). singleness-- without double-mindedness, or "eye service" (Ep 6:6), which seeks to please outwardly, without the sincere desire to make the master's interest at all times the first consideration (1Ch 29:17; Mt 6:22, 23; Lu 11:34). "Simplicity."


6. (<reference osisRef="Col.3.22">Col 3:22</reference>). Seeking to please their masters only so long as these have their eyes on them: as Gehazi was a very different man in his master's presence from what he was in his absence (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.5.1-2Kgs.5.18">2Ki 5:1-18</reference>).

<hi type="bold">men-pleasers--</hi>not Christ-pleasers (compare <reference osisRef="Gal.1.10">Ga 1:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Thess.2.4">1Th 2:4</reference>).

<hi type="bold">doing the will of God--</hi>the unseen but ever present Master: the best guarantee for your serving faithfully your earthly master alike when present and when absent.

<hi type="bold">from the heart--</hi>literally, soul (<reference osisRef="Ps.111.1">Psa 111:1</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rom.13.5">Ro 13:5</reference>).

6. (Col 3:22). Seeking to please their masters only so long as these have their eyes on them: as Gehazi was a very different man in his master's presence from what he was in his absence (2Ki 5:1-18). men-pleasers-- not Christ-pleasers (compare Ga 1:10; 1Th 2:4). doing the will of God-- the unseen but ever present Master: the best guarantee for your serving faithfully your earthly master alike when present and when absent. from the heart-- literally, soul (Psa 111:1; Ro 13:5).


<hi type="bold">7. good will--</hi>expressing his feeling towards his master; as "doing the will of God from the heart" expresses the source of that feeling (<reference osisRef="Col.3.23">Col 3:23</reference>). "Good will" is stated by Xenophon [Economics] to be the principal virtue of a slave towards his master: a real regard to his master's interest as if his own, a good will which not even a master's severity can extinguish.

7. good will-- expressing his feeling towards his master; as "doing the will of God from the heart" expresses the source of that feeling (Col 3:23). "Good will" is stated by Xenophon [Economics] to be the principal virtue of a slave towards his master: a real regard to his master's interest as if his own, a good will which not even a master's severity can extinguish.


<hi type="bold">8. any man doeth--</hi>Greek, "any man shall have done," that is, shall be found at the Lord's coming to have done.

<hi type="bold">the same--</hi>in full payment, in heaven's currency.

<hi type="bold">shall ... receive--</hi>(<reference osisRef="2Cor.5.10">2Co 5:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.3.25">Col 3:25</reference>; but all of grace, <reference osisRef="Luke.17.10">Lu 17:10</reference>).

<hi type="bold">bond or free--</hi>(<reference osisRef="1Cor.7.22">1Co 7:22</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.12.13">12:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Gal.3.28">Ga 3:28</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.3.11">Col 3:11</reference>). Christ does not regard such distinctions in His present dealings of grace, or in His future judgment. The slave that has acted faithfully for the Lord's sake to his master, though the latter may not repay his faithfulness, shall have the Lord for his Paymaster. So the freeman who has done good for the Lord's sake, though man may not pay him, has the Lord for his Debtor (<reference osisRef="Prov.19.17">Pr 19:17</reference>).

8. any man doeth-- Greek, "any man shall have done," that is, shall be found at the Lord's coming to have done. the same-- in full payment, in heaven's currency. shall... receive-- (2Co 5:10; Col 3:25; but all of grace, Lu 17:10). bond or free-- (1Co 7:22; 12:13; Ga 3:28; Col 3:11). Christ does not regard such distinctions in His present dealings of grace, or in His future judgment. The slave that has acted faithfully for the Lord's sake to his master, though the latter may not repay his faithfulness, shall have the Lord for his Paymaster. So the freeman who has done good for the Lord's sake, though man may not pay him, has the Lord for his Debtor (Pr 19:17).


<hi type="bold">9. the same things--</hi>Mutatis mutandis. Show the same regard to God's will, and to your servants' well-being, in your relation to them, as they ought to have in their relation to you. Love regulates the duties both of servants and masters, as one and the same light attempers various colors. Equality of nature and faith is superior to distinctions of rank [Bengel]. Christianity makes all men brothers: compare <reference osisRef="Lev.25.42">Le 25:42</reference>, <reference osisRef="Lev.25.43">43</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.15.12">De 15:12</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.34.14">Jr 34:14</reference> as to how the Hebrews were bound to treat their brethren in service; much more ought Christians to act with love.

<hi type="bold">threatening--</hi>Greek, "the threatening" which masters commonly use. "Masters" in the Greek, is not so strong a term as "despots": it implies authority, but not absolute domination.

<hi type="bold">your Master also--</hi>The oldest manuscripts read, "the Master both of them and you": "their Master and yours." This more forcibly brings out the equality of slaves and masters in the sight of God. Seneca [Thyestes, 607], says, "Whatever an inferior dreads from you, this a superior Master threatens yourselves with: every authority here is under a higher above." As you treat your servants, so will He treat you.

<hi type="bold">neither ... respect of persons--</hi>He will not, in judging, acquit thee because thou art a master, or condemn him because he is a servant (<reference osisRef="Acts.10.34">Ac 10:34</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rom.2.11">Ro 2:11</reference>; <reference osisRef="Gal.2.6">Ga 2:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.3.25">Col 3:25</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Pet.1.17">1Pe 1:17</reference>). Derived from <reference osisRef="Deut.10.17">De 10:17</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Chr.19.7">2Ch 19:7</reference>.

9. the same things-- Mutatis mutandis. Show the same regard to God's will, and to your servants' well-being, in your relation to them, as they ought to have in their relation to you. Love regulates the duties both of servants and masters, as one and the same light attempers various colors. Equality of nature and faith is superior to distinctions of rank [Bengel]. Christianity makes all men brothers: compare Le 25:42, 43; De 15:12; Jr 34:14 as to how the Hebrews were bound to treat their brethren in service; much more ought Christians to act with love. threatening-- Greek, "the threatening" which masters commonly use. "Masters" in the Greek, is not so strong a term as "despots": it implies authority, but not absolute domination. your Master also-- The oldest manuscripts read, "the Master both of them and you": "their Master and yours." This more forcibly brings out the equality of slaves and masters in the sight of God. Seneca [Thyestes, 607], says, "Whatever an inferior dreads from you, this a superior Master threatens yourselves with: every authority here is under a higher above." As you treat your servants, so will He treat you. neither... respect of persons-- He will not, in judging, acquit thee because thou art a master, or condemn him because he is a servant (Ac 10:34; Ro 2:11; Ga 2:6; Col 3:25; 1Pe 1:17). Derived from De 10:17; 2Ch 19:7.


<hi type="bold">10. my brethren--</hi>Some of the oldest manuscripts omit these words. Some with Vulgate retain them. The phrase occurs nowhere else in the Epistle (see, however, <reference osisRef="Eph.6.23">Ep 6:23</reference>); if genuine, it is appropriate here in the close of the Epistle, where he is urging his fellow soldiers to the good fight in the Christian armor. Most of the oldest manuscripts for "finally," read, "henceforward," or "from henceforth" (<reference osisRef="Gal.6.17">Ga 6:17</reference>).

<hi type="bold">be strong--</hi>Greek, "be strengthened."

<hi type="bold">in the power of his might--</hi>Christ's might: as in <reference osisRef="Eph.1.19">Ep 1:19</reference>, it is the Father's might.

10. my brethren-- Some of the oldest manuscripts omit these words. Some with Vulgate retain them. The phrase occurs nowhere else in the Epistle (see, however, Ep 6:23); if genuine, it is appropriate here in the close of the Epistle, where he is urging his fellow soldiers to the good fight in the Christian armor. Most of the oldest manuscripts for "finally," read, "henceforward," or "from henceforth" (Ga 6:17). be strong-- Greek, "be strengthened." in the power of his might-- Christ's might: as in Ep 1:19, it is the Father's might.


<hi type="bold">11. the whole armour--</hi>the armor of light (<reference osisRef="Rom.13.12">Ro 13:12</reference>); on the right hand and left (<reference osisRef="2Cor.6.7">2Co 6:7</reference>). The panoply offensive and defensive. An image readily suggested by the Roman armory, Paul being now in Rome. Repeated emphatically, <reference osisRef="Eph.6.13">Ep 6:13</reference>. In <reference osisRef="Rom.13.14">Ro 13:14</reference> it is, "Put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ"; in putting on Him, and the new man in Him, we put on "the whole armor of God." No opening at the head, the feet, the heart, the belly, the eye, the ear, or the tongue, is to be given to Satan. Believers have once for all overcome him; but on the ground of this fundamental victory gained over him, they are ever again to fight against and overcome him, even as they who once die with Christ have continually to mortify their members upon earth (<reference osisRef="Rom.6.2-Rom.6.14">Ro 6:2-14</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.3.3">Col 3:3</reference>, <reference osisRef="Col.3.5">5</reference>).

<hi type="bold">of God--</hi>furnished by God; not our own, else it would not stand (<reference osisRef="Ps.35.1-Ps.35.3">Psa 35:1-3</reference>). Spiritual, therefore, and mighty through God, not carnal (<reference osisRef="2Cor.10.4">2Co 10:4</reference>).

<hi type="bold">wiles--</hi>literally, "schemes sought out" for deceiving (compare <reference osisRef="2Cor.11.14">2Co 11:14</reference>).

<hi type="bold">the devil--</hi>the ruling chief of the foes (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.12">Ep 6:12</reference>) organized into a kingdom of darkness (<reference osisRef="Matt.12.26">Mt 12:26</reference>), opposed to the kingdom of light.

11. the whole armour-- the armor of light (Ro 13:12); on the right hand and left (2Co 6:7). The panoply offensive and defensive. An image readily suggested by the Roman armory, Paul being now in Rome. Repeated emphatically, Ep 6:13. In Ro 13:14 it is, "Put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ"; in putting on Him, and the new man in Him, we put on "the whole armor of God." No opening at the head, the feet, the heart, the belly, the eye, the ear, or the tongue, is to be given to Satan. Believers have once for all overcome him; but on the ground of this fundamental victory gained over him, they are ever again to fight against and overcome him, even as they who once die with Christ have continually to mortify their members upon earth (Ro 6:2-14; Col 3:3, 5). of God-- furnished by God; not our own, else it would not stand (Psa 35:1-3). Spiritual, therefore, and mighty through God, not carnal (2Co 10:4). wiles-- literally, "schemes sought out" for deceiving (compare 2Co 11:14). the devil-- the ruling chief of the foes (Ep 6:12) organized into a kingdom of darkness (Mt 12:26), opposed to the kingdom of light.


12. Greek, "For our wrestling ('the wrestling' in which we are engaged) is not against flesh," &c. Flesh and blood foes are Satan's mere tools, the real foe lurking behind them is Satan himself, with whom our conflict is. "Wrestling" implies that it is a hand-to-hand and foot-to-foot struggle for the mastery: to wrestle successfully with Satan, we must wrestle with God in irresistible prayer like Jacob (<reference osisRef="Gen.32.24-Gen.32.29">Ge 32:24-29</reference>; <reference osisRef="Hos.12.4">Ho 12:4</reference>). Translate, "The principalities ... the powers" (<reference osisRef="Eph.1.21">Ep 1:21</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.1.16">Col 1:16</reference>; see on <reference osisRef="Eph.3.10">Ep 3:10</reference>). The same grades of powers are specified in the case of the demons here, as in that of angels there (compare <reference osisRef="Rom.8.38">Ro 8:38</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.15.24">1Co 15:24</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.2.15">Col 2:15</reference>). The Ephesians had practiced sorcery (<reference osisRef="Acts.19.19">Ac 19:19</reference>), so that he appropriately treats of evil spirits in addressing them. The more clearly any book of Scripture, as this, treats of the economy of the kingdom of light, the more clearly does it set forth the kingdom of darkness. Hence, nowhere does the satanic kingdom come more clearly into view than in the Gospels which treat of Christ, the true Light.

<hi type="bold">rulers of the darkness of this world--</hi>Greek, "age" or "course of the world." But the oldest manuscripts omit "of world." Translate, "Against the world rulers of this (present) darkness" (<reference osisRef="Eph.2.2">Ep 2:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.5.8">5:8</reference>; <reference osisRef="Luke.22.53">Lu 22:53</reference>; <reference osisRef="Col.1.13">Col 1:13</reference>). On Satan and his demons being "world rulers," compare <reference osisRef="John.12.31">Joh 12:31</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.14.30">14:30</reference>; <reference osisRef="John.16.11">16:11</reference>; <reference osisRef="Luke.4.6">Lu 4:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Cor.4.4">2Co 4:4</reference>; <reference osisRef="1John.5.19">1Jo 5:19</reference>, Greek, "lieth in the wicked one." Though they be "world rulers," they are not the ruler of the universe; and their usurped rule of the world is soon to cease, when He shall "come whose right it is" (<reference osisRef="Ezek.21.27">Eze 21:27</reference>). Two cases prove Satan not to be a mere subjective fancy: (1) Christ's temptation; (2) the entrance of demons into the swine (for these are incapable of such fancies). Satan tries to parody, or imitate in a perverted way, God's working (<reference osisRef="2Cor.11.13">2Co 11:13</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.11.14">14</reference>). So when God became incarnate, Satan, by his demons, took forcible possession of human bodies. Thus the demoniacally possessed were not peculiarly wicked, but miserable, and so fit subjects for Jesus' pity. Paul makes no mention of demoniacal possession, so that in the time he wrote, it seems to have ceased; it probably was restricted to the period of the Lord's incarnation, and of the foundation of His Church.

<hi type="bold">spiritual wickedness--</hi>rather as Greek, "The spiritual hosts of wickedness." As three of the clauses describe the power, so this fourth, the wickedness of our spiritual foes (<reference osisRef="Matt.12.45">Mt 12:45</reference>).

<hi type="bold">in high places--</hi>Greek, "heavenly places": in <reference osisRef="Eph.2.2">Ep 2:2</reference>, "the air," see on <reference osisRef="Eph.2.2">Ep 2:2</reference>. The alteration of expression to "in heavenly places," is in order to mark the higher range of their powers than ours, they having been, up to the ascension (<reference osisRef="Rev.12.5">Re 12:5</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.9.10">9, 10</reference>), dwellers "in the heavenly places" (<reference osisRef="Job.1.7">Job 1:7</reference>), and being now in the regions of the air which are called the heavens. Moreover, pride and presumption are the sins in heavenly places to which they tempt especially, being those by which they themselves fell from heavenly places (<reference osisRef="Isa.14.12-Isa.14.15">Is 14:12-15</reference>). But believers have naught to fear, being "blessed with all spiritual blessings in the heavenly places" (<reference osisRef="Eph.1.3">Ep 1:3</reference>).

12. Greek, "For our wrestling ('the wrestling' in which we are engaged) is not against flesh," &c. Flesh and blood foes are Satan's mere tools, the real foe lurking behind them is Satan himself, with whom our conflict is. "Wrestling" implies that it is a hand-to-hand and foot-to-foot struggle for the mastery: to wrestle successfully with Satan, we must wrestle with God in irresistible prayer like Jacob (Ge 32:24-29; Ho 12:4). Translate, "The principalities... the powers" (Ep 1:21; Col 1:16; see on Ep 3:10). The same grades of powers are specified in the case of the demons here, as in that of angels there (compare Ro 8:38; 1Co 15:24; Col 2:15). The Ephesians had practiced sorcery (Ac 19:19), so that he appropriately treats of evil spirits in addressing them. The more clearly any book of Scripture, as this, treats of the economy of the kingdom of light, the more clearly does it set forth the kingdom of darkness. Hence, nowhere does the satanic kingdom come more clearly into view than in the Gospels which treat of Christ, the true Light. rulers of the darkness of this world-- Greek, "age" or "course of the world." But the oldest manuscripts omit "of world." Translate, "Against the world rulers of this (present) darkness" (Ep 2:2; 5:8; Lu 22:53; Col 1:13). On Satan and his demons being "world rulers," compare Joh 12:31; 14:30; 16:11; Lu 4:6; 2Co 4:4; 1Jo 5:19, Greek, "lieth in the wicked one." Though they be "world rulers," they are not the ruler of the universe; and their usurped rule of the world is soon to cease, when He shall "come whose right it is" (Eze 21:27). Two cases prove Satan not to be a mere subjective fancy: (1) Christ's temptation; (2) the entrance of demons into the swine (for these are incapable of such fancies). Satan tries to parody, or imitate in a perverted way, God's working (2Co 11:13, 14). So when God became incarnate, Satan, by his demons, took forcible possession of human bodies. Thus the demoniacally possessed were not peculiarly wicked, but miserable, and so fit subjects for Jesus' pity. Paul makes no mention of demoniacal possession, so that in the time he wrote, it seems to have ceased; it probably was restricted to the period of the Lord's incarnation, and of the foundation of His Church. spiritual wickedness-- rather as Greek, "The spiritual hosts of wickedness." As three of the clauses describe the power, so this fourth, the wickedness of our spiritual foes (Mt 12:45). in high places-- Greek, "heavenly places": in Ep 2:2, "the air," see on Ep 2:2. The alteration of expression to "in heavenly places," is in order to mark the higher range of their powers than ours, they having been, up to the ascension (Re 12:5, 9, 10), dwellers "in the heavenly places" (Job 1:7), and being now in the regions of the air which are called the heavens. Moreover, pride and presumption are the sins in heavenly places to which they tempt especially, being those by which they themselves fell from heavenly places (Is 14:12-15). But believers have naught to fear, being "blessed with all spiritual blessings in the heavenly places" (Ep 1:3).


<hi type="bold">13. take ... of God--</hi>not "make," God has done that: you have only to "take up" and put it on. The Ephesians were familiar with the idea of the gods giving armor to mythical heroes: thus Paul's allusion would be appropriate.

<hi type="bold">the evil day--</hi>the day of Satan's special assaults (<reference osisRef="Eph.6.12">Ep 6:12</reference>, <reference osisRef="Eph.6.16">16</reference>) in life and at the dying hour (compare <reference osisRef="Rev.3.10">Re 3:10</reference>). We must have our armor always on, to be ready against the evil day which may come at any moment, the war being perpetual (<reference osisRef="Ps.41.1">Psa 41:1</reference>, Margin).

<hi type="bold">done all--</hi>rather, "accomplished all things," namely, necessary to the fight, and becoming a good soldier.

13. take... of God-- not "make," God has done that: you have only to "take up" and put it on. The Ephesians were familiar with the idea of the gods giving armor to mythical heroes: thus Paul's allusion would be appropriate. the evil day-- the day of Satan's special assaults (Ep 6:12, 16) in life and at the dying hour (compare Re 3:10). We must have our armor always on, to be ready against the evil day which may come at any moment, the war being perpetual (Psa 41:1, Margin). done all-- rather, "accomplished all things," namely, necessary to the fight, and becoming a good soldier.


<hi type="bold">14. Stand--</hi>The repetition in <reference osisRef="Eph.6.11">Ep 6:11</reference>, <reference osisRef="Eph.6.14">14</reference>, shows that standing, that is, maintaining our ground, not yielding or fleeing, is the grand aim of the Christian soldier. Translate as Greek, "Having girt about your loins with truth," that is, with truthfulness, sincerity, a good conscience (<reference osisRef="2Cor.1.12">2Co 1:12</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Tim.1.5">1Ti 1:5</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Cor.1.18">18</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.3.9">3:9</reference>). Truth is the band that girds up and keeps together the flowing robes, so as that the Christian soldier may be unencumbered for action. So the Passover was eaten with the loins girt, and the shoes on the feet (<reference osisRef="Exod.12.11">Ex 12:11</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="Isa.5.27">Is 5:27</reference>; <reference osisRef="Luke.12.35">Lu 12:35</reference>). Faithfulness (Septuagint, "truth") is the girdle of Messiah (<reference osisRef="Isa.11.5">Is 11:5</reference>): so truth of His followers.

<hi type="bold">having on--</hi>Greek, "having put on."

<hi type="bold">breastplate of righteousness--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Isa.59.17">Is 59:17</reference>), similarly of Messiah. "Righteousness" is here joined with "truth," as in <reference osisRef="Eph.5.9">Ep 5:9</reference>: righteousness in works, truth in words [Estius] (<reference osisRef="1John.3.7">1Jo 3:7</reference>). Christ's righteousness inwrought in us by the Spirit. "Faith and love," that is, faith working righteousness by love, are "the breastplate" in <reference osisRef="1Thess.5.8">1Th 5:8</reference>.

14. Stand-- The repetition in Ep 6:11, 14, shows that standing, that is, maintaining our ground, not yielding or fleeing, is the grand aim of the Christian soldier. Translate as Greek, "Having girt about your loins with truth," that is, with truthfulness, sincerity, a good conscience (2Co 1:12; 1Ti 1:5, 18; 3:9). Truth is the band that girds up and keeps together the flowing robes, so as that the Christian soldier may be unencumbered for action. So the Passover was eaten with the loins girt, and the shoes on the feet (Ex 12:11; compare Is 5:27; Lu 12:35). Faithfulness (Septuagint, "truth") is the girdle of Messiah (Is 11:5): so truth of His followers. having on-- Greek, "having put on." breastplate of righteousness-- (Is 59:17), similarly of Messiah. "Righteousness" is here joined with "truth," as in Ep 5:9: righteousness in works, truth in words [Estius] (1Jo 3:7). Christ's righteousness inwrought in us by the Spirit. "Faith and love," that is, faith working righteousness by love, are "the breastplate" in 1Th 5:8.


15. Translate, "Having shod your feet" (referring to the sandals, or to the military shoes then used).

<hi type="bold">the preparation--</hi>rather, "the preparedness," or "readiness of," that is, arising from the "Gospel" (<reference osisRef="Ps.10.17">Psa 10:17</reference>). Preparedness to do and suffer all that God wills; readiness for march, as a Christian soldier.

<hi type="bold">gospel of peace--</hi>(compare <reference osisRef="Luke.1.79">Lu 1:79</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rom.10.15">Ro 10:15</reference>). The "peace" within forms a beautiful contrast to the raging of the outward conflict (<reference osisRef="Isa.26.3">Is 26:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="Phil.4.7">Php 4:7</reference>).

15. Translate, "Having shod your feet" (referring to the sandals, or to the military shoes then used). the preparation-- rather, "the preparedness," or "readiness of," that is, arising from the "Gospel" (Psa 10:17). Preparedness to do and suffer all that God wills; readiness for march, as a Christian soldier. gospel of peace-- (compare Lu 1:79; Ro 10:15). The "peace" within forms a beautiful contrast to the raging of the outward conflict (Is 26:3; Php 4:7).


<hi type="bold">16. Above all--</hi>rather, "Over all"; so as to cover all that has been put on before. Three integuments are specified, the breastplate, girdle, and shoes; two defenses, the helmet and shield; and two offensive weapons, the sword and the spear (prayer). Alford translates, "Besides all," as the Greek is translated, <reference osisRef="Luke.3.20">Lu 3:20</reference>. But if it meant this, it would have come last in the list (compare <reference osisRef="Col.3.14">Col 3:14</reference>).

<hi type="bold">shield--</hi>the large oblong oval door-like shield of the Romans, four feet long by two and a half feet broad; not the small round buckler.

<hi type="bold">ye shall be able--</hi>not merely, "ye may." The shield of faith will certainly intercept, and so "quench, all the fiery darts" (an image from the ancient fire-darts, formed of cane, with tow and combustibles ignited on the head of the shaft, so as to set fire to woodwork, tents, &c.).

<hi type="bold">of the wicked--</hi>rather "of the EVIL ONE." Faith conquers him (<reference osisRef="1Pet.5.9">1Pe 5:9</reference>), and his darts of temptation to wrath, lust, revenge, despair, &c. It overcomes the world (<reference osisRef="1John.5.4">1Jo 5:4</reference>), and so the prince of the world (<reference osisRef="1John.5.18">1Jo 5:18</reference>).

16. Above all-- rather, "Over all"; so as to cover all that has been put on before. Three integuments are specified, the breastplate, girdle, and shoes; two defenses, the helmet and shield; and two offensive weapons, the sword and the spear (prayer). Alford translates, "Besides all," as the Greek is translated, Lu 3:20. But if it meant this, it would have come last in the list (compare Col 3:14). shield-- the large oblong oval door-like shield of the Romans, four feet long by two and a half feet broad; not the small round buckler. ye shall be able-- not merely, "ye may." The shield of faith will certainly intercept, and so "quench, all the fiery darts" (an image from the ancient fire-darts, formed of cane, with tow and combustibles ignited on the head of the shaft, so as to set fire to woodwork, tents, &c.). of the wicked-- rather "of the EVIL ONE." Faith conquers him (1Pe 5:9), and his darts of temptation to wrath, lust, revenge, despair, &c. It overcomes the world (1Jo 5:4), and so the prince of the world (1Jo 5:18).