<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 18</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.18.1">1Ch 18:1</reference>, 2. David Subdues the Philistines and Moabites.

<hi type="bold">1. David ... took Gath and her towns--</hi>The full extent of David's conquests in the Philistine territory is here distinctly stated, whereas in the parallel passage (<reference osisRef="2Sam.8.1">2Sa 8:1</reference>) it was only described in a general way. Gath was the "Metheg-ammah," or "arm-bridle," as it is there called--either from its supremacy as the capital over the other Philistine towns, or because, in the capture of that important place and its dependencies, he obtained the complete control of his restless neighbors.

CHAPTER 18 1Ch 18:1, 2. David Subdues the Philistines and Moabites. 1. David... took Gath and her towns-- The full extent of David's conquests in the Philistine territory is here distinctly stated, whereas in the parallel passage (2Sa 8:1) it was only described in a general way. Gath was the "Metheg-ammah," or "arm-bridle," as it is there called--either from its supremacy as the capital over the other Philistine towns, or because, in the capture of that important place and its dependencies, he obtained the complete control of his restless neighbors.


<hi type="bold">2. he smote Moab--</hi>The terrible severities by which David's conquest of that people was marked, and the probable reason of their being subjected to such a dreadful retribution, are narrated (<reference osisRef="2Sam.8.2">2Sa 8:2</reference>).

<hi type="bold">the Moabites ... brought gifts--</hi>that is, became tributary to Israel.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.18.3-1Chr.18.17">1Ch 18:3-17</reference>. David Smites Hadadezer and the Syrians.

2. he smote Moab-- The terrible severities by which David's conquest of that people was marked, and the probable reason of their being subjected to such a dreadful retribution, are narrated (2Sa 8:2). the Moabites... brought gifts-- that is, became tributary to Israel. 1Ch 18:3-17. David Smites Hadadezer and the Syrians.


<hi type="bold">3. Hadarezer--</hi>or, "Hadadezer" (<reference osisRef="2Sam.8.3">2Sa 8:3</reference>), which was probably the original form of the name, was derived from Hadad, a Syrian deity. It seems to have become the official and hereditary title of the rulers of that kingdom.

<hi type="bold">Zobah--</hi>Its situation is determined by the words "unto" or "towards Hamath," a little to the northeast of Damascus, and is supposed by some to be the same place as in earlier times was called Hobah (<reference osisRef="Gen.14.15">Ge 14:15</reference>). Previous to the rise of Damascus, Zobah was the capital of the kingdom which held supremacy among the petty states of Syria.

<hi type="bold">as he went to stablish his dominion by the river Euphrates--</hi>Some refer this to David, who was seeking to extend his possessions in one direction towards a point bordering on the Euphrates, in accordance with the promise (<reference osisRef="Gen.15.18">Ge 15:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.24.17">Nu 24:17</reference>). But others are of opinion that, as David's name is mentioned (<reference osisRef="1Chr.18.4">1Ch 18:4</reference>), this reference is most applicable to Hadadezer.

3. Hadarezer-- or, "Hadadezer" (2Sa 8:3), which was probably the original form of the name, was derived from Hadad, a Syrian deity. It seems to have become the official and hereditary title of the rulers of that kingdom. Zobah-- Its situation is determined by the words "unto" or "towards Hamath," a little to the northeast of Damascus, and is supposed by some to be the same place as in earlier times was called Hobah (Ge 14:15). Previous to the rise of Damascus, Zobah was the capital of the kingdom which held supremacy among the petty states of Syria. as he went to stablish his dominion by the river Euphrates-- Some refer this to David, who was seeking to extend his possessions in one direction towards a point bordering on the Euphrates, in accordance with the promise (Ge 15:18; Nu 24:17). But others are of opinion that, as David's name is mentioned (1Ch 18:4), this reference is most applicable to Hadadezer.


<hi type="bold">4-8. And David took from him a thousand chariots--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Sam.8.3-2Sam.8.14">2Sa 8:3-14</reference>). In <reference osisRef="2Sam.8.4">2Sa 8:4</reference> David is said to have taken seven hundred horsemen, whereas here it is said that he took seven thousand. This great discrepancy in the text of the two narratives seems to have originated with a transcriber in confounding the two Hebrew letters which indicate the numbers, and in neglecting to mark or obscure the points over one of them. We have no means of ascertaining whether seven hundred or seven thousand be the more correct. Probably the former should be adopted [Davidson's HERMENUTICS].

<hi type="bold">but reserved of them an hundred chariots--</hi>probably to grace a triumphal procession on his return to Jerusalem, and after using them in that way, destroy them like the rest.

4-8. And David took from him a thousand chariots-- (See on 2Sa 8:3-14). In 2Sa 8:4 David is said to have taken seven hundred horsemen, whereas here it is said that he took seven thousand. This great discrepancy in the text of the two narratives seems to have originated with a transcriber in confounding the two Hebrew letters which indicate the numbers, and in neglecting to mark or obscure the points over one of them. We have no means of ascertaining whether seven hundred or seven thousand be the more correct. Probably the former should be adopted [Davidson's HERMENUTICS]. but reserved of them an hundred chariots-- probably to grace a triumphal procession on his return to Jerusalem, and after using them in that way, destroy them like the rest.


<hi type="bold">9-13. Tou--</hi>or Toi--whose dominions border on those of Hadadezer. (See on <reference osisRef="2Sam.8.9-2Sam.8.12">2Sa 8:9-12</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Kgs.11.15">1Ki 11:15</reference>).

9-13. Tou-- or Toi--whose dominions border on those of Hadadezer. (See on 2Sa 8:9-12; 1Ki 11:15).


<hi type="bold">17. the Cherethites and the Pelethites--</hi>who formed the royal bodyguard. The Cherethites were, most probably, those brave men who all along accompanied David while among the Philistines, and from that people derived their name (<reference osisRef="1Sam.30.14">1Sa 30:14</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.25.16">Eze 25:16</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zeph.2.5">Zep 2:5</reference>) as well as their skill in archery--while the Pelethites were those who joined him at Ziklag, took their name from Pelet, the chief man in the company (<reference osisRef="1Chr.12.3">1Ch 12:3</reference>), and, being Benjamites, were expert in the use of the sling. <chapter eID="1Chr.18"/>

17. the Cherethites and the Pelethites-- who formed the royal bodyguard. The Cherethites were, most probably, those brave men who all along accompanied David while among the Philistines, and from that people derived their name (1Sa 30:14; Eze 25:16; Zep 2:5) as well as their skill in archery--while the Pelethites were those who joined him at Ziklag, took their name from Pelet, the chief man in the company (1Ch 12:3), and, being Benjamites, were expert in the use of the sling.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 19</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.19.1-1Chr.19.5">1Ch 19:1-5</reference>. David's Messengers, Sent to Comfort Hanun, Are Disgracefully Treated.

<hi type="bold">1. after this--</hi>This phrase seems to indicate that the incident now to be related took place immediately, or soon after the wars described in the preceding chapter. But the chronological order is loosely observed, and the only just inference that can be drawn from the use of this phrase is, that some farther account is to be given of the wars against the Syrians.

<hi type="bold">Nahash the king of the children of Ammon died--</hi>There had subsisted a very friendly relation between David and him, begun during the exile of the former, and cemented, doubtless, by their common hostility to Saul.

CHAPTER 19 1Ch 19:1-5. David's Messengers, Sent to Comfort Hanun, Are Disgracefully Treated. 1. after this-- This phrase seems to indicate that the incident now to be related took place immediately, or soon after the wars described in the preceding chapter. But the chronological order is loosely observed, and the only just inference that can be drawn from the use of this phrase is, that some farther account is to be given of the wars against the Syrians. Nahash the king of the children of Ammon died-- There had subsisted a very friendly relation between David and him, begun during the exile of the former, and cemented, doubtless, by their common hostility to Saul.


<hi type="bold">3. are not his servants come unto thee for to search?--</hi>that is, thy capital, Rabbah (<reference osisRef="2Sam.10.3">2Sa 10:3</reference>).

3. are not his servants come unto thee for to search?-- that is, thy capital, Rabbah (2Sa 10:3).


<hi type="bold">4-5. shaved them--</hi>not completely, but only the half of their face. This disrespect to the beard, and indecent exposure of their persons by their clothes being cut off from the girdle downwards, was the grossest indignity to which Jews, in common with all Orientals, could be subjected. No wonder that the men were ashamed to appear in public--that the king recommended them to remain in seclusion on the border till the mark of their disgrace had disappeared--and then they might, with propriety, return to the court.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.19.6-1Chr.19.15">1Ch 19:6-15</reference>. Joab and Abishai Overcome the Ammonites.

4-5. shaved them-- not completely, but only the half of their face. This disrespect to the beard, and indecent exposure of their persons by their clothes being cut off from the girdle downwards, was the grossest indignity to which Jews, in common with all Orientals, could be subjected. No wonder that the men were ashamed to appear in public--that the king recommended them to remain in seclusion on the border till the mark of their disgrace had disappeared--and then they might, with propriety, return to the court. 1Ch 19:6-15. Joab and Abishai Overcome the Ammonites.


<hi type="bold">6. when the children of Ammon saw that they had made themselves odious to David--</hi>One universal feeling of indignation was roused throughout Israel, and all classes supported the king in his determination to avenge this unprovoked insult on the Hebrew nation.

<hi type="bold">Hanun ... sent a thousand talents of silver--</hi>a sum equal to £342,100, to procure the services of foreign mercenaries.

<hi type="bold">chariots and horsemen out of Mesopotamia ... Syria-maachah, and ... Zobah--</hi>The Mesopotamian troops did not arrive during this campaign (<reference osisRef="1Chr.19.16">1Ch 19:16</reference>). Syria-maachah lay on the north of the possessions of the trans-jordanic Israelites, near Gilead.

<hi type="bold">Zobah--</hi>(see on <reference osisRef="1Chr.18.3">1Ch 18:3</reference>).

6. when the children of Ammon saw that they had made themselves odious to David-- One universal feeling of indignation was roused throughout Israel, and all classes supported the king in his determination to avenge this unprovoked insult on the Hebrew nation. Hanun... sent a thousand talents of silver-- a sum equal to £342,100, to procure the services of foreign mercenaries. chariots and horsemen out of Mesopotamia... Syria-maachah, and... Zobah-- The Mesopotamian troops did not arrive during this campaign (1Ch 19:16). Syria-maachah lay on the north of the possessions of the trans-jordanic Israelites, near Gilead. Zobah-- (see on 1Ch 18:3).


<hi type="bold">7. So they hired thirty and two thousand chariots--</hi>Hebrew, "riders," or "cavalry," accustomed to fight either on horseback or in chariots, and occasionally on foot. Accepting this as the true rendering, the number of hired auxiliaries mentioned in this passage agrees exactly with the statement in <reference osisRef="2Sam.10.6">2Sa 10:6</reference>: twenty thousand (from Syria), twelve thousand (from Tob), equal to thirty-two thousand, and one thousand with the king of Maachah.

7. So they hired thirty and two thousand chariots-- Hebrew, "riders," or "cavalry," accustomed to fight either on horseback or in chariots, and occasionally on foot. Accepting this as the true rendering, the number of hired auxiliaries mentioned in this passage agrees exactly with the statement in 2Sa 10:6: twenty thousand (from Syria), twelve thousand (from Tob), equal to thirty-two thousand, and one thousand with the king of Maachah.


<hi type="bold">8. David ... sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men--</hi>All the forces of Israel, including the great military orders, were engaged in this war.

8. David... sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men-- All the forces of Israel, including the great military orders, were engaged in this war.


<hi type="bold">9-15. children of Ammon ... put the battle in array before the gate of the city--</hi>that is, outside the walls of Medeba, a frontier town on the Arnon.

<hi type="bold">the kings that were come were by themselves in the field--</hi>The Israelitish army being thus beset by the Ammonites in front, and by the Syrian auxiliaries behind, Joab resolved to attack the latter (the more numerous and formidable host), while he directed his brother Abishai, with a suitable detachment, to attack the Ammonites. Joab's address before the engagement displays the faith and piety that became a commander of the Hebrew people. The mercenaries being defeated, the courage of the Ammonites failed; so that, taking flight, they entrenched themselves within the fortified walls.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.19.16-1Chr.19.19">1Ch 19:16-19</reference>. Shophach Slain by David.

9-15. children of Ammon... put the battle in array before the gate of the city-- that is, outside the walls of Medeba, a frontier town on the Arnon. the kings that were come were by themselves in the field-- The Israelitish army being thus beset by the Ammonites in front, and by the Syrian auxiliaries behind, Joab resolved to attack the latter (the more numerous and formidable host), while he directed his brother Abishai, with a suitable detachment, to attack the Ammonites. Joab's address before the engagement displays the faith and piety that became a commander of the Hebrew people. The mercenaries being defeated, the courage of the Ammonites failed; so that, taking flight, they entrenched themselves within the fortified walls. 1Ch 19:16-19. Shophach Slain by David.


<hi type="bold">16. And when the Syrians saw that they were put to the worse before Israel--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Sam.10.15-2Sam.10.19">2Sa 10:15-19</reference>).

16. And when the Syrians saw that they were put to the worse before Israel-- (See on 2Sa 10:15-19).


<hi type="bold">18. David slew of the Syrians seven thousand men--</hi>(Compare <reference osisRef="2Sam.10.18">2Sa 10:18</reference>, which has seven hundred chariots). Either the text in one of the books is corrupt [Keil, Davidson], or the accounts must be combined, giving this result--seven thousand horsemen, seven thousand chariots, and forty thousand footmen [Kennicott, Houbigant, Calmet]. <chapter eID="1Chr.19"/>

18. David slew of the Syrians seven thousand men-- (Compare 2Sa 10:18, which has seven hundred chariots). Either the text in one of the books is corrupt [Keil, Davidson], or the accounts must be combined, giving this result--seven thousand horsemen, seven thousand chariots, and forty thousand footmen [Kennicott, Houbigant, Calmet].


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 20</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.20.1-1Chr.20.3">1Ch 20:1-3</reference>. Rabbah Besieged by Joab, Spoiled by David, and the People Tortured.

<hi type="bold">1. at the time when kings go out to battle--</hi>in spring, the usual season in ancient times for entering on a campaign; that is, a year subsequent to the Syrian war.

<hi type="bold">Joab led forth the power of the army, and wasted the country ... of Ammon--</hi>The former campaign had been disastrous, owing chiefly to the hired auxiliaries of the Ammonites; and as it was necessary, as well as just, that they should be severely chastised for their wanton outrage on the Hebrew ambassadors, Joab ravaged their country and invested their capital, Rabbah. After a protracted siege, Joab took one part of it, the lower town or "city of waters," insulated by the winding course of the Jabbok. Knowing that the fort called "the royal city" would soon fall, he invited the king to come in person, and have the honor of storming it. The knowledge of this fact (mentioned in <reference osisRef="2Sam.12.26">2Sa 12:26</reference>) enables us to reconcile the two statements--"David tarried at Jerusalem" (<reference osisRef="1Chr.20.1">1Ch 20:1</reference>), and "David and all the people returned to Jerusalem" (<reference osisRef="1Chr.20.3">1Ch 20:3</reference>).

CHAPTER 20 1Ch 20:1-3. Rabbah Besieged by Joab, Spoiled by David, and the People Tortured. 1. at the time when kings go out to battle-- in spring, the usual season in ancient times for entering on a campaign; that is, a year subsequent to the Syrian war. Joab led forth the power of the army, and wasted the country... of Ammon-- The former campaign had been disastrous, owing chiefly to the hired auxiliaries of the Ammonites; and as it was necessary, as well as just, that they should be severely chastised for their wanton outrage on the Hebrew ambassadors, Joab ravaged their country and invested their capital, Rabbah. After a protracted siege, Joab took one part of it, the lower town or "city of waters," insulated by the winding course of the Jabbok. Knowing that the fort called "the royal city" would soon fall, he invited the king to come in person, and have the honor of storming it. The knowledge of this fact (mentioned in 2Sa 12:26) enables us to reconcile the two statements--"David tarried at Jerusalem" (1Ch 20:1), and "David and all the people returned to Jerusalem" (1Ch 20:3).


<hi type="bold">2. David took the crown of their king ..., and found it to weigh a talent of gold--</hi>equal to one hundred twenty-five pounds. Some think that Malcom, rendered in our version "their king," should be taken as a proper name, Milcom or Molech, the Ammonite idol, which, of course, might bear a heavy weight. But, like many other state crowns of Eastern kings, the crown got at Rabbah was not worn on the head, but suspended by chains of gold above the throne.

<hi type="bold">precious stones--</hi>Hebrew, a "stone," or cluster of precious stones, which was set on David's head.

2. David took the crown of their king..., and found it to weigh a talent of gold-- equal to one hundred twenty-five pounds. Some think that Malcom, rendered in our version "their king," should be taken as a proper name, Milcom or Molech, the Ammonite idol, which, of course, might bear a heavy weight. But, like many other state crowns of Eastern kings, the crown got at Rabbah was not worn on the head, but suspended by chains of gold above the throne. precious stones-- Hebrew, a "stone," or cluster of precious stones, which was set on David's head.


<hi type="bold">3. cut them with saws, &c.--</hi>The Hebrew word, "cut them," is, with the difference of the final letter, the same as that rendered "put them," in the parallel passage of Samuel [2Sa 12:31]; and many consider that putting them to saws, axes, and so forth, means nothing more than that David condemned the inhabitants of Rabbah to hard and penal servitude.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.20.4-1Chr.20.8">1Ch 20:4-8</reference>. Three Overthrows of the Philistines and Three Giants Slain.

3. cut them with saws, &c.-- The Hebrew word, "cut them," is, with the difference of the final letter, the same as that rendered "put them," in the parallel passage of Samuel [2Sa 12:31]; and many consider that putting them to saws, axes, and so forth, means nothing more than that David condemned the inhabitants of Rabbah to hard and penal servitude. 1Ch 20:4-8. Three Overthrows of the Philistines and Three Giants Slain.


<hi type="bold">4. war at Gezer--</hi>or Gob (see <reference osisRef="2Sam.21.18-2Sam.21.22">2Sa 21:18-22</reference>). <chapter eID="1Chr.20"/>

4. war at Gezer-- or Gob (see 2Sa 21:18-22).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 21</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.21.1-1Chr.21.13">1Ch 21:1-13</reference>. David Sins in Numbering the People.

<hi type="bold">1. Satan stood up against Israel--</hi>God, by withdrawing His grace at this time from David (see on <reference osisRef="2Sam.24.1">2Sa 24:1</reference>), permitted the tempter to prevail over him. As the result of this successful temptation was the entail of a heavy calamity as a punishment from God upon the people, it might be said that "Satan stood up against Israel."

<hi type="bold">number Israel--</hi>In the act of taking the census of a people, there is not only no evil, but much utility. But numbering Israel--that people who were to become as the stars for multitude, implying a distrust of the divine promise, was a sin; and though it had been done with impunity in the time of Moses, at that enumeration each of the people had contributed "half a shekel towards the building of the tabernacle," that there might be no plague among them when he numbered them (<reference osisRef="Exod.30.12">Ex 30:12</reference>). Hence the numbering of that people was in itself regarded as an undertaking by which the anger of God could be easily aroused; but when the arrangements were made by Moses for the taking of the census, God was not angry because the people were numbered for the express purpose of the tax for the sanctuary, and the money which was thus collected ("the atonement money," <reference osisRef="Exod.30.16">Ex 30:16</reference>) appeased Him. Everything depended, therefore, upon the design of the census [Bertheau]. The sin of David numbering the people consisted in its being either to gratify his pride to ascertain the number of warriors he could muster for some meditated plan of conquest; or, perhaps, more likely still, to institute a regular and permanent system of taxation, which he deemed necessary to provide an adequate establishment for the monarchy, but which was regarded as a tyrannical and oppressive exaction--an innovation on the liberty of the people--a departure from ancient usage unbecoming a king of Israel.

CHAPTER 21 1Ch 21:1-13. David Sins in Numbering the People. 1. Satan stood up against Israel-- God, by withdrawing His grace at this time from David (see on 2Sa 24:1), permitted the tempter to prevail over him. As the result of this successful temptation was the entail of a heavy calamity as a punishment from God upon the people, it might be said that "Satan stood up against Israel." number Israel-- In the act of taking the census of a people, there is not only no evil, but much utility. But numbering Israel--that people who were to become as the stars for multitude, implying a distrust of the divine promise, was a sin; and though it had been done with impunity in the time of Moses, at that enumeration each of the people had contributed "half a shekel towards the building of the tabernacle," that there might be no plague among them when he numbered them (Ex 30:12). Hence the numbering of that people was in itself regarded as an undertaking by which the anger of God could be easily aroused; but when the arrangements were made by Moses for the taking of the census, God was not angry because the people were numbered for the express purpose of the tax for the sanctuary, and the money which was thus collected ("the atonement money," Ex 30:16) appeased Him. Everything depended, therefore, upon the design of the census [Bertheau]. The sin of David numbering the people consisted in its being either to gratify his pride to ascertain the number of warriors he could muster for some meditated plan of conquest; or, perhaps, more likely still, to institute a regular and permanent system of taxation, which he deemed necessary to provide an adequate establishment for the monarchy, but which was regarded as a tyrannical and oppressive exaction--an innovation on the liberty of the people--a departure from ancient usage unbecoming a king of Israel.


<hi type="bold">3. why will he be a cause of trespass to Israel?--</hi>or bring an occasion of punishment on Israel. In Hebrew, the word "sin" is often used synonymously with the punishment of sin. In the course of Providence, the people frequently suffer for the misconduct of their rulers.

3. why will he be a cause of trespass to Israel?-- or bring an occasion of punishment on Israel. In Hebrew, the word "sin" is often used synonymously with the punishment of sin. In the course of Providence, the people frequently suffer for the misconduct of their rulers.


<hi type="bold">5. Joab gave the sum of the number of the children of Israel--</hi>It amounted to one million one hundred thousand men in Israel, capable of bearing arms, inclusive of the three hundred thousand military (<reference osisRef="1Chr.27.1-1Chr.27.9">1Ch 27:1-9</reference>), which, being already enlisted in the royal service, were not reckoned (<reference osisRef="2Sam.24.9">2Sa 24:9</reference>), and to four hundred seventy thousand men in Judah, omitting thirty thousand which formed an army of observation stationed on the Philistine frontier (<reference osisRef="2Sam.6.1">2Sa 6:1</reference>). So large a population at this early period, considering the limited extent of the country and comparing it with the earlier census (<reference osisRef="Num.26.1-Num.26.65">Nu 26:1-65</reference>), is a striking proof of the fulfilment of the promise (<reference osisRef="Gen.15.5">Ge 15:5</reference>).

5. Joab gave the sum of the number of the children of Israel-- It amounted to one million one hundred thousand men in Israel, capable of bearing arms, inclusive of the three hundred thousand military (1Ch 27:1-9), which, being already enlisted in the royal service, were not reckoned (2Sa 24:9), and to four hundred seventy thousand men in Judah, omitting thirty thousand which formed an army of observation stationed on the Philistine frontier (2Sa 6:1). So large a population at this early period, considering the limited extent of the country and comparing it with the earlier census (Nu 26:1-65), is a striking proof of the fulfilment of the promise (Ge 15:5).


<hi type="bold">6. Levi and Benjamin counted he not--</hi>If this census was ordered with a view to the imposition of taxes, this alone would account for Levi, who were not warriors (<reference osisRef="1Chr.21.5">1Ch 21:5</reference>), not being numbered (see on <reference osisRef="Num.1.47-Num.1.54">Nu 1:47-54</reference>). The population of Benjamin had been taken (see on <reference osisRef="1Chr.7.6-1Chr.7.11">1Ch 7:6-11</reference>), and the register preserved in the archives of that tribe. This, however, was taken on another occasion, and by other agency than that of Joab. The non-numbering of these two tribes might have originated in the special and gracious providence of God, partly because Levi was devoted to His service, and Benjamin had become the least of all the tribes (<reference osisRef="Judg.21.1-Judg.21.25">Jud 21:1-25</reference>); and partly because God foresaw that they would remain faithful to the house of David in the division of the tribes, and therefore He would not have them diminished [Poole]. From the course followed in this survey (see on <reference osisRef="2Sam.24.4-2Sam.24.8">2Sa 24:4-8</reference>), it would appear that Judah and Benjamin were the last tribes that were to be visited; and that, after the census in Judah had been finished, Joab, before entering on that of Benjamin, had to return to Jerusalem, where the king, now sensible of his great error, gave orders to stop all further proceedings in the business. Not only the remonstrance of Joab at the first, but his slow progress in the survey (<reference osisRef="2Sam.24.8">2Sa 24:8</reference>) showed the strong repugnance and even horror of the old general at this unconstitutional measure.

6. Levi and Benjamin counted he not-- If this census was ordered with a view to the imposition of taxes, this alone would account for Levi, who were not warriors (1Ch 21:5), not being numbered (see on Nu 1:47-54). The population of Benjamin had been taken (see on 1Ch 7:6-11), and the register preserved in the archives of that tribe. This, however, was taken on another occasion, and by other agency than that of Joab. The non-numbering of these two tribes might have originated in the special and gracious providence of God, partly because Levi was devoted to His service, and Benjamin had become the least of all the tribes (Jud 21:1-25); and partly because God foresaw that they would remain faithful to the house of David in the division of the tribes, and therefore He would not have them diminished [Poole]. From the course followed in this survey (see on 2Sa 24:4-8), it would appear that Judah and Benjamin were the last tribes that were to be visited; and that, after the census in Judah had been finished, Joab, before entering on that of Benjamin, had to return to Jerusalem, where the king, now sensible of his great error, gave orders to stop all further proceedings in the business. Not only the remonstrance of Joab at the first, but his slow progress in the survey (2Sa 24:8) showed the strong repugnance and even horror of the old general at this unconstitutional measure.


<hi type="bold">9. the Lord spake unto Gad, David's seer--</hi>Although David was himself endowed with a prophetic gift, yet, in matters relating to himself or his kingdom, he was in the habit of consulting the Lord through the medium of the priests; and when he failed to do so, a prophet was sent on extraordinary occasions to admonish or chastise him. Gad, a private friend, was occasionally employed as the bearer of these prophetic messages.

9. the Lord spake unto Gad, David's seer-- Although David was himself endowed with a prophetic gift, yet, in matters relating to himself or his kingdom, he was in the habit of consulting the Lord through the medium of the priests; and when he failed to do so, a prophet was sent on extraordinary occasions to admonish or chastise him. Gad, a private friend, was occasionally employed as the bearer of these prophetic messages.


<hi type="bold">11-12. Choose thee, &c.--</hi>To the three evils these correspond in beautiful agreement: three years, three months, three days [Bertheau]. (See on <reference osisRef="2Sam.24.13">2Sa 24:13</reference>).

11-12. Choose thee, &c.-- To the three evils these correspond in beautiful agreement: three years, three months, three days [Bertheau]. (See on 2Sa 24:13).


<hi type="bold">13. let me fall now into the hand of the Lord ... let me not fall into the hand of man--</hi>Experience had taught him that human passion and vengeance had no bounds, whereas our wise and gracious Father in heaven knows the kind, and regulates the extent, of chastisement which every one needs.

13. let me fall now into the hand of the Lord... let me not fall into the hand of man-- Experience had taught him that human passion and vengeance had no bounds, whereas our wise and gracious Father in heaven knows the kind, and regulates the extent, of chastisement which every one needs.


<hi type="bold">14-15. So the Lord ... sent an angel unto Jerusalem to destroy it--</hi>The infliction only of the pestilence is here noticed, without any account of its duration or its ravages, while a minute description is given of the visible appearance and menacing attitude of the destroying angel.

14-15. So the Lord... sent an angel unto Jerusalem to destroy it-- The infliction only of the pestilence is here noticed, without any account of its duration or its ravages, while a minute description is given of the visible appearance and menacing attitude of the destroying angel.


<hi type="bold">16. David and the elders ... clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces--</hi>They appeared in the garb and assumed the attitude of humble penitents, confessing their sins, and deprecating the wrath of God.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.21.18-1Chr.21.30">1Ch 21:18-30</reference>. He Builds an Altar.

16. David and the elders... clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces-- They appeared in the garb and assumed the attitude of humble penitents, confessing their sins, and deprecating the wrath of God. 1Ch 21:18-30. He Builds an Altar.


<hi type="bold">18. the angel of the Lord commanded Gad to say--</hi>The order about the erection of an altar, as well as the indication of its site, is described (<reference osisRef="2Sam.24.18">2Sa 24:18</reference>) as brought directly by Gad. Here we are informed of the quarter whence the prophet got his commission. It is only in the later stages of Israel's history that we find angels employed in communicating the divine will to the prophets.

18. the angel of the Lord commanded Gad to say-- The order about the erection of an altar, as well as the indication of its site, is described (2Sa 24:18) as brought directly by Gad. Here we are informed of the quarter whence the prophet got his commission. It is only in the later stages of Israel's history that we find angels employed in communicating the divine will to the prophets.


<hi type="bold">20-21. Ornan was threshing wheat--</hi>If the census was entered upon in autumn, the beginning of the civil year, the nine and a half months it occupied would end at wheat harvest. The common way of threshing corn is by spreading it out on a high level area, and driving backwards and forwards upon it two oxen harnessed to a clumsy sledge with three rollers and some sharp spikes. The driver sits on his knees on the box, while another person is employed in drawing back the straw and separating it from the grain underneath. By this operation the chaff is very much chopped, and the grain threshed out.

20-21. Ornan was threshing wheat-- If the census was entered upon in autumn, the beginning of the civil year, the nine and a half months it occupied would end at wheat harvest. The common way of threshing corn is by spreading it out on a high level area, and driving backwards and forwards upon it two oxen harnessed to a clumsy sledge with three rollers and some sharp spikes. The driver sits on his knees on the box, while another person is employed in drawing back the straw and separating it from the grain underneath. By this operation the chaff is very much chopped, and the grain threshed out.


<hi type="bold">23. I give thee ... the threshing instruments for wood--</hi>that is, to burn the sacrifice of the oxen. Very little real import--the haste and the value of the present offered--can be understood in this country. The offering was made for instant use. Ornan, hereby hoping to terminate the pestilence without a moment's delay, "gave all," oxen, the large threshing machine, and the wheat.

23. I give thee... the threshing instruments for wood-- that is, to burn the sacrifice of the oxen. Very little real import--the haste and the value of the present offered--can be understood in this country. The offering was made for instant use. Ornan, hereby hoping to terminate the pestilence without a moment's delay, "gave all," oxen, the large threshing machine, and the wheat.


<hi type="bold">25. David gave ... for the place six hundred shekels of gold--</hi>At first he bought only the cattle and the threshing instruments, for which he paid fifty shekels of silver (<reference osisRef="2Sam.24.24">2Sa 24:24</reference>); afterwards he purchased the whole property, Mount Moriah, on which the future temple stood. High in the center of the mountain platform rises a remarkable rock, now covered by the dome of "the Sakrah." It is irregular in its form, and measures about sixty feet in one direction and fifty feet in the other. It is the natural surface of Mount Moriah and is thought by many to be the rock of the threshing-floor of Araunah, selected by David, and continued by Solomon and Zerubbabel as "the unhewn stone" on which to build the altar [BARTLETT, Walks about Jerusalem; Stanley].

25. David gave... for the place six hundred shekels of gold-- At first he bought only the cattle and the threshing instruments, for which he paid fifty shekels of silver (2Sa 24:24); afterwards he purchased the whole property, Mount Moriah, on which the future temple stood. High in the center of the mountain platform rises a remarkable rock, now covered by the dome of "the Sakrah." It is irregular in its form, and measures about sixty feet in one direction and fifty feet in the other. It is the natural surface of Mount Moriah and is thought by many to be the rock of the threshing-floor of Araunah, selected by David, and continued by Solomon and Zerubbabel as "the unhewn stone" on which to build the altar [BARTLETT, Walks about Jerusalem; Stanley].


<hi type="bold">26. David built there an altar--</hi>He went in procession with his leading men from the royal palace, down Mount Zion, and through the intervening city. Although he had plenty of space on his own property, he was commanded, under peremptory direction, to go a considerable distance from his home, up Mount Moriah, to erect an altar on premises which he had to buy. It was on or close to the spot where Abraham had offered up Isaac.

<hi type="bold">answered him by fire from heaven--</hi>(See <reference osisRef="Lev.9.24">Le 9:24</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Kgs.18.21-1Kgs.18.23">1Ki 18:21-23</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.1.12">2Ki 1:12</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Chr.7.1">2Ch 7:1</reference>).

26. David built there an altar-- He went in procession with his leading men from the royal palace, down Mount Zion, and through the intervening city. Although he had plenty of space on his own property, he was commanded, under peremptory direction, to go a considerable distance from his home, up Mount Moriah, to erect an altar on premises which he had to buy. It was on or close to the spot where Abraham had offered up Isaac. answered him by fire from heaven-- (See Le 9:24; 1Ki 18:21-23; 2Ki 1:12; 2Ch 7:1).


<hi type="bold">28. when David saw that the Lord had answered him ..., he sacrificed there--</hi>or, "he continued to sacrifice there." Perceiving his sacrifice was acceptable, he proceeded to make additional offerings there, and seek favor by prayer and expiatory rites; for the dread of the menacing angel destroying Jerusalem while he was absent in the center of worship at Gibeon, especially reverence for the Divine Being, led him to continue his adorations in that place which God (<reference osisRef="2Chr.3.1">2Ch 3:1</reference>) had hallowed by the tokens of His presence and gracious acceptance. <chapter eID="1Chr.21"/>

28. when David saw that the Lord had answered him..., he sacrificed there-- or, "he continued to sacrifice there." Perceiving his sacrifice was acceptable, he proceeded to make additional offerings there, and seek favor by prayer and expiatory rites; for the dread of the menacing angel destroying Jerusalem while he was absent in the center of worship at Gibeon, especially reverence for the Divine Being, led him to continue his adorations in that place which God (2Ch 3:1) had hallowed by the tokens of His presence and gracious acceptance.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 22</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.22.1-1Chr.22.5">1Ch 22:1-5</reference>. David Prepares for Building the Temple.

<hi type="bold">1. David said, This is the home of the Lord God--</hi>By the miraculous sign of fire from heaven, and perhaps other intimations, David understood it to be the will of God that the national place of worship should be fixed there, and he forthwith proceeded to make preparations for the erection of the temple on that spot.

CHAPTER 22 1Ch 22:1-5. David Prepares for Building the Temple. 1. David said, This is the home of the Lord God-- By the miraculous sign of fire from heaven, and perhaps other intimations, David understood it to be the will of God that the national place of worship should be fixed there, and he forthwith proceeded to make preparations for the erection of the temple on that spot.


<hi type="bold">2. David commanded to gather together the strangers--</hi>partly the descendants of the old Canaanites (<reference osisRef="2Chr.8.7-2Chr.8.10">2Ch 8:7-10</reference>), from whom was exacted a tribute of bond service, and partly war captives (<reference osisRef="2Chr.2.7">2Ch 2:7</reference>), reserved for the great work he contemplated.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.22.6-1Chr.22.19">1Ch 22:6-19</reference>. He Instructs Solomon.

2. David commanded to gather together the strangers-- partly the descendants of the old Canaanites (2Ch 8:7-10), from whom was exacted a tribute of bond service, and partly war captives (2Ch 2:7), reserved for the great work he contemplated. 1Ch 22:6-19. He Instructs Solomon.


<hi type="bold">6. Then he called for Solomon ... and charged him--</hi>The earnestness and solemnity of this address creates an impression that it was given a little before the old king's decease. He unfolded his great and long cherished plan, enjoined the building of God's house as a sacred duty on him as his son and successor, and described the resources that were at command for carrying on the work. The vast amount of personal property he had accumulated in the precious metals [1Ch 22:14] must have been spoil taken from the people he had conquered, and the cities he had sacked. <chapter eID="1Chr.22"/>

6. Then he called for Solomon... and charged him-- The earnestness and solemnity of this address creates an impression that it was given a little before the old king's decease. He unfolded his great and long cherished plan, enjoined the building of God's house as a sacred duty on him as his son and successor, and described the resources that were at command for carrying on the work. The vast amount of personal property he had accumulated in the precious metals [1Ch 22:14] must have been spoil taken from the people he had conquered, and the cities he had sacked.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 23</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.23.1">1Ch 23:1</reference>. David Makes Solomon King.

<hi type="bold">1. when David was old ... he made Solomon ... king--</hi>This brief statement, which comprises the substance of <reference osisRef="1Kgs.1.32-1Kgs.1.48">1Ki 1:32-48</reference>, is made here solely to introduce an account of the preparations carried on by David during the latter years of his life for providing a national place of worship.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.23.2-1Chr.23.6">1Ch 23:2-6</reference>. Number and Distribution of the Levites.

CHAPTER 23 1Ch 23:1. David Makes Solomon King. 1. when David was old... he made Solomon... king-- This brief statement, which comprises the substance of 1Ki 1:32-48, is made here solely to introduce an account of the preparations carried on by David during the latter years of his life for providing a national place of worship. 1Ch 23:2-6. Number and Distribution of the Levites.


<hi type="bold">2. he gathered together all the princes of Israel--</hi>All important measures relating to the public interest were submitted for consideration to a general assembly of the representatives of the tribes (<reference osisRef="1Chr.13.1">1Ch 13:1</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Chr.15.25">15:25</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Chr.22.17">22:17</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Chr.26.1-1Chr.26.32">26:1-32</reference>).

2. he gathered together all the princes of Israel-- All important measures relating to the public interest were submitted for consideration to a general assembly of the representatives of the tribes (1Ch 13:1; 15:25; 22:17; 26:1-32).


<hi type="bold">3. the Levites were numbered ... thirty and eight thousand--</hi>Four times their number at the early census taken by Moses (see on Nu 4:1-49; 26:1-51). It was, in all likelihood, this vast increase that suggested and rendered expedient that classification, made in the last year of David's reign, which the present and three subsequent chapters describe.

<hi type="bold">by their polls, man by man--</hi>Women and children were not included.

3. the Levites were numbered... thirty and eight thousand-- Four times their number at the early census taken by Moses (see on Nu 4:1-49; 26:1-51). It was, in all likelihood, this vast increase that suggested and rendered expedient that classification, made in the last year of David's reign, which the present and three subsequent chapters describe. by their polls, man by man-- Women and children were not included.


<hi type="bold">4. twenty and four thousand were to set forward the work of the house of the Lord--</hi>They were not to preside over all the services of the temple. The Levites were subject to the priests, and they were superior to the Nethinim and other servants, who were not of the race of Levi. But they had certain departments of duty assigned, some of which are here specified.

4. twenty and four thousand were to set forward the work of the house of the Lord-- They were not to preside over all the services of the temple. The Levites were subject to the priests, and they were superior to the Nethinim and other servants, who were not of the race of Levi. But they had certain departments of duty assigned, some of which are here specified.


<hi type="bold">5. praised the Lord with the instruments which I made--</hi>David seems to have been an inventor of many of the musical instruments used in the temple (<reference osisRef="Amos.6.5">Am 6:5</reference>).

5. praised the Lord with the instruments which I made-- David seems to have been an inventor of many of the musical instruments used in the temple (Am 6:5).


<hi type="bold">6. David divided them into courses among the sons of Levi--</hi>These are enumerated according to their fathers' houses, but no more of these are mentioned here than the twenty-four thousand who were engaged in the work connected with the Lord's house. The fathers' houses of those Levites corresponded with the classes into which they [Josephus, Antiquities] as well as the priests were divided (see on <reference osisRef="1Chr.24.20-1Chr.24.31">1Ch 24:20-31</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Chr.26.20-1Chr.26.28">1Ch 26:20-28</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.23.7-1Chr.23.11">1Ch 23:7-11</reference>. Sons of Gershon.

6. David divided them into courses among the sons of Levi-- These are enumerated according to their fathers' houses, but no more of these are mentioned here than the twenty-four thousand who were engaged in the work connected with the Lord's house. The fathers' houses of those Levites corresponded with the classes into which they [Josephus, Antiquities] as well as the priests were divided (see on 1Ch 24:20-31; 1Ch 26:20-28). 1Ch 23:7-11. Sons of Gershon.


<hi type="bold">7-11. the Gershonites--</hi>They had nine fathers' houses, six descended from Laadan, and three from Shimei.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.23.12-1Chr.23.20">1Ch 23:12-20</reference>. Of Kohath.

7-11. the Gershonites-- They had nine fathers' houses, six descended from Laadan, and three from Shimei. 1Ch 23:12-20. Of Kohath.


<hi type="bold">12. The sons of Kohath--</hi>He was the founder of nine Levitical fathers' houses.

12. The sons of Kohath-- He was the founder of nine Levitical fathers' houses.


<hi type="bold">13. Aaron was separated--</hi>as high priest (see on <reference osisRef="1Chr.25.1-1Chr.25.19">1Ch 25:1-19</reference>).

13. Aaron was separated-- as high priest (see on 1Ch 25:1-19).


<hi type="bold">14. concerning Moses--</hi>His sons were ranked with the Levites generally, but not introduced into the distinctive portion of the descendants of Levi, who were appointed to the special functions of the priesthood.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.23.21-1Chr.23.23">1Ch 23:21-23</reference>. Of Merari.

14. concerning Moses-- His sons were ranked with the Levites generally, but not introduced into the distinctive portion of the descendants of Levi, who were appointed to the special functions of the priesthood. 1Ch 23:21-23. Of Merari.


<hi type="bold">21-23. The sons of Merari--</hi>They comprised six fathers' houses. Summing them together, Gershon founded nine fathers houses, Kohath nine, and Merari six: total, twenty-four.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.23.24-1Chr.23.32">1Ch 23:24-32</reference>. Office of the Levites.

21-23. The sons of Merari-- They comprised six fathers' houses. Summing them together, Gershon founded nine fathers houses, Kohath nine, and Merari six: total, twenty-four. 1Ch 23:24-32. Office of the Levites.


<hi type="bold">24-27. These were the sons of Levi ... that did the work ... from the age of twenty years and upward--</hi>The enumeration of the Levites was made by David (<reference osisRef="1Chr.23.3">1Ch 23:3</reference>) on the same rule as that followed by Moses (<reference osisRef="Num.4.3">Nu 4:3</reference>), namely, from thirty years. But he saw afterwards that this rule might be beneficially relaxed, and that the enrolment of Levites for their proper duties might be made from twenty years of age. The ark and tabernacle being now stationary at Jerusalem, the labor of the Levites was greatly diminished, as they were no longer obliged to transport its heavy furniture from place to place. The number of thirty-eight thousand Levites, exclusive of priests, was doubtless more than sufficient for the ordinary service of the tabernacle. But this pious king thought that it would contribute to the glory of the Lord to employ as many officers in his divine service as possible. These first rules, however, which David instituted, were temporary, as very different arrangements were made after the ark had been deposited in the tabernacle of Zion. <chapter eID="1Chr.23"/>

24-27. These were the sons of Levi... that did the work... from the age of twenty years and upward-- The enumeration of the Levites was made by David (1Ch 23:3) on the same rule as that followed by Moses (Nu 4:3), namely, from thirty years. But he saw afterwards that this rule might be beneficially relaxed, and that the enrolment of Levites for their proper duties might be made from twenty years of age. The ark and tabernacle being now stationary at Jerusalem, the labor of the Levites was greatly diminished, as they were no longer obliged to transport its heavy furniture from place to place. The number of thirty-eight thousand Levites, exclusive of priests, was doubtless more than sufficient for the ordinary service of the tabernacle. But this pious king thought that it would contribute to the glory of the Lord to employ as many officers in his divine service as possible. These first rules, however, which David instituted, were temporary, as very different arrangements were made after the ark had been deposited in the tabernacle of Zion.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 24</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.24.1-1Chr.24.19">1Ch 24:1-19</reference>. Division of the Sons of Aaron into Four and Twenty Orders.

<hi type="bold">1. Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="1Chr.23.6">1Ch 23:6</reference>).

CHAPTER 24 1Ch 24:1-19. Division of the Sons of Aaron into Four and Twenty Orders. 1. Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron-- (See on 1Ch 23:6).


<hi type="bold">2. Nadab and Abihu died before their father--</hi>that is, not in his presence, but during his lifetime (see <reference osisRef="Num.3.4">Nu 3:4</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.26.61">26:61</reference>).

<hi type="bold">therefore Eleazar and Ithamar executed the priest's office--</hi>In consequence of the death of his two oldest sons without issue, the descendants of Aaron were comprised in the families of Eleazar and Ithamar. Both of these sons discharged the priestly functions as assistants to their father. Eleazar succeeded him, and in his line the high priesthood continued until it was transferred to the family of Ithamar, in the person of Eli.

2. Nadab and Abihu died before their father-- that is, not in his presence, but during his lifetime (see Nu 3:4; 26:61). therefore Eleazar and Ithamar executed the priest's office-- In consequence of the death of his two oldest sons without issue, the descendants of Aaron were comprised in the families of Eleazar and Ithamar. Both of these sons discharged the priestly functions as assistants to their father. Eleazar succeeded him, and in his line the high priesthood continued until it was transferred to the family of Ithamar, in the person of Eli.


<hi type="bold">3. Zadok ... and Ahimelech of the sons of Ithamar--</hi>This statement, taken in connection with <reference osisRef="1Chr.24.6">1Ch 24:6</reference>, is not a little perplexing, since (<reference osisRef="2Sam.15.24">2Sa 15:24</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Sam.15.35">35</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Sam.20.25">20:25</reference>) Abiathar is mentioned as the person conjoined in David's time with Zadok, in the collegiate exercise of the high priesthood. Some think that the words have been transposed, reading Abiathar, the son of Ahimelech. But there is no ground for regarding the text as faulty. The high priests of the line of Ithamar were the following: Ahiah or Ahimelech, his son Abiathar, his son Ahimelech. We frequently find the grandfather and grandson called by the same name (see list of high priests of the line of Eleazar, <reference osisRef="1Chr.6.30-1Chr.6.41">1Ch 6:30-41</reference>). Hence the author of the Chronicles was acquainted with Ahimelech, son of Abiathar, who, for some reason, discharged the duties of high priest in David's reign, and during the lifetime of his father (for Abiathar was living in the time of Solomon, <reference osisRef="1Kgs.2.27">1Ki 2:27</reference>) [Keil].

3. Zadok... and Ahimelech of the sons of Ithamar-- This statement, taken in connection with 1Ch 24:6, is not a little perplexing, since (2Sa 15:24, 35; 20:25) Abiathar is mentioned as the person conjoined in David's time with Zadok, in the collegiate exercise of the high priesthood. Some think that the words have been transposed, reading Abiathar, the son of Ahimelech. But there is no ground for regarding the text as faulty. The high priests of the line of Ithamar were the following: Ahiah or Ahimelech, his son Abiathar, his son Ahimelech. We frequently find the grandfather and grandson called by the same name (see list of high priests of the line of Eleazar, 1Ch 6:30-41). Hence the author of the Chronicles was acquainted with Ahimelech, son of Abiathar, who, for some reason, discharged the duties of high priest in David's reign, and during the lifetime of his father (for Abiathar was living in the time of Solomon, 1Ki 2:27) [Keil].


<hi type="bold">4. there were more chief men found--</hi>The Hebrew may be translated, "There were more men as to heads of the sons of Eleazar." It is true, in point of fact, that by the census the number of individuals belonging to the family of Eleazar was found greater than in that of Ithamar. And this, of necessity, led to there being more fathers' houses, and consequently more chiefs or presidents in the former.

4. there were more chief men found-- The Hebrew may be translated, "There were more men as to heads of the sons of Eleazar." It is true, in point of fact, that by the census the number of individuals belonging to the family of Eleazar was found greater than in that of Ithamar. And this, of necessity, led to there being more fathers' houses, and consequently more chiefs or presidents in the former.


<hi type="bold">5. Thus were they divided by lot--</hi>This method of allocation was adopted manifestly to remove all cause of jealousy as to precedence and the right of performing particular duties.

5. Thus were they divided by lot-- This method of allocation was adopted manifestly to remove all cause of jealousy as to precedence and the right of performing particular duties.


<hi type="bold">6. one principal household--</hi>The marginal reading is preferable, "one house of the father." The lot was cast in a deliberate and solemn manner in presence of the king, the princes, the two high priests, and the chiefs of the priestly and Levitical families. The heads of families belonging to Eleazar and Ithamar were alternately brought forward to draw, and the name of each individual, as called, registered by an attendant secretary. To accommodate the casting of the lots to the inequality of the number, there being sixteen fathers' houses of Eleazar, and only eight of Ithamar, it was arranged that every house of Ithamar should be followed by two of Eleazar, or, what is the same thing, that every two houses of Eleazar should be followed by one of Ithamar. If, then, we suppose a commencement to have been made by Eleazar, the order would be as follows: one and two, Eleazar; three, Ithamar; four and five, Eleazar; six, Ithamar; seven and eight, Eleazar; nine, Ithamar; and so forth [Bertheau]. The lot determined also the order of the priests' service. That of the Levites was afterwards distributed by the same arrangement (<reference osisRef="1Chr.24.31">1Ch 24:31</reference>). <chapter eID="1Chr.24"/>

6. one principal household-- The marginal reading is preferable, "one house of the father." The lot was cast in a deliberate and solemn manner in presence of the king, the princes, the two high priests, and the chiefs of the priestly and Levitical families. The heads of families belonging to Eleazar and Ithamar were alternately brought forward to draw, and the name of each individual, as called, registered by an attendant secretary. To accommodate the casting of the lots to the inequality of the number, there being sixteen fathers' houses of Eleazar, and only eight of Ithamar, it was arranged that every house of Ithamar should be followed by two of Eleazar, or, what is the same thing, that every two houses of Eleazar should be followed by one of Ithamar. If, then, we suppose a commencement to have been made by Eleazar, the order would be as follows: one and two, Eleazar; three, Ithamar; four and five, Eleazar; six, Ithamar; seven and eight, Eleazar; nine, Ithamar; and so forth [Bertheau]. The lot determined also the order of the priests' service. That of the Levites was afterwards distributed by the same arrangement (1Ch 24:31).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 25</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.25.1-1Chr.25.7">1Ch 25:1-7</reference>. Number and Office of the Singers.

<hi type="bold">1. David and the captains of the host--</hi>that is, the princes (<reference osisRef="1Chr.23.2">1Ch 23:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Chr.24.6">24:6</reference>). It is probable that the king was attended on the occasion of arranging the singers by the same parties that are mentioned as having assisted him in regulating the order of the priests and Levites.

CHAPTER 25 1Ch 25:1-7. Number and Office of the Singers. 1. David and the captains of the host-- that is, the princes (1Ch 23:2; 24:6). It is probable that the king was attended on the occasion of arranging the singers by the same parties that are mentioned as having assisted him in regulating the order of the priests and Levites.


<hi type="bold">2. according to the order of the king--</hi>Hebrew, "by the hands of the king," that is, "according to the king's order," under the personal superintendence of Asaph and his colleagues.

<hi type="bold">which prophesied--</hi>that is, in this connection, played with instruments. This metaphorical application of the term "prophecy" most probably originated in the practice of the prophets, who endeavored to rouse their prophetic spirit by the animating influence of music (see on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.3.15">2Ki 3:15</reference>). It is said that Asaph did this "according to David's order," because by royal appointment he officiated in the tabernacle on Zion (<reference osisRef="1Chr.16.37-1Chr.16.41">1Ch 16:37-41</reference>), while other leaders of the sacred music were stationed at Gibeon.

2. according to the order of the king-- Hebrew, "by the hands of the king," that is, "according to the king's order," under the personal superintendence of Asaph and his colleagues. which prophesied-- that is, in this connection, played with instruments. This metaphorical application of the term "prophecy" most probably originated in the practice of the prophets, who endeavored to rouse their prophetic spirit by the animating influence of music (see on 2Ki 3:15). It is said that Asaph did this "according to David's order," because by royal appointment he officiated in the tabernacle on Zion (1Ch 16:37-41), while other leaders of the sacred music were stationed at Gibeon.


<hi type="bold">5. Heman the king's seer--</hi>The title of "seer" or "prophet of David" is also given to Gad (<reference osisRef="1Chr.21.9">1Ch 21:9</reference>), and to Jeduthun (<reference osisRef="2Chr.29.14">2Ch 29:14</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Chr.29.15">15</reference>), in the words (Margin, "matters") of God.

<hi type="bold">to lift up the horn--</hi>that is, to blow loudly in the worship of God; or perhaps it means nothing more than that he presided over the wind instruments, as Jeduthun over the harp. Heman had been appointed at first to serve at Gibeon (<reference osisRef="1Chr.16.41">1Ch 16:41</reference>). But his destination seems to have been changed at a subsequent period.

<hi type="bold">God gave to Heman fourteen sons and three daughters--</hi>The daughters are mentioned, solely because from their musical taste and talents they formed part of the choir (<reference osisRef="Ps.68.25">Psa 68:25</reference>).

5. Heman the king's seer-- The title of "seer" or "prophet of David" is also given to Gad (1Ch 21:9), and to Jeduthun (2Ch 29:14, 15), in the words (Margin, "matters") of God. to lift up the horn-- that is, to blow loudly in the worship of God; or perhaps it means nothing more than that he presided over the wind instruments, as Jeduthun over the harp. Heman had been appointed at first to serve at Gibeon (1Ch 16:41). But his destination seems to have been changed at a subsequent period. God gave to Heman fourteen sons and three daughters-- The daughters are mentioned, solely because from their musical taste and talents they formed part of the choir (Psa 68:25).


<hi type="bold">6-7. All these were under the hands of their father--</hi>Asaph had four sons, Jeduthun six, and Heman fourteen, equal to twenty-four; making the musicians with their brethren the singers, an amount of two hundred eighty-eight. For, like the priests and Levites, they were divided into twenty-four courses of twelve men each, equal to two hundred eighty-eight, who served a week in rotation; and these, half of whom officiated every week with a proportionate number of assistants, were skilful and experienced musicians, capable of leading and instructing the general musical corps, which comprised no less than four thousand (<reference osisRef="1Chr.23.5">1Ch 23:5</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.25.8-1Chr.25.31">1Ch 25:8-31</reference>. Their Division by Lot into Four and Twenty Orders.

6-7. All these were under the hands of their father-- Asaph had four sons, Jeduthun six, and Heman fourteen, equal to twenty-four; making the musicians with their brethren the singers, an amount of two hundred eighty-eight. For, like the priests and Levites, they were divided into twenty-four courses of twelve men each, equal to two hundred eighty-eight, who served a week in rotation; and these, half of whom officiated every week with a proportionate number of assistants, were skilful and experienced musicians, capable of leading and instructing the general musical corps, which comprised no less than four thousand (1Ch 23:5). 1Ch 25:8-31. Their Division by Lot into Four and Twenty Orders.


<hi type="bold">8. they cast lots, ward against ward--</hi>"Ward" is an old English word for "division" or "company." The lot was cast to determine the precedence of the classes or divisions over which the musical leaders presided; and, in order to secure an impartial arrangement of their order, the master and his assistants, the teacher and his scholars, in each class or company took part in this solemn casting of lots. In the first catalogue given in this chapter the courses are classed according to their employment as musicians. In the second, they are arranged in the order of their service. <chapter eID="1Chr.25"/>

8. they cast lots, ward against ward-- "Ward" is an old English word for "division" or "company." The lot was cast to determine the precedence of the classes or divisions over which the musical leaders presided; and, in order to secure an impartial arrangement of their order, the master and his assistants, the teacher and his scholars, in each class or company took part in this solemn casting of lots. In the first catalogue given in this chapter the courses are classed according to their employment as musicians. In the second, they are arranged in the order of their service.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 26</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.26.1-1Chr.26.12">1Ch 26:1-12</reference>. Divisions of the Porters.

<hi type="bold">1-2. Concerning the divisions of the porters--</hi>There were four thousand (<reference osisRef="1Chr.23.6">1Ch 23:6</reference>), all taken from the families of the Kohathites and Merarites (<reference osisRef="1Chr.26.14">1Ch 26:14</reference>), divided into twenty-four courses--as the priests and musicians.

<hi type="bold">Meshelemiah the son of Kore, of the sons of Asaph--</hi>Seven sons of Meshelemiah are mentioned (<reference osisRef="1Chr.26.2">1Ch 26:2</reference>), whereas eighteen are given (<reference osisRef="1Chr.26.9">1Ch 26:9</reference>), but in this latter number his relatives are included.

CHAPTER 26 1Ch 26:1-12. Divisions of the Porters. 1-2. Concerning the divisions of the porters-- There were four thousand (1Ch 23:6), all taken from the families of the Kohathites and Merarites (1Ch 26:14), divided into twenty-four courses--as the priests and musicians. Meshelemiah the son of Kore, of the sons of Asaph-- Seven sons of Meshelemiah are mentioned (1Ch 26:2), whereas eighteen are given (1Ch 26:9), but in this latter number his relatives are included.


<hi type="bold">5. God blessed him--</hi>that is, Obed-edom. The occasion of the blessing was his faithful custody of the ark (<reference osisRef="2Sam.6.11">2Sa 6:11</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Sam.6.12">12</reference>). The nature of the blessing (<reference osisRef="Ps.127.5">Psa 127:5</reference>) consisted in the great increase of progeny by which his house was distinguished; seventy-two descendants are reckoned.

5. God blessed him-- that is, Obed-edom. The occasion of the blessing was his faithful custody of the ark (2Sa 6:11, 12). The nature of the blessing (Psa 127:5) consisted in the great increase of progeny by which his house was distinguished; seventy-two descendants are reckoned.


<hi type="bold">6. mighty men of valour--</hi>The circumstance of physical strength is prominently noticed in this chapter, as the office of the porters required them not only to act as sentinels of the sacred edifice and its precious furniture against attacks of plunderers or popular insurrection--to be, in fact, a military guard--but, after the temple was built, to open and shut the gates, which were extraordinarily large and ponderous.

6. mighty men of valour-- The circumstance of physical strength is prominently noticed in this chapter, as the office of the porters required them not only to act as sentinels of the sacred edifice and its precious furniture against attacks of plunderers or popular insurrection--to be, in fact, a military guard--but, after the temple was built, to open and shut the gates, which were extraordinarily large and ponderous.


<hi type="bold">10. Simri the chief ... though ... not the first-born--</hi>probably because the family entitled to the right of primogeniture had died out, or because there were none of the existing families which could claim that right.

10. Simri the chief... though... not the first-born-- probably because the family entitled to the right of primogeniture had died out, or because there were none of the existing families which could claim that right.


<hi type="bold">12. Among these were the divisions of the porters, even among the chief men--</hi>These were charged with the duty of superintending the watches, being heads of the twenty-four courses of porters.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.26.13-1Chr.26.19">1Ch 26:13-19</reference>. The Gates Assigned by Lot.

12. Among these were the divisions of the porters, even among the chief men-- These were charged with the duty of superintending the watches, being heads of the twenty-four courses of porters. 1Ch 26:13-19. The Gates Assigned by Lot.


<hi type="bold">13. they cast lots--</hi>Their departments of duty, such as the gates they should attend to, were allotted in the same manner as those of the other Levitical bodies, and the names of the chiefs or captains are given, with the respective gates assigned them.

13. they cast lots-- Their departments of duty, such as the gates they should attend to, were allotted in the same manner as those of the other Levitical bodies, and the names of the chiefs or captains are given, with the respective gates assigned them.


<hi type="bold">15. the house of Asuppim--</hi>or, "collections," probably a storehouse, where were kept the grain, wine, and other offerings for the sustenance of the priests.

15. the house of Asuppim-- or, "collections," probably a storehouse, where were kept the grain, wine, and other offerings for the sustenance of the priests.


<hi type="bold">16. the gate Shallecheth--</hi>probably the rubbish gate, through which all the accumulated filth and sweepings of the temple and its courts were poured out.

<hi type="bold">by the causeway of the going up--</hi>probably the ascending road which was cast up or raised from the deep valley between Mount Zion and Moriah, for the royal egress to the place of worship (<reference osisRef="2Chr.9.4">2Ch 9:4</reference>).

<hi type="bold">ward against ward--</hi>Some refer these words to Shuppim and Hosah, whose duty it was to watch both the western gate and the gate Shallecheth, which was opposite, while others take it as a general statement applicable to all the guards, and intended to intimate that they were posted at regular distances from each other, or that they all mounted and relieved guard at the same time in uniform order.

16. the gate Shallecheth-- probably the rubbish gate, through which all the accumulated filth and sweepings of the temple and its courts were poured out. by the causeway of the going up-- probably the ascending road which was cast up or raised from the deep valley between Mount Zion and Moriah, for the royal egress to the place of worship (2Ch 9:4). ward against ward-- Some refer these words to Shuppim and Hosah, whose duty it was to watch both the western gate and the gate Shallecheth, which was opposite, while others take it as a general statement applicable to all the guards, and intended to intimate that they were posted at regular distances from each other, or that they all mounted and relieved guard at the same time in uniform order.


<hi type="bold">17-19. Eastward were six Levites--</hi>because the gate there was the most frequented. There were four at the north gate; four at the south, at the storehouse which was adjoining the south, and which had two entrance gates, one leading in a southwesterly direction to the city, and the other direct west, two porters each. At the Parbar towards the west, there were six men posted--four at the causeway or ascent (<reference osisRef="1Chr.26.16">1Ch 26:16</reference>), and two at Parbar, amounting to twenty-four in all, who were kept daily on guard.

17-19. Eastward were six Levites-- because the gate there was the most frequented. There were four at the north gate; four at the south, at the storehouse which was adjoining the south, and which had two entrance gates, one leading in a southwesterly direction to the city, and the other direct west, two porters each. At the Parbar towards the west, there were six men posted--four at the causeway or ascent (1Ch 26:16), and two at Parbar, amounting to twenty-four in all, who were kept daily on guard.


<hi type="bold">20. of the Levites, Ahijah--</hi>The heading of this section is altogether strange as it stands, for it looks as if the sacred historian were going to commence a new subject different from the preceding. Besides, "Ahijah, whose name occurs after" the Levites, is not mentioned in the previous lists. It is totally unknown and is introduced abruptly without further information; and lastly, Ahijah must have united in his own person those very offices of which the occupants are named in the verses that follow. The reading is incorrect. The Septuagint has this very suitable heading, "And their Levitical brethren over the treasures," &c. [Bertheau]. The names of those who had charge of the treasure chambers at their respective wards are given, with a general description of the precious things committed to their trust. Those treasures were immense, consisting of the accumulated spoils of Israelitish victories, as well as of voluntary contributions made by David and the representatives of the people.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.26.29-1Chr.26.32">1Ch 26:29-32</reference>. Officers and Judges.

20. of the Levites, Ahijah-- The heading of this section is altogether strange as it stands, for it looks as if the sacred historian were going to commence a new subject different from the preceding. Besides, "Ahijah, whose name occurs after" the Levites, is not mentioned in the previous lists. It is totally unknown and is introduced abruptly without further information; and lastly, Ahijah must have united in his own person those very offices of which the occupants are named in the verses that follow. The reading is incorrect. The Septuagint has this very suitable heading, "And their Levitical brethren over the treasures," &c. [Bertheau]. The names of those who had charge of the treasure chambers at their respective wards are given, with a general description of the precious things committed to their trust. Those treasures were immense, consisting of the accumulated spoils of Israelitish victories, as well as of voluntary contributions made by David and the representatives of the people. 1Ch 26:29-32. Officers and Judges.


<hi type="bold">29. officers and judges--</hi>The word rendered "officers" is the term which signifies scribes or secretaries, so that the Levitical class here described were magistrates, who, attended by their clerks, exercised judicial functions; there were six thousand of them (<reference osisRef="1Chr.23.4">1Ch 23:4</reference>), who probably acted like their brethren on the principle of rotation, and these were divided into three classes--one (<reference osisRef="1Chr.26.29">1Ch 26:29</reference>) for the outward business over Israel; one (<reference osisRef="1Chr.26.30">1Ch 26:30</reference>), consisting of seventeen hundred, for the west of Jordan "in all business of the Lord, and in the service of the king"; and the third (<reference osisRef="1Chr.26.31">1Ch 26:31</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Chr.26.32">32</reference>), consisting of twenty-seven hundred, "rulers for every matter pertaining to God, and affairs of the king." <chapter eID="1Chr.26"/>

29. officers and judges-- The word rendered "officers" is the term which signifies scribes or secretaries, so that the Levitical class here described were magistrates, who, attended by their clerks, exercised judicial functions; there were six thousand of them (1Ch 23:4), who probably acted like their brethren on the principle of rotation, and these were divided into three classes--one (1Ch 26:29) for the outward business over Israel; one (1Ch 26:30), consisting of seventeen hundred, for the west of Jordan "in all business of the Lord, and in the service of the king"; and the third (1Ch 26:31, 32), consisting of twenty-seven hundred, "rulers for every matter pertaining to God, and affairs of the king."


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 27</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.27.1-1Chr.27.15">1Ch 27:1-15</reference>. Twelve Captains for Every Month.

<hi type="bold">1. came in and went out month by month--</hi>Here is an account of the standing military force of Israel. A militia formed, it would seem, at the beginning of David's reign (see <reference osisRef="1Chr.27.7">1Ch 27:7</reference>) was raised in the following order: Twelve legions, corresponding to the number of tribes, were enlisted in the king's service. Each legion comprised a body of twenty-four thousand men, whose term of service was a month in rotation, and who were stationed either at Jerusalem or in any other place where they might be required. There was thus always a force sufficient for the ordinary purposes of state, as well as for resisting sudden attacks or popular tumults; and when extraordinary emergencies demanded a larger force, the whole standing army could easily be called to arms, amounting to two hundred eighty-eight thousand, or to three hundred thousand, including the twelve thousand officers that naturally attended on the twelve princes (<reference osisRef="1Chr.27.16-1Chr.27.24">1Ch 27:16-24</reference>). Such a military establishment would be burdensome neither to the country nor to the royal treasury; for attendance on this duty being a mark of honor and distinction, the expense of maintenance would be borne probably by the militiaman himself, or furnished out of the common fund of his tribe. Nor would the brief period of actual service produce any derangement of the usual course of affairs; for, on the expiry of the term, every soldier returned to the pursuits and duties of private life during the other eleven months of the year. Whether the same individuals were always enrolled, cannot be determined. The probability is, that provided the requisite number was furnished, no stricter scrutiny would be made. A change of men might, to a certain degree, be encouraged, as it was a part of David's policy to train all his subjects to skill in arms; and to have made the enlistment fall always on the same individuals would have defeated that purpose. To have confined each month's levy rigidly within the limits of one tribe might have fallen hard upon those tribes which were weak and small. The rotation system being established, each division knew its own month, as well as the name of the commander under whom it was to serve. These commanders are styled, "the chief fathers," that is, the hereditary heads of tribes who, like chieftains of clans, possessed great power and influence.

<hi type="bold">captains of thousands and hundreds--</hi>The legions of twenty-four thousand were divided into regiments of one thousand, and these again into companies of a hundred men, under the direction of their respective subalterns, there being, of course, twenty-four captains of thousands, and two hundred forty centurions.

<hi type="bold">and their officers--</hi>the Shoterim, who in the army performed the duty of the commissariat, keeping the muster-roll, &c.

CHAPTER 27 1Ch 27:1-15. Twelve Captains for Every Month. 1. came in and went out month by month-- Here is an account of the standing military force of Israel. A militia formed, it would seem, at the beginning of David's reign (see 1Ch 27:7) was raised in the following order: Twelve legions, corresponding to the number of tribes, were enlisted in the king's service. Each legion comprised a body of twenty-four thousand men, whose term of service was a month in rotation, and who were stationed either at Jerusalem or in any other place where they might be required. There was thus always a force sufficient for the ordinary purposes of state, as well as for resisting sudden attacks or popular tumults; and when extraordinary emergencies demanded a larger force, the whole standing army could easily be called to arms, amounting to two hundred eighty-eight thousand, or to three hundred thousand, including the twelve thousand officers that naturally attended on the twelve princes (1Ch 27:16-24). Such a military establishment would be burdensome neither to the country nor to the royal treasury; for attendance on this duty being a mark of honor and distinction, the expense of maintenance would be borne probably by the militiaman himself, or furnished out of the common fund of his tribe. Nor would the brief period of actual service produce any derangement of the usual course of affairs; for, on the expiry of the term, every soldier returned to the pursuits and duties of private life during the other eleven months of the year. Whether the same individuals were always enrolled, cannot be determined. The probability is, that provided the requisite number was furnished, no stricter scrutiny would be made. A change of men might, to a certain degree, be encouraged, as it was a part of David's policy to train all his subjects to skill in arms; and to have made the enlistment fall always on the same individuals would have defeated that purpose. To have confined each month's levy rigidly within the limits of one tribe might have fallen hard upon those tribes which were weak and small. The rotation system being established, each division knew its own month, as well as the name of the commander under whom it was to serve. These commanders are styled, "the chief fathers," that is, the hereditary heads of tribes who, like chieftains of clans, possessed great power and influence. captains of thousands and hundreds-- The legions of twenty-four thousand were divided into regiments of one thousand, and these again into companies of a hundred men, under the direction of their respective subalterns, there being, of course, twenty-four captains of thousands, and two hundred forty centurions. and their officers-- the Shoterim, who in the army performed the duty of the commissariat, keeping the muster-roll, &c.


<hi type="bold">2-3. Jashobeam the son of Zabdiel--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="1Chr.11.11">1Ch 11:11</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Sam.23.8">2Sa 23:8</reference>). Hachmoni was his father, Zabdiel probably one of his ancestors; or there might be different names of the same individual. In the rotation of the military courses, the dignity of precedence, not of authority, was given to the hero.

2-3. Jashobeam the son of Zabdiel-- (See on 1Ch 11:11; 2Sa 23:8). Hachmoni was his father, Zabdiel probably one of his ancestors; or there might be different names of the same individual. In the rotation of the military courses, the dignity of precedence, not of authority, was given to the hero.


<hi type="bold">4. second month was Dodai--</hi>or, "Dodo." Here the text seems to require the supplement of "Eleazar the son of Dodo" (<reference osisRef="2Sam.23.9">2Sa 23:9</reference>).

4. second month was Dodai-- or, "Dodo." Here the text seems to require the supplement of "Eleazar the son of Dodo" (2Sa 23:9).


<hi type="bold">7. Asahel--</hi>This officer having been slain at the very beginning of David's reign [2Sa 2:23], his name was probably given to this division in honor of his memory, and his son was invested with the command.

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.27.16-1Chr.27.24">1Ch 27:16-24</reference>. Princes of the Twelve Tribes.

7. Asahel-- This officer having been slain at the very beginning of David's reign [2Sa 2:23], his name was probably given to this division in honor of his memory, and his son was invested with the command. 1Ch 27:16-24. Princes of the Twelve Tribes.


<hi type="bold">16. over the tribes of Israel: the ruler--</hi>This is a list of the hereditary chiefs or rulers of tribes at the time of David's numbering the people. Gad and Asher are not included; for what reason is unknown. The tribe of Levi had a prince (<reference osisRef="1Chr.27.17">1Ch 27:17</reference>), as well as the other tribes; and although it was ecclesiastically subject to the high priest, yet in all civil matters it had a chief or head, possessed of the same authority and power as in the other tribes, only his jurisdiction did not extend to the priests.

16. over the tribes of Israel: the ruler-- This is a list of the hereditary chiefs or rulers of tribes at the time of David's numbering the people. Gad and Asher are not included; for what reason is unknown. The tribe of Levi had a prince (1Ch 27:17), as well as the other tribes; and although it was ecclesiastically subject to the high priest, yet in all civil matters it had a chief or head, possessed of the same authority and power as in the other tribes, only his jurisdiction did not extend to the priests.


<hi type="bold">18. Elihu--</hi>probably the same as Eliab (<reference osisRef="1Sam.16.6">1Sa 16:6</reference>).

18. Elihu-- probably the same as Eliab (1Sa 16:6).


<hi type="bold">23. But David took not the number of them from twenty years old and under--</hi>The census which David ordered did not extend to all the Israelites; for to contemplate such an enumeration would have been to attempt an impossibility (<reference osisRef="Gen.28.14">Ge 28:14</reference>), and besides would have been a daring offense to God. The limitation to a certain age was what had probably quieted David's conscience as to the lawfulness of the measure, while its expediency was strongly pressed upon his mind by the army arrangements he had in view.

23. But David took not the number of them from twenty years old and under-- The census which David ordered did not extend to all the Israelites; for to contemplate such an enumeration would have been to attempt an impossibility (Ge 28:14), and besides would have been a daring offense to God. The limitation to a certain age was what had probably quieted David's conscience as to the lawfulness of the measure, while its expediency was strongly pressed upon his mind by the army arrangements he had in view.


<hi type="bold">24. neither was the number put in the account of the chronicles of King David--</hi>either because the undertaking was not completed, Levi and Benjamin not having been numbered (<reference osisRef="1Chr.21.6">1Ch 21:6</reference>), or the full details in the hands of the enumerating officers were not reported to David, and, consequently, not registered in the public archives.

<hi type="bold">the chronicles--</hi>were the daily records or annals of the king's reign. No notice was taken of this census in the historical register, as from the public calamity with which it was associated it would have stood as a painful record of the divine judgment against the king and the nation.

24. neither was the number put in the account of the chronicles of King David-- either because the undertaking was not completed, Levi and Benjamin not having been numbered (1Ch 21:6), or the full details in the hands of the enumerating officers were not reported to David, and, consequently, not registered in the public archives. the chronicles-- were the daily records or annals of the king's reign. No notice was taken of this census in the historical register, as from the public calamity with which it was associated it would have stood as a painful record of the divine judgment against the king and the nation.


<hi type="bold">25. over the king's treasures--</hi>Those treasures consisted of gold, silver, precious stones, cedar-wood, &c.; those which he had in Jerusalem as distinguished from others without the city.

<hi type="bold">the storehouses in the fields--</hi>Grain covered over with layers of straw is frequently preserved in the fields under little earthen mounds, like our potato pits.

25. over the king's treasures-- Those treasures consisted of gold, silver, precious stones, cedar-wood, &c.; those which he had in Jerusalem as distinguished from others without the city. the storehouses in the fields-- Grain covered over with layers of straw is frequently preserved in the fields under little earthen mounds, like our potato pits.


<hi type="bold">27. the vineyards--</hi>These seem to have been in the vine growing districts of Judah, and were committed to two men of that quarter.

<hi type="bold">wine-cellars--</hi>The wine is deposited in jars sunk in the court of the house.

27. the vineyards-- These seem to have been in the vine growing districts of Judah, and were committed to two men of that quarter. wine-cellars-- The wine is deposited in jars sunk in the court of the house.


<hi type="bold">28. olive trees and the sycamore trees ... in the low plains--</hi>that is, the Shephela, the rich, low-lying ground between the Mediterranean and the mountains of Judah.

28. olive trees and the sycamore trees... in the low plains-- that is, the Shephela, the rich, low-lying ground between the Mediterranean and the mountains of Judah.


<hi type="bold">29. herds that fed in Sharon--</hi>a fertile plain between Cæsarea and Joppa.

29. herds that fed in Sharon-- a fertile plain between Cæsarea and Joppa.


<hi type="bold">30. camels--</hi>These were probably in the countries east of the Jordan, and hence an Ishmaelite and Nazarite were appointed to take charge of them.

30. camels-- These were probably in the countries east of the Jordan, and hence an Ishmaelite and Nazarite were appointed to take charge of them.


<hi type="bold">31. rulers of the substance that was king David's--</hi>How and when the king acquired these demesnes and this variety of property--whether it was partly by conquests, or partly by confiscation, or by his own active cultivation of waste lands--is not said. It was probably in all these ways. The management of the king's private possessions was divided into twelve parts, like his public affairs and the revenue derived from all these sources mentioned must have been very large. <chapter eID="1Chr.27"/>

31. rulers of the substance that was king David's-- How and when the king acquired these demesnes and this variety of property--whether it was partly by conquests, or partly by confiscation, or by his own active cultivation of waste lands--is not said. It was probably in all these ways. The management of the king's private possessions was divided into twelve parts, like his public affairs and the revenue derived from all these sources mentioned must have been very large.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 28</title>
 <reference osisRef="1Chr.28.1-1Chr.28.8">1Ch 28:1-8</reference>. David Exhorts the People to Fear God.

<hi type="bold">1. David assembled all the princes of Israel--</hi>that is, the representatives of the people, the leading men of the kingdom, who are enumerated in this verse according to their respective rank or degree of authority.

<hi type="bold">princes of the tribes--</hi>(<reference osisRef="1Chr.27.16-1Chr.27.22">1Ch 27:16-22</reference>). Those patriarchal chiefs are mentioned first as being the highest in rank--a sort of hereditary noblesse.

<hi type="bold">the captains of the companies--</hi>the twelve generals mentioned (<reference osisRef="1Chr.27.1-1Chr.27.15">1Ch 27:1-15</reference>).

<hi type="bold">the stewards, &c.--</hi>(<reference osisRef="1Chr.27.25-1Chr.27.31">1Ch 27:25-31</reference>).

<hi type="bold">the officers--</hi>Hebrew, "eunuchs," or attendants on the court (<reference osisRef="1Sam.8.15">1Sa 8:15</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Kgs.22.9">1Ki 22:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.22.18">2Ki 22:18</reference>); and besides Joab, the commander-in-chief of the army, the heroes who had no particular office (<reference osisRef="1Chr.11.10-1Chr.12.40">1Ch 11:10-12:40</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Sam.23.8-2Sam.23.39">2Sa 23:8-39</reference>). This assembly, a very mixed and general one, as appears from the parties invited, was more numerous and entirely different from that mentioned (<reference osisRef="1Chr.23.2">1Ch 23:2</reference>).

CHAPTER 28 1Ch 28:1-8. David Exhorts the People to Fear God. 1. David assembled all the princes of Israel-- that is, the representatives of the people, the leading men of the kingdom, who are enumerated in this verse according to their respective rank or degree of authority. princes of the tribes-- (1Ch 27:16-22). Those patriarchal chiefs are mentioned first as being the highest in rank--a sort of hereditary noblesse. the captains of the companies-- the twelve generals mentioned (1Ch 27:1-15). the stewards, &c.-- (1Ch 27:25-31). the officers-- Hebrew, "eunuchs," or attendants on the court (1Sa 8:15; 1Ki 22:9; 2Ki 22:18); and besides Joab, the commander-in-chief of the army, the heroes who had no particular office (1Ch 11:10-12:40; 2Sa 23:8-39). This assembly, a very mixed and general one, as appears from the parties invited, was more numerous and entirely different from that mentioned (1Ch 23:2).


<hi type="bold">2. Hear me, my brethren, and my people--</hi>This was the style of address becoming a constitutional king of Israel (<reference osisRef="Deut.17.20">De 17:20</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Sam.30.23">1Sa 30:23</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Sam.5.1">2Sa 5:1</reference>).

<hi type="bold">I had in mine heart--</hi>I proposed, or designed.

<hi type="bold">to build an house of rest--</hi>a solid and permanent temple.

<hi type="bold">for the footstool of our God--</hi>God seated between the cherubim, at the two extremities of the ark, might be said to be enthroned in His glory, and the coverlet of the ark to be His footstool.

<hi type="bold">and had made ready for the building--</hi>The immense treasures which David had amassed and the elaborate preparations he had made, would have been amply sufficient for the erection of the temple of which he presented the model to Solomon.

2. Hear me, my brethren, and my people-- This was the style of address becoming a constitutional king of Israel (De 17:20; 1Sa 30:23; 2Sa 5:1). I had in mine heart-- I proposed, or designed. to build an house of rest-- a solid and permanent temple. for the footstool of our God-- God seated between the cherubim, at the two extremities of the ark, might be said to be enthroned in His glory, and the coverlet of the ark to be His footstool. and had made ready for the building-- The immense treasures which David had amassed and the elaborate preparations he had made, would have been amply sufficient for the erection of the temple of which he presented the model to Solomon.


<hi type="bold">3. thou hast been a man of war, and hast shed blood--</hi>The church or spiritual state of the world, of which the temple at Jerusalem was to be a type, would be presided over by One who was to be pre-eminently the Prince of Peace, and therefore would be represented not so fitly by David, whose mission had been a preparatory one of battle and conquest, as by his son, who should reign in unbroken peace.

3. thou hast been a man of war, and hast shed blood-- The church or spiritual state of the world, of which the temple at Jerusalem was to be a type, would be presided over by One who was to be pre-eminently the Prince of Peace, and therefore would be represented not so fitly by David, whose mission had been a preparatory one of battle and conquest, as by his son, who should reign in unbroken peace.


<hi type="bold">4-5. he hath chosen Solomon--</hi>The spirit of David's statement is this:--It was not my ambition, my valor, or my merit that led to the enthronement of myself and family; it was the grace of God which chose the tribe, the family, the person--myself in the first instance, and now Solomon, to whom, as the Lord's anointed, you are all bound to submit. Like that of Christ, of whom he was a type, the appointment of Solomon to the kingdom above all his brethren was frequently pre-intimated (<reference osisRef="1Chr.17.12">1Ch 17:12</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Chr.22.9">22:9</reference>; 2Sa 7:12-14; 12:<reference osisRef="2Sam.24.25">24, 25</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Kgs.1.13">1Ki 1:13</reference>).

4-5. he hath chosen Solomon-- The spirit of David's statement is this:--It was not my ambition, my valor, or my merit that led to the enthronement of myself and family; it was the grace of God which chose the tribe, the family, the person--myself in the first instance, and now Solomon, to whom, as the Lord's anointed, you are all bound to submit. Like that of Christ, of whom he was a type, the appointment of Solomon to the kingdom above all his brethren was frequently pre-intimated (1Ch 17:12; 22:9; 2Sa 7:12-14; 12:24, 25; 1Ki 1:13).


<hi type="bold">7. I will establish his kingdom for ever, if he be constant to do my commandments--</hi>The same condition is set before Solomon by God (<reference osisRef="1Kgs.3.14">1Ki 3:14</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Kgs.9.4">9:4</reference>).

7. I will establish his kingdom for ever, if he be constant to do my commandments-- The same condition is set before Solomon by God (1Ki 3:14; 9:4).


<hi type="bold">8. Now ... in the sight of all Israel, ... keep and seek for all the commandments of the Lord, &c.--</hi>This solemn and earnest exhortation to those present, and to all Israel through their representatives, to continue faithful in observing the divine law as essential to their national prosperity and permanence, is similar to that of Moses (<reference osisRef="Deut.30.15-Deut.30.20">De 30:15-20</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="1Chr.28.9-1Chr.28.20">1Ch 28:9-20</reference>. He Encourages Solomon to Build the Temple.

8. Now... in the sight of all Israel,... keep and seek for all the commandments of the Lord, &c.-- This solemn and earnest exhortation to those present, and to all Israel through their representatives, to continue faithful in observing the divine law as essential to their national prosperity and permanence, is similar to that of Moses (De 30:15-20). 1Ch 28:9-20. He Encourages Solomon to Build the Temple.


<hi type="bold">9-10. And thou, Solomon my son--</hi>The royal speaker now turns to Solomon, and in a most impressive manner presses upon him the importance of sincere and practical piety.

<hi type="bold">know thou--</hi>He did not mean head knowledge, for Solomon possessed that already, but that experimental acquaintance with God which is only to be obtained by loving and serving Him.

9-10. And thou, Solomon my son-- The royal speaker now turns to Solomon, and in a most impressive manner presses upon him the importance of sincere and practical piety. know thou-- He did not mean head knowledge, for Solomon possessed that already, but that experimental acquaintance with God which is only to be obtained by loving and serving Him.


<hi type="bold">11. Then David gave to Solomon ... the pattern--</hi>He now put into the hands of his son and successor the plan or model of the temple, with the elevations, measurements, apartments, and chief articles of furniture, all of which were designed according to the pattern given him by divine revelation (<reference osisRef="1Chr.28.19">1Ch 28:19</reference>).

11. Then David gave to Solomon... the pattern-- He now put into the hands of his son and successor the plan or model of the temple, with the elevations, measurements, apartments, and chief articles of furniture, all of which were designed according to the pattern given him by divine revelation (1Ch 28:19).


<hi type="bold">12. the pattern of all that he had by the spirit--</hi>rather, "with him in spirit"; that is, was floating in his mind.

12. the pattern of all that he had by the spirit-- rather, "with him in spirit"; that is, was floating in his mind.