13. Encouragement to cheer those persecuted under the beast.

<hi type="bold">Write--</hi>to put it on record for ever.

<hi type="bold">Blessed--</hi>in resting from their toils, and, in the case of the saints just before alluded to as persecuted by the beast, in resting from persecutions. Their full blessedness is now "from henceforth," that is, FROM THIS TIME, when the judgment on the beast and the harvest gatherings of the elect are imminent. The time so earnestly longed for by former martyrs is now all but come; the full number of their fellow servants is on the verge of completion; they have no longer to "rest (the same Greek as here, anapausis) yet for a little season," their eternal rest, or cessation from toils (<reference osisRef="2Thess.1.7">2Th 1:7</reference>; Greek, "anesis," relaxation after hardships. <reference osisRef="Heb.4.9">He 4:9</reference>, <reference osisRef="Heb.4.10">10</reference>, sabbatism of rest; and Greek, "catapausis," akin to the Greek here) is close at hand now. They are blessed in being about to sit down to the marriage supper of the Lamb (<reference osisRef="Rev.19.9">Re 19:9</reference>), and in having part in the first resurrection (<reference osisRef="Rev.20.6">Re 20:6</reference>), and in having right to the tree of life (<reference osisRef="Rev.22.14">Re 22:14</reference>). In <reference osisRef="Rev.14.14-Rev.14.16">Re 14:14-16</reference> follows the explanation of why they are pronounced "blessed" now in particular, namely, the Son of man on the cloud is just coming to gather them in as the harvest ripe for garner.

<hi type="bold">Yea, saith the Spirit--</hi>The words of God the Father (the "voice from heaven") are echoed back and confirmed by the Spirit (speaking in the Word, <reference osisRef="Rev.2.7">Re 2:7</reference>; 22:17; and in the saints, <reference osisRef="2Cor.5.5">2Co 5:5</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Pet.4.14">1Pe 4:14</reference>). All "God's promises in Christ are yea" (<reference osisRef="2Cor.1.20">2Co 1:20</reference>).

<hi type="bold">unto me--</hi>omitted in A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic.

<hi type="bold">that they may--</hi>The Greek includes also the idea, They are blessed, in that they SHALL rest from their toils (so the Greek).

<hi type="bold">and--</hi>So B and Andreas read. But A, C, Vulgate, and Syriac read "for." They rest from their toils because their time for toil is past; they enter on the blessed rest because of their faith evinced by their works which, therefore, "follow WITH (so the Greek) them." Their works are specified because respect is had to the coming judgment, wherein every man shall be "judged according to his works." His works do not go before the believer, nor even go by his side, but follow him at the same time that they go with him as a proof that he is Christ's.

13. Encouragement to cheer those persecuted under the beast. Write-- to put it on record for ever. Blessed-- in resting from their toils, and, in the case of the saints just before alluded to as persecuted by the beast, in resting from persecutions. Their full blessedness is now "from henceforth," that is, FROM THIS TIME, when the judgment on the beast and the harvest gatherings of the elect are imminent. The time so earnestly longed for by former martyrs is now all but come; the full number of their fellow servants is on the verge of completion; they have no longer to "rest (the same Greek as here, anapausis) yet for a little season," their eternal rest, or cessation from toils (2Th 1:7; Greek, "anesis," relaxation after hardships. He 4:9, 10, sabbatism of rest; and Greek, "catapausis," akin to the Greek here) is close at hand now. They are blessed in being about to sit down to the marriage supper of the Lamb (Re 19:9), and in having part in the first resurrection (Re 20:6), and in having right to the tree of life (Re 22:14). In Re 14:14-16 follows the explanation of why they are pronounced "blessed" now in particular, namely, the Son of man on the cloud is just coming to gather them in as the harvest ripe for garner. Yea, saith the Spirit-- The words of God the Father (the "voice from heaven") are echoed back and confirmed by the Spirit (speaking in the Word, Re 2:7; 22:17; and in the saints, 2Co 5:5; 1Pe 4:14). All "God's promises in Christ are yea" (2Co 1:20). unto me-- omitted in A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic. that they may-- The Greek includes also the idea, They are blessed, in that they SHALL rest from their toils (so the Greek). and-- So B and Andreas read. But A, C, Vulgate, and Syriac read "for." They rest from their toils because their time for toil is past; they enter on the blessed rest because of their faith evinced by their works which, therefore, "follow WITH (so the Greek) them." Their works are specified because respect is had to the coming judgment, wherein every man shall be "judged according to his works." His works do not go before the believer, nor even go by his side, but follow him at the same time that they go with him as a proof that he is Christ's.


<hi type="bold">14. crown--</hi>Greek, "stephanon," "garland" of victory; not His diadem as a king. The victory is described in detail, <reference osisRef="Rev.19.11-Rev.19.21">Re 19:11-21</reference>.

<hi type="bold">one sat--</hi>"one sitting," Greek, "cathemenon homoion," is the reading of A, B, C, Vulgate, and Coptic.

14. crown-- Greek, "stephanon," "garland" of victory; not His diadem as a king. The victory is described in detail, Re 19:11-21. one sat-- "one sitting," Greek, "cathemenon homoion," is the reading of A, B, C, Vulgate, and Coptic.


<hi type="bold">15. Thrust in--</hi>Greek, "Send." The angel does not command the "Son of man" (<reference osisRef="Rev.14.14">Re 14:14</reference>), but is the mere messenger announcing to the Son the will of God the Father, in whose hands are kept the times and the seasons.

<hi type="bold">thy sickle--</hi>alluding to <reference osisRef="Mark.4.29">Mr 4:29</reference>, where also it is "sendeth the sickle." The Son sends His sickle-bearing angel to reap the righteous when fully ripe.

<hi type="bold">harvest--</hi>the harvest crop. By the harvest-reaping the elect righteous are gathered out; by the vintage the Antichristian offenders are removed out of the earth, the scene of Christ's coming kingdom. The Son of man Himself, with a golden crown, is introduced in the harvest-gathering of the elect, a mere angel in the vintage (<reference osisRef="Rev.14.18-Rev.14.20">Re 14:18-20</reference>).

<hi type="bold">is ripe--</hi>literally, "is dried." Ripe for glory.

15. Thrust in-- Greek, "Send." The angel does not command the "Son of man" (Re 14:14), but is the mere messenger announcing to the Son the will of God the Father, in whose hands are kept the times and the seasons. thy sickle-- alluding to Mr 4:29, where also it is "sendeth the sickle." The Son sends His sickle-bearing angel to reap the righteous when fully ripe. harvest-- the harvest crop. By the harvest-reaping the elect righteous are gathered out; by the vintage the Antichristian offenders are removed out of the earth, the scene of Christ's coming kingdom. The Son of man Himself, with a golden crown, is introduced in the harvest-gathering of the elect, a mere angel in the vintage (Re 14:18-20). is ripe-- literally, "is dried." Ripe for glory.


<hi type="bold">16. thrust in--</hi>Greek, "cast."

16. thrust in-- Greek, "cast."


<hi type="bold">17. out of the temple ... in heaven--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Rev.11.19">Re 11:19</reference>).

17. out of the temple... in heaven-- (Re 11:19).


<hi type="bold">18. from the altar--</hi>upon which were offered the incense-accompanied prayers of all saints, which bring down in answer God's fiery judgment on the Church's foes, the fire being taken from the altar and cast upon the earth.

<hi type="bold">fully ripe--</hi>Greek, "come to their acme"; ripe for punishment.

18. from the altar-- upon which were offered the incense-accompanied prayers of all saints, which bring down in answer God's fiery judgment on the Church's foes, the fire being taken from the altar and cast upon the earth. fully ripe-- Greek, "come to their acme"; ripe for punishment.


19. "The vine" is what is the subject of judgment because its grapes are not what God looked for considering its careful culture, but "wild grapes" (<reference osisRef="Isa.5.1-Isa.5.30">Is 5:1-30</reference>). The apostate world of Christendom, not the world of heathendom who have not heard of Christ, is the object of judgment. Compare the emblem, <reference osisRef="Rev.19.15">Re 19:15</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.63.2">Is 63:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="Isa.63.3">3</reference>; <reference osisRef="Joel.3.13">Joe 3:13</reference>.

19. "The vine" is what is the subject of judgment because its grapes are not what God looked for considering its careful culture, but "wild grapes" (Is 5:1-30). The apostate world of Christendom, not the world of heathendom who have not heard of Christ, is the object of judgment. Compare the emblem, Re 19:15; Is 63:2, 3; Joe 3:13.


<hi type="bold">20. without the city--</hi>Jerusalem. The scene of the blood-shedding of Christ and His people shall be also the scene of God's vengeance on the Antichristian foe. Compare the "horsemen," <reference osisRef="Rev.9.16">Re 9:16</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.9.17">17</reference>.

<hi type="bold">blood--</hi>answering to the red wine. The slaughter of the apostates is what is here spoken of, not their eternal punishment.

<hi type="bold">even unto the horse bridles--</hi>of the avenging "armies of heaven."

<hi type="bold">by the space of a thousand ... six hundred furlongs--</hi>literally, "a thousand six hundred furlongs off" [W. Kelly]. Sixteen hundred is a square number; four by four by one hundred. The four quarters, north, south, east, and west, of the Holy Land, or else of the world (the completeness and universality of the world-wide destruction being hereby indicated). It does not exactly answer to the length of Palestine as given by Jerome, one hundred sixty Roman miles. Bengel thinks the valley of Kedron, between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives, is meant, the torrent in that valley being about to be discolored with blood to the extent of sixteen hundred furlongs. This view accords with Joel's prophecy that the valley of Jehoshaphat is to be the scene of the overthrow of the Antichristian foes. <chapter eID="Rev.14"/>

20. without the city-- Jerusalem. The scene of the blood-shedding of Christ and His people shall be also the scene of God's vengeance on the Antichristian foe. Compare the "horsemen," Re 9:16, 17. blood-- answering to the red wine. The slaughter of the apostates is what is here spoken of, not their eternal punishment. even unto the horse bridles-- of the avenging "armies of heaven." by the space of a thousand... six hundred furlongs-- literally, "a thousand six hundred furlongs off" [W. Kelly]. Sixteen hundred is a square number; four by four by one hundred. The four quarters, north, south, east, and west, of the Holy Land, or else of the world (the completeness and universality of the world-wide destruction being hereby indicated). It does not exactly answer to the length of Palestine as given by Jerome, one hundred sixty Roman miles. Bengel thinks the valley of Kedron, between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives, is meant, the torrent in that valley being about to be discolored with blood to the extent of sixteen hundred furlongs. This view accords with Joel's prophecy that the valley of Jehoshaphat is to be the scene of the overthrow of the Antichristian foes.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 15</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Rev.15.1-Rev.15.8">Re 15:1-8</reference>. The Last Seven Vials of Plagues: Song of the Victors over the Beast.</title>

<hi type="bold">1. the seven last plagues--</hi>Greek, "seven plagues which are the last."

<hi type="bold">is filled up--</hi>literally, "was finished," or "consummated": the prophetical past for the future, the future being to God as though it were past, so sure of accomplishment is His word. This verse is the summary of the vision that follows: the angels do not actually receive the vials till <reference osisRef="Rev.15.7">Re 15:7</reference>; but here, in <reference osisRef="Rev.15.1">Re 15:1</reference>, by anticipation they are spoken of as having them. There are no more plagues after these until the Lord's coming in judgment. The destruction of Babylon (<reference osisRef="Rev.18.2">Re 18:2</reference>) is the last: then in <reference osisRef="Rev.19.11-Rev.19.16">Re 19:11-16</reference> He appears.

CHAPTER 15 Re 15:1-8. The Last Seven Vials of Plagues: Song of the Victors over the Beast. 1. the seven last plagues-- Greek, "seven plagues which are the last." is filled up-- literally, "was finished," or "consummated": the prophetical past for the future, the future being to God as though it were past, so sure of accomplishment is His word. This verse is the summary of the vision that follows: the angels do not actually receive the vials till Re 15:7; but here, in Re 15:1, by anticipation they are spoken of as having them. There are no more plagues after these until the Lord's coming in judgment. The destruction of Babylon (Re 18:2) is the last: then in Re 19:11-16 He appears.


<hi type="bold">2. sea of glass--</hi>Answering to the molten sea or great brazen laver before the mercy seat of the earthly temple, for the purification of the priests; typifying the baptism of water and the Spirit of all who are made kings and priests unto God.

<hi type="bold">mingled with fire--</hi>answering to the baptism on earth with fire, that is, fiery trial, as well as with the Holy Ghost, which Christ's people undergo to purify them, as gold is purified of its dross in the furnace.

<hi type="bold">them that had gotten the victory over--</hi>Greek, "those (coming) off from (the conflict with) the beast-conquerors."

<hi type="bold">over the number of his name--</hi>A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic omit the words in English Version, "over his mark." The mark, in fact, is the number of his name which the faithful refused to receive, and so were victorious over it.

<hi type="bold">stand on the sea of glass--</hi>Alford and De Burgh explain "on (the shore of) the sea": at the sea. So the preposition, Greek, "epi," with the accusative case, is used for at, <reference osisRef="Rev.3.20">Re 3:20</reference>. It has a pregnant sense: "standing" implies rest, Greek "epi" with the accusative case implies motion "towards." Thus the meaning is, Having come TO the sea, and now standing AT it. In <reference osisRef="Matt.14.26">Mt 14:26</reference>, where Christ walks on the sea, the Greek oldest manuscripts have the genitive, not the accusative as here. Allusion is made to the Israelites standing on the shore at the Red Sea, after having passed victoriously through it, and after the Lord had destroyed the Egyptian foe (type of Antichrist) in it. Moses and the Israelites' song of triumph (<reference osisRef="Exod.15.1">Ex 15:1</reference>) has its antitype in the saints' "song of Moses and the Lamb" (<reference osisRef="Rev.15.3">Re 15:3</reference>). Still English Version is consistent with good Greek, and the sense will then be: As the sea typifies the troubled state out of which the beast arose, and which is to be no more in the blessed world to come (<reference osisRef="Rev.21.1">Re 21:1</reference>), so the victorious saints stand on it, having it under their feet (as the woman had the moon, see on <reference osisRef="Rev.12.1">Re 12:1</reference>); but it is now no longer treacherous wherein the feet sink, but solid like glass, as it was under the feet of Christ, whose triumph and power the saints now share. Firmness of footing amidst apparent instability is thus represented. They can stand, not merely as victorious Israel at the Red Sea, and as John upon the sand of the shore, but upon the sea itself, now firm, and reflecting their glory as glass, their past conflict shedding the brighter luster on their present triumph. Their happiness is heightened by the retrospect of the dangers through which they have passed. Thus this corresponds to <reference osisRef="Rev.7.14">Re 7:14</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.7.15">15</reference>.

<hi type="bold">harps of God--</hi>in the hands of these heavenly virgins, infinitely surpassing the timbrels of Miriam and the Israelitesses.

2. sea of glass-- Answering to the molten sea or great brazen laver before the mercy seat of the earthly temple, for the purification of the priests; typifying the baptism of water and the Spirit of all who are made kings and priests unto God. mingled with fire-- answering to the baptism on earth with fire, that is, fiery trial, as well as with the Holy Ghost, which Christ's people undergo to purify them, as gold is purified of its dross in the furnace. them that had gotten the victory over-- Greek, "those (coming) off from (the conflict with) the beast-conquerors." over the number of his name-- A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic omit the words in English Version, "over his mark." The mark, in fact, is the number of his name which the faithful refused to receive, and so were victorious over it. stand on the sea of glass-- Alford and De Burgh explain "on (the shore of) the sea": at the sea. So the preposition, Greek, "epi," with the accusative case, is used for at, Re 3:20. It has a pregnant sense: "standing" implies rest, Greek "epi" with the accusative case implies motion "towards." Thus the meaning is, Having come TO the sea, and now standing AT it. In Mt 14:26, where Christ walks on the sea, the Greek oldest manuscripts have the genitive, not the accusative as here. Allusion is made to the Israelites standing on the shore at the Red Sea, after having passed victoriously through it, and after the Lord had destroyed the Egyptian foe (type of Antichrist) in it. Moses and the Israelites' song of triumph (Ex 15:1) has its antitype in the saints' "song of Moses and the Lamb" (Re 15:3). Still English Version is consistent with good Greek, and the sense will then be: As the sea typifies the troubled state out of which the beast arose, and which is to be no more in the blessed world to come (Re 21:1), so the victorious saints stand on it, having it under their feet (as the woman had the moon, see on Re 12:1); but it is now no longer treacherous wherein the feet sink, but solid like glass, as it was under the feet of Christ, whose triumph and power the saints now share. Firmness of footing amidst apparent instability is thus represented. They can stand, not merely as victorious Israel at the Red Sea, and as John upon the sand of the shore, but upon the sea itself, now firm, and reflecting their glory as glass, their past conflict shedding the brighter luster on their present triumph. Their happiness is heightened by the retrospect of the dangers through which they have passed. Thus this corresponds to Re 7:14, 15. harps of God-- in the hands of these heavenly virgins, infinitely surpassing the timbrels of Miriam and the Israelitesses.


<hi type="bold">3. song of Moses ... and ... the Lamb--</hi>The New Testament song of the Lamb (that is, the song which the Lamb shall lead, as being "the Captain of our salvation," just as Moses was leader of the Israelites, the song in which those who conquer through Him [Ro 8:37] shall join, <reference osisRef="Rev.12.11">Re 12:11</reference>) is the antitype to the triumphant Old Testament song of Moses and the Israelites at the Red Sea (<reference osisRef="Exod.15.1-Exod.15.21">Ex 15:1-21</reference>). The Churches of the Old and New Testament are essentially one in their conflicts and triumphs. The two appear joined in this phrase, as they are in the twenty-four elders. Similarly, <reference osisRef="Isa.12.1-Isa.12.6">Is 12:1-6</reference> foretells the song of the redeemed (Israel foremost) after the second antitypical exodus and deliverance at the Egyptian Sea. The passage through the Red Sea under the pillar of cloud was Israel's baptism, to which the believer's baptism in trials corresponds. The elect after their trials (especially those arising from the beast) shall be taken up before the vials of wrath be poured on the beast and his kingdom. So Noah and his family were taken out of the doomed world before the deluge; Lot was taken out of Sodom before its destruction; the Christians escaped by a special interposition of Providence to Pella before the destruction of Jerusalem. As the pillar of cloud and fire interposed between Israel and the Egyptian foe, so that Israel was safely landed on the opposite shore before the Egyptians were destroyed; so the Lord, coming with clouds and in flaming fire, shall first catch up His elect people "in the clouds to meet Him in the air," and then shall with fire destroy the enemy. The Lamb leads the song in honor of the Father amidst the great congregation. This is the "new song" mentioned in <reference osisRef="Rev.14.3">Re 14:3</reference>. The singing victors are the 144,000 of Israel, "the first-fruits," and the general "harvest" of the Gentiles.

<hi type="bold">servant of God--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Exod.14.31">Ex 14:31</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.12.7">Nu 12:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="Josh.22.5">Jos 22:5</reference>). The Lamb is more: He is the SON.

<hi type="bold">Great and marvellous are thy works, &c.--</hi>part of Moses' last song (<reference osisRef="Deut.32.3">De 32:3</reference>, <reference osisRef="Deut.32.4">4</reference>). The vindication of the justice of God that so He may be glorified is the grand end of God's dealings. Hence His servants again and again dwell upon this in their praises (<reference osisRef="Rev.16.7">Re 16:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rev.19.2">19:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="Prov.16.4">Pr 16:4</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.10.10">Jr 10:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Dan.4.37">Da 4:37</reference>). Especially at the judgment (Psa 50:1-6; 145:17).

<hi type="bold">saints--</hi>There is no manuscript authority for this. A, B, Coptic, and Cyprian read, "of the NATIONS." C reads "of the ages," and so Vulgate and Syriac. The point at issue in the Lord's controversy with the earth is, whether He, or Satan's minion, the beast, is "the King of the nations"; here at the eve of the judgments descending on the kingdom of the beast, the transfigured saints hail Him as "the King of the nations" (<reference osisRef="Ezek.21.27">Eze 21:27</reference>).

3. song of Moses... and... the Lamb-- The New Testament song of the Lamb (that is, the song which the Lamb shall lead, as being "the Captain of our salvation," just as Moses was leader of the Israelites, the song in which those who conquer through Him [Ro 8:37] shall join, Re 12:11) is the antitype to the triumphant Old Testament song of Moses and the Israelites at the Red Sea (Ex 15:1-21). The Churches of the Old and New Testament are essentially one in their conflicts and triumphs. The two appear joined in this phrase, as they are in the twenty-four elders. Similarly, Is 12:1-6 foretells the song of the redeemed (Israel foremost) after the second antitypical exodus and deliverance at the Egyptian Sea. The passage through the Red Sea under the pillar of cloud was Israel's baptism, to which the believer's baptism in trials corresponds. The elect after their trials (especially those arising from the beast) shall be taken up before the vials of wrath be poured on the beast and his kingdom. So Noah and his family were taken out of the doomed world before the deluge; Lot was taken out of Sodom before its destruction; the Christians escaped by a special interposition of Providence to Pella before the destruction of Jerusalem. As the pillar of cloud and fire interposed between Israel and the Egyptian foe, so that Israel was safely landed on the opposite shore before the Egyptians were destroyed; so the Lord, coming with clouds and in flaming fire, shall first catch up His elect people "in the clouds to meet Him in the air," and then shall with fire destroy the enemy. The Lamb leads the song in honor of the Father amidst the great congregation. This is the "new song" mentioned in Re 14:3. The singing victors are the 144,000 of Israel, "the first-fruits," and the general "harvest" of the Gentiles. servant of God-- (Ex 14:31; Nu 12:7; Jos 22:5). The Lamb is more: He is the SON. Great and marvellous are thy works, &c.-- part of Moses' last song (De 32:3, 4). The vindication of the justice of God that so He may be glorified is the grand end of God's dealings. Hence His servants again and again dwell upon this in their praises (Re 16:7; 19:2; Pr 16:4; Jr 10:10; Da 4:37). Especially at the judgment (Psa 50:1-6; 145:17). saints-- There is no manuscript authority for this. A, B, Coptic, and Cyprian read, "of the NATIONS." C reads "of the ages," and so Vulgate and Syriac. The point at issue in the Lord's controversy with the earth is, whether He, or Satan's minion, the beast, is "the King of the nations"; here at the eve of the judgments descending on the kingdom of the beast, the transfigured saints hail Him as "the King of the nations" (Eze 21:27).


<hi type="bold">4. Who shall not--</hi>Greek, "Who is there but must fear Thee?" Compare Moses' song, <reference osisRef="Exod.15.14-Exod.15.16">Ex 15:14-16</reference>, on the fear which God's judgments strike into the foe.

<hi type="bold">thee--</hi>so Syriac. But A, B, C, Vulgate, and Cyprian reject "thee."

<hi type="bold">all nations shall come--</hi>alluding to <reference osisRef="Ps.22.27-Ps.22.31">Psa 22:27-31</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="Isa.66.23">Is 66:23</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.16.19">Jr 16:19</reference>. The conversion of all nations, therefore, shall be when Christ shall come, and not till then; and the first moving cause will be Christ's manifested judgments preparing all hearts for receiving Christ's mercy. He shall effect by His presence what we have in vain tried to effect in His absence. The present preaching of the Gospel is gathering out the elect remnant; meanwhile "the mystery of iniquity" is at work, and will at last come to its crisis; then shall judgment descend on the apostates at the harvest-end of this age (Greek, <reference osisRef="Matt.13.39">Mt 13:39</reference>, <reference osisRef="Matt.13.40">40</reference>) when the tares shall be cleared out of the earth, which thenceforward becomes Messiah's kingdom. The confederacy of 'the apostates against Christ becomes, when overthrown with fearful judgments, the very means in God's overruling providence of preparing the nations not joined in the Antichristian league to submit themselves to Him.

<hi type="bold">judgments--</hi>Greek, "righteousnesses."

<hi type="bold">are--</hi>literally, "were": the prophetical past for the immediate future.

4. Who shall not-- Greek, "Who is there but must fear Thee?" Compare Moses' song, Ex 15:14-16, on the fear which God's judgments strike into the foe. thee-- so Syriac. But A, B, C, Vulgate, and Cyprian reject "thee." all nations shall come-- alluding to Psa 22:27-31; compare Is 66:23; Jr 16:19. The conversion of all nations, therefore, shall be when Christ shall come, and not till then; and the first moving cause will be Christ's manifested judgments preparing all hearts for receiving Christ's mercy. He shall effect by His presence what we have in vain tried to effect in His absence. The present preaching of the Gospel is gathering out the elect remnant; meanwhile "the mystery of iniquity" is at work, and will at last come to its crisis; then shall judgment descend on the apostates at the harvest-end of this age (Greek, Mt 13:39, 40) when the tares shall be cleared out of the earth, which thenceforward becomes Messiah's kingdom. The confederacy of 'the apostates against Christ becomes, when overthrown with fearful judgments, the very means in God's overruling providence of preparing the nations not joined in the Antichristian league to submit themselves to Him. judgments-- Greek, "righteousnesses." are-- literally, "were": the prophetical past for the immediate future.


5. So <reference osisRef="Rev.11.19">Re 11:19</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="Rev.16.17">Re 16:17</reference>. "The tabernacle of the testimony" appropriately here comes to view, where God's faithfulness in avenging His people with judgments on their foes is about to be set forth. We need to get a glimpse within the Holy place to "understand" the secret spring and the end of God's righteous dealings.

<hi type="bold">behold--</hi>omitted by A, B, C, Syriac, and Andreas. It is supported only by Vulgate, Coptic, and Primasius, but no manuscript.

5. So Re 11:19; compare Re 16:17. "The tabernacle of the testimony" appropriately here comes to view, where God's faithfulness in avenging His people with judgments on their foes is about to be set forth. We need to get a glimpse within the Holy place to "understand" the secret spring and the end of God's righteous dealings. behold-- omitted by A, B, C, Syriac, and Andreas. It is supported only by Vulgate, Coptic, and Primasius, but no manuscript.


<hi type="bold">6. having--</hi>So B reads. But A and C, read "who have": not that they had them yet (compare <reference osisRef="Rev.15.7">Re 15:7</reference>), but they are by anticipation described according to their office.

<hi type="bold">linen--</hi>So B reads. But A, C, and Vulgate, "a stone." On the principle that the harder reading is the one least likely to be an interpolation, we should read, "a stone pure ('and' is omitted in A, B, C, and Andreas), brilliant" (so the Greek): probably the diamond. With English Version, compare <reference osisRef="Acts.1.10">Ac 1:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.10.30">10:30</reference>.

<hi type="bold">golden girdles--</hi>resembling the Lord in this respect (<reference osisRef="Rev.1.13">Re 1:13</reference>).

6. having-- So B reads. But A and C, read "who have": not that they had them yet (compare Re 15:7), but they are by anticipation described according to their office. linen-- So B reads. But A, C, and Vulgate, "a stone." On the principle that the harder reading is the one least likely to be an interpolation, we should read, "a stone pure ('and' is omitted in A, B, C, and Andreas), brilliant" (so the Greek): probably the diamond. With English Version, compare Ac 1:10; 10:30. golden girdles-- resembling the Lord in this respect (Re 1:13).


<hi type="bold">7. one of the four beasts--</hi>Greek, "living creatures." The presentation of the vials to the angels by one of the living creatures implies the ministry of the Church as the medium for manifesting to angels the glories of redemption (<reference osisRef="Eph.3.10">Ep 3:10</reference>).

<hi type="bold">vials--</hi>"bowls"; a broad shallow cup or bowl. The breadth of the vials in their upper part would tend to cause their contents to pour out all at once, implying the overwhelming suddenness of the woes.

<hi type="bold">full of ... wrath--</hi>How sweetly do the vials full of odors, that is, the incense-perfumed prayers of the saints, contrast with these!

7. one of the four beasts-- Greek, "living creatures." The presentation of the vials to the angels by one of the living creatures implies the ministry of the Church as the medium for manifesting to angels the glories of redemption (Ep 3:10). vials-- "bowls"; a broad shallow cup or bowl. The breadth of the vials in their upper part would tend to cause their contents to pour out all at once, implying the overwhelming suddenness of the woes. full of... wrath-- How sweetly do the vials full of odors, that is, the incense-perfumed prayers of the saints, contrast with these!


<hi type="bold">8. temple ... filled--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Isa.6.4">Is 6:4</reference>); compare <reference osisRef="Exod.40.34">Ex 40:34</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Chr.5.14">2Ch 5:14</reference>, as to the earthly temple, of which this is the antitype.

<hi type="bold">the glory of God and ... power--</hi>then fully manifested.

<hi type="bold">no man was able to enter ... the temple--</hi>because of God's presence in His manifested glory and power during the execution of these judgments. <chapter eID="Rev.15"/>

8. temple... filled-- (Is 6:4); compare Ex 40:34; 2Ch 5:14, as to the earthly temple, of which this is the antitype. the glory of God and... power-- then fully manifested. no man was able to enter... the temple-- because of God's presence in His manifested glory and power during the execution of these judgments.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 16</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Rev.16.1-Rev.16.21">Re 16:1-21</reference>. The Seven Vials and the Consequent Plagues.</title>
 The trumpets shook the world kingdoms in a longer process; the vials destroy with a swift and sudden overthrow the kingdom of "the beast" in particular who had invested himself with the world kingdom. The Hebrews thought the Egyptian plagues to have been inflicted with but an interval of a month between them severally [Bengel, referring to Seder Olam]. As Moses took ashes from an earthly common furnace, so angels, as priestly ministers in the heavenly temple, take holy fire in sacred vials or bowls, from the heavenly altar to pour down (compare <reference osisRef="Rev.8.5">Re 8:5</reference>). The same heavenly altar which would have kindled the sweet incense of prayer bringing down blessing upon earth, by man's sin kindles the fiery descending curse. Just as the river Nile, which ordinarily is the source of Egypt's fertility, became blood and a curse through Egypt's sin.

<hi type="bold">1. a great voice--</hi>namely, God's. These seven vials (the detailed expansion of the vintage, <reference osisRef="Rev.14.18-Rev.14.20">Re 14:18-20</reference>) being called "the last," must belong to the period just when the term of the beast's power has expired (whence reference is made in them all to the worshippers of the beast as the objects of the judgments), close to the end or coming of the Son of man. The first four are distinguished from the last three, just as in the case of the seven seals and the seven trumpets. The first four are more general, affecting the earth, the sea, springs, and the sun, not merely a portion of these natural bodies, as in the case of the trumpets, but the whole of them; the last three are more particular, affecting the throne of the beast, the Euphrates, and the grand consummation. Some of these particular judgments are set forth in detail in the seventeenth through twentieth chapters.

<hi type="bold">out of the temple--</hi>B and Syriac omit. But A, C, Vulgate, and Andreas support the words.

<hi type="bold">the vials--</hi>so Syriac and Coptic. But A, B, C, Vulgate, and Andreas read, "the seven vials."

<hi type="bold">upon--</hi>Greek, "into."

CHAPTER 16 Re 16:1-21. The Seven Vials and the Consequent Plagues. The trumpets shook the world kingdoms in a longer process; the vials destroy with a swift and sudden overthrow the kingdom of "the beast" in particular who had invested himself with the world kingdom. The Hebrews thought the Egyptian plagues to have been inflicted with but an interval of a month between them severally [Bengel, referring to Seder Olam]. As Moses took ashes from an earthly common furnace, so angels, as priestly ministers in the heavenly temple, take holy fire in sacred vials or bowls, from the heavenly altar to pour down (compare Re 8:5). The same heavenly altar which would have kindled the sweet incense of prayer bringing down blessing upon earth, by man's sin kindles the fiery descending curse. Just as the river Nile, which ordinarily is the source of Egypt's fertility, became blood and a curse through Egypt's sin. 1. a great voice-- namely, God's. These seven vials (the detailed expansion of the vintage, Re 14:18-20) being called "the last," must belong to the period just when the term of the beast's power has expired (whence reference is made in them all to the worshippers of the beast as the objects of the judgments), close to the end or coming of the Son of man. The first four are distinguished from the last three, just as in the case of the seven seals and the seven trumpets. The first four are more general, affecting the earth, the sea, springs, and the sun, not merely a portion of these natural bodies, as in the case of the trumpets, but the whole of them; the last three are more particular, affecting the throne of the beast, the Euphrates, and the grand consummation. Some of these particular judgments are set forth in detail in the seventeenth through twentieth chapters. out of the temple-- B and Syriac omit. But A, C, Vulgate, and Andreas support the words. the vials-- so Syriac and Coptic. But A, B, C, Vulgate, and Andreas read, "the seven vials." upon-- Greek, "into."


<hi type="bold">2. went--</hi>Greek, "went away."

<hi type="bold">poured out--</hi>So the angel cast fire into the earth previous to the series of trumpets (<reference osisRef="Rev.8.5">Re 8:5</reference>).

<hi type="bold">upon--</hi>so Coptic. But A, B, C, Vulgate, and Syriac read, "into."

<hi type="bold">noisome--</hi>literally, "evil" (compare <reference osisRef="Deut.28.27">De 28:27</reference>, <reference osisRef="Deut.28.35">35</reference>). The very same Greek word is used in the Septuagint as here, Greek, "helkos." The reason why the sixth Egyptian plague is the first here is because it was directed against the Egyptian magicians, Jannes and Jambres, so that they could not stand before Moses; and so here the plague is sent upon those who in the beast worship had practiced sorcery. As they submitted to the mark of the beast, so they must bear the mark of the avenging God. Contrast <reference osisRef="Rev.7.3">Re 7:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.9.4">Eze 9:4</reference>, <reference osisRef="Ezek.9.6">6</reference>.

<hi type="bold">grievous--</hi>distressing to the sufferers.

<hi type="bold">sore upon the men--</hi>antitype to the sixth Egyptian plague.

<hi type="bold">which had the mark of the beast--</hi>Therefore this first vial is subsequent to the period of the beast's rule.

2. went-- Greek, "went away." poured out-- So the angel cast fire into the earth previous to the series of trumpets (Re 8:5). upon-- so Coptic. But A, B, C, Vulgate, and Syriac read, "into." noisome-- literally, "evil" (compare De 28:27, 35). The very same Greek word is used in the Septuagint as here, Greek, "helkos." The reason why the sixth Egyptian plague is the first here is because it was directed against the Egyptian magicians, Jannes and Jambres, so that they could not stand before Moses; and so here the plague is sent upon those who in the beast worship had practiced sorcery. As they submitted to the mark of the beast, so they must bear the mark of the avenging God. Contrast Re 7:3; Eze 9:4, 6. grievous-- distressing to the sufferers. sore upon the men-- antitype to the sixth Egyptian plague. which had the mark of the beast-- Therefore this first vial is subsequent to the period of the beast's rule.


<hi type="bold">3. angel--</hi>So B and Andreas. But A, C, and Vulgate omit it.

<hi type="bold">upon--</hi>Greek, "into."

<hi type="bold">became as ... blood--</hi>answering to another Egyptian plague.

<hi type="bold">of a dead man--</hi>putrefying.

<hi type="bold">living soul--</hi>So B and Andreas. But A, C, and Syriac, "soul of life" (compare <reference osisRef="Gen.1.30">Ge 1:30</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.7.21">7:21</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Cor.7.22">22</reference>).

<hi type="bold">in the sea--</hi>So B and Andreas. But A, C, and Syriac read, "(as respects) the things in the sea."

3. angel-- So B and Andreas. But A, C, and Vulgate omit it. upon-- Greek, "into." became as... blood-- answering to another Egyptian plague. of a dead man-- putrefying. living soul-- So B and Andreas. But A, C, and Syriac, "soul of life" (compare Ge 1:30; 7:21, 22). in the sea-- So B and Andreas. But A, C, and Syriac read, "(as respects) the things in the sea."


4. (<reference osisRef="Exod.7.20">Ex 7:20</reference>.)

<hi type="bold">angel--</hi>so Syriac, Coptic, and Andreas. But A, B, C, and Vulgate omit it.

4. (Ex 7:20.) angel-- so Syriac, Coptic, and Andreas. But A, B, C, and Vulgate omit it.


<hi type="bold">5. angel of the waters--</hi>that is, presiding over the waters.

<hi type="bold">O Lord--</hi>omitted by A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic, and Andreas.

<hi type="bold">and shalt be--</hi>A, B, C, Vulgate, and Andreas for this clause read, "(which art and wast) holy." The Lord is now no longer He that shall come, for He is come in vengeance and therefore the third of the three clauses found in <reference osisRef="Rev.1.4">Re 1:4</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Cor.1.8">8</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.4.8">4:8</reference> is here and in <reference osisRef="Rev.11.17">Re 11:17</reference> omitted.

<hi type="bold">judged thus--</hi>literally, "these things." "Thou didst inflict this judgment."

5. angel of the waters-- that is, presiding over the waters. O Lord-- omitted by A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic, and Andreas. and shalt be-- A, B, C, Vulgate, and Andreas for this clause read, "(which art and wast) holy." The Lord is now no longer He that shall come, for He is come in vengeance and therefore the third of the three clauses found in Re 1:4, 8; 4:8 is here and in Re 11:17 omitted. judged thus-- literally, "these things." "Thou didst inflict this judgment."


6. (<reference osisRef="Rev.11.18">Re 11:18</reference>, end; <reference osisRef="Gen.9.6">Ge 9:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.49.26">Is 49:26</reference>.) An anticipation of <reference osisRef="Rev.18.20">Re 18:20</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.18.24">24</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="Rev.13.15">Re 13:15</reference>.

<hi type="bold">For--</hi>A, B, C, and Andreas omit.

6. (Re 11:18, end; Ge 9:6; Is 49:26.) An anticipation of Re 18:20, 24; compare Re 13:15. For-- A, B, C, and Andreas omit.


<hi type="bold">7. another out of--</hi>omitted in A, C, Syriac, and Coptic. Translate then, "I heard the altar [personified] saying." On it the prayers of saints are presented before God: beneath it are the souls of the martyrs crying for vengeance on the foes of God.

7. another out of-- omitted in A, C, Syriac, and Coptic. Translate then, "I heard the altar [personified] saying." On it the prayers of saints are presented before God: beneath it are the souls of the martyrs crying for vengeance on the foes of God.


<hi type="bold">8. angel--</hi>so Coptic and Andreas. But A, B, C, Vulgate, and Syriac omit it.

<hi type="bold">upon--</hi>not as in <reference osisRef="Rev.16.2">Re 16:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.16.3">3</reference>, "into."

<hi type="bold">sun--</hi>Whereas by the fourth trumpet the sun is darkened (<reference osisRef="Rev.8.12">Re 8:12</reference>) in a third part, here by the fourth vial the sun's bright scorching power is intensified.

<hi type="bold">power was given unto him--</hi>rather, "unto it," the sun.

<hi type="bold">men--</hi>Greek, "the men," namely, those who had the mark of the beast (<reference osisRef="Rev.16.2">Re 16:2</reference>).

8. angel-- so Coptic and Andreas. But A, B, C, Vulgate, and Syriac omit it. upon-- not as in Re 16:2, 3, "into." sun-- Whereas by the fourth trumpet the sun is darkened (Re 8:12) in a third part, here by the fourth vial the sun's bright scorching power is intensified. power was given unto him-- rather, "unto it," the sun. men-- Greek, "the men," namely, those who had the mark of the beast (Re 16:2).


<hi type="bold">9. men--</hi>Greek, "the men."

<hi type="bold">repented not to give him glory--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Rev.9.20">Re 9:20</reference>). Affliction, if it does not melt, hardens the sinner. Compare the better result on others, <reference osisRef="Rev.11.13">Re 11:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rev.14.7">14:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rev.15.4">15:4</reference>.

9. men-- Greek, "the men." repented not to give him glory-- (Re 9:20). Affliction, if it does not melt, hardens the sinner. Compare the better result on others, Re 11:13; 14:7; 15:4.


<hi type="bold">10. angel--</hi>omitted by A, B, C, Vulgate, and Syriac. But Coptic and Andreas support it.

<hi type="bold">seat--</hi>Greek, "throne of the beast": set up in arrogant mimicry of God's throne; the dragon gave his throne to the beast (<reference osisRef="Rev.13.2">Re 13:2</reference>).

<hi type="bold">darkness--</hi>parallel to the Egyptian plague of darkness, Pharaoh being the type of Antichrist (compare Notes, see on <reference osisRef="Rev.15.2">Re 15:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.15.3">3</reference>; compare the fifth trumpet, <reference osisRef="Rev.9.2">Re 9:2</reference>).

<hi type="bold">gnawed their tongues for pain--</hi>Greek, "owing to the pain" occasioned by the previous plagues, rendered more appalling by the darkness. Or, as "gnashing of teeth" is one of the accompaniments of hell, so this "gnawing of their tongues" is through rage at the baffling of their hopes and the overthrow of their kingdom. They meditate revenge and are unable to effect it; hence their frenzy [Grotius]. Those in anguish, mental and bodily, bite their lips and tongues.

10. angel-- omitted by A, B, C, Vulgate, and Syriac. But Coptic and Andreas support it. seat-- Greek, "throne of the beast": set up in arrogant mimicry of God's throne; the dragon gave his throne to the beast (Re 13:2). darkness-- parallel to the Egyptian plague of darkness, Pharaoh being the type of Antichrist (compare Notes, see on Re 15:2, 3; compare the fifth trumpet, Re 9:2). gnawed their tongues for pain-- Greek, "owing to the pain" occasioned by the previous plagues, rendered more appalling by the darkness. Or, as "gnashing of teeth" is one of the accompaniments of hell, so this "gnawing of their tongues" is through rage at the baffling of their hopes and the overthrow of their kingdom. They meditate revenge and are unable to effect it; hence their frenzy [Grotius]. Those in anguish, mental and bodily, bite their lips and tongues.


<hi type="bold">11. sores--</hi>This shows that each fresh plague was accompanied with the continuance of the preceding plagues: there was an accumulation, not a mere succession, of plagues.

<hi type="bold">repented not--</hi>(Compare <reference osisRef="Rev.16.9">Re 16:9</reference>).

11. sores-- This shows that each fresh plague was accompanied with the continuance of the preceding plagues: there was an accumulation, not a mere succession, of plagues. repented not-- (Compare Re 16:9).


<hi type="bold">12. angel--</hi>so Coptic and Andreas. A, B, C, Vulgate, and Syriac omit.

<hi type="bold">kings of the east--</hi>Greek, "the kings who are from the rising of the sun." Reference to the Euphrates similarly occurs in the sixth trumpet. The drying up of the Euphrates, I think, is to be taken figuratively, as Babylon itself, which is situated on it, is undoubtedly so, <reference osisRef="Rev.17.5">Re 17:5</reference>. The waters of the Euphrates (compare <reference osisRef="Isa.8.7">Is 8:7</reference>, <reference osisRef="Isa.8.8">8</reference>) are spiritual Babylon's, that is, the apostate Church's (of which Rome is the chief, though not exclusive representative) spiritual and temporal powers. The drying up of the waters of Babylon expresses the same thing as the ten kings stripping, eating, and burning the whore. The phrase, "way may be prepared for," is that applied to the Lord's coming (<reference osisRef="Isa.40.3">Is 40:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="Matt.3.3">Mt 3:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="Luke.1.76">Lu 1:76</reference>). He shall come from the East (<reference osisRef="Matt.24.27">Mt 24:27</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ezek.43.2">Eze 43:2</reference>, "the glory of the God of Israel came from the way of the East"): not alone, for His elect transfigured saints of Israel and the Gentiles shall accompany Him, who are "kings and priests unto God" (<reference osisRef="Rev.1.6">Re 1:6</reference>). As the Antichristian ten kings accompany the beast, so the saints accompany as kings the King of kings to the last decisive conflict. De Burgh and others take it of the Jews, who also were designed to be a kingdom of priests to God on earth. They shall, doubtless, become priest-kings in the flesh to the nations in the flesh at His coming. Abraham from the East (if <reference osisRef="Isa.41.2">Is 41:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="Isa.8.9">8, 9</reference>, refers to him, and not Cyrus) conquering the Chaldean kings is a type of Israel's victorious restoration to the priest-kingdom. Israel's exodus after the last Egyptian plagues typifies Israel's restoration after the spiritual Babylon, the apostate Church, has been smitten. Israel's promotion to the priest-kingdom after Pharaoh's downfall, and at the Lord's descent at Sinai to establish the theocracy, typifies the restored kingdom of Israel at the Lord's more glorious descent, when Antichrist shall be destroyed utterly. Thus, besides the transfigured saints, Israel secondarily may be meant by "the kings from the East" who shall accompany the "King of kings" returning "from the way of the East" to reign over His ancient people. As to the drying up again of the waters opposing His people's assuming the kingdom, compare <reference osisRef="Isa.10.26">Is 10:26</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.11.11">11:11</reference>, <reference osisRef="Isa.11.15">15</reference>; <reference osisRef="Zech.10.9-Zech.10.11">Zec 10:9-11</reference>. The name Israel (<reference osisRef="Gen.32.28">Ge 32:28</reference>) implies a prince with God. Compare <reference osisRef="Mic.4.8">Mi 4:8</reference> as to the return of the kingdom to Jerusalem. Durham, several centuries ago, interpreted the drying up of the Euphrates to mean the wasting away of the Turkish power, which has heretofore held Palestine, and so the way being prepared for Israel's restoration. But as Babylon refers to the apostate Church, not to Mohammedanism, the drying up of the Euphrates (answering to Cyrus' overthrow of literal Babylon by marching into it through the dry channel of the Euphrates) must answer to the draining off of the apostate Church's resources, the Roman and Greek corrupt Church having been heretofore one of the greatest barriers by its idolatries and persecutions in the way of Israel's restoration and conversion. The kings of the earth who are earthly (<reference osisRef="Rev.16.14">Re 16:14</reference>), stand in contrast to the kings from the East who are heavenly.

12. angel-- so Coptic and Andreas. A, B, C, Vulgate, and Syriac omit. kings of the east-- Greek, "the kings who are from the rising of the sun." Reference to the Euphrates similarly occurs in the sixth trumpet. The drying up of the Euphrates, I think, is to be taken figuratively, as Babylon itself, which is situated on it, is undoubtedly so, Re 17:5. The waters of the Euphrates (compare Is 8:7, 8) are spiritual Babylon's, that is, the apostate Church's (of which Rome is the chief, though not exclusive representative) spiritual and temporal powers. The drying up of the waters of Babylon expresses the same thing as the ten kings stripping, eating, and burning the whore. The phrase, "way may be prepared for," is that applied to the Lord's coming (Is 40:3; Mt 3:3; Lu 1:76). He shall come from the East (Mt 24:27; Eze 43:2, "the glory of the God of Israel came from the way of the East"): not alone, for His elect transfigured saints of Israel and the Gentiles shall accompany Him, who are "kings and priests unto God" (Re 1:6). As the Antichristian ten kings accompany the beast, so the saints accompany as kings the King of kings to the last decisive conflict. De Burgh and others take it of the Jews, who also were designed to be a kingdom of priests to God on earth. They shall, doubtless, become priest-kings in the flesh to the nations in the flesh at His coming. Abraham from the East (if Is 41:2, 8, 9, refers to him, and not Cyrus) conquering the Chaldean kings is a type of Israel's victorious restoration to the priest-kingdom. Israel's exodus after the last Egyptian plagues typifies Israel's restoration after the spiritual Babylon, the apostate Church, has been smitten. Israel's promotion to the priest-kingdom after Pharaoh's downfall, and at the Lord's descent at Sinai to establish the theocracy, typifies the restored kingdom of Israel at the Lord's more glorious descent, when Antichrist shall be destroyed utterly. Thus, besides the transfigured saints, Israel secondarily may be meant by "the kings from the East" who shall accompany the "King of kings" returning "from the way of the East" to reign over His ancient people. As to the drying up again of the waters opposing His people's assuming the kingdom, compare Is 10:26; 11:11, 15; Zec 10:9-11. The name Israel (Ge 32:28) implies a prince with God. Compare Mi 4:8 as to the return of the kingdom to Jerusalem. Durham, several centuries ago, interpreted the drying up of the Euphrates to mean the wasting away of the Turkish power, which has heretofore held Palestine, and so the way being prepared for Israel's restoration. But as Babylon refers to the apostate Church, not to Mohammedanism, the drying up of the Euphrates (answering to Cyrus' overthrow of literal Babylon by marching into it through the dry channel of the Euphrates) must answer to the draining off of the apostate Church's resources, the Roman and Greek corrupt Church having been heretofore one of the greatest barriers by its idolatries and persecutions in the way of Israel's restoration and conversion. The kings of the earth who are earthly (Re 16:14), stand in contrast to the kings from the East who are heavenly.


<hi type="bold">13. unclean spirits like frogs--</hi>the antitype to the plague of frogs sent on Egypt. The presence of the "unclean spirit" in the land (Palestine) is foretold, <reference osisRef="Zech.13.2">Zec 13:2</reference>, in connection with idolatrous prophets. Beginning with infidelity as to Jesus Christ's coming in the flesh, men shall end in the grossest idolatry of the beast, the incarnation of all that is self-deifying and God-opposed in the world powers of all ages; having rejected Him that came in the Father's name, they shall worship one that comes in his own, though really the devil's representative; as frogs croak by night in marshes and quagmires, so these unclean spirits in the darkness of error teach lies amidst the mire of filthy lusts. They talk of liberty, but it is not Gospel liberty, but license for lust. There being three, as also seven, in the description of the last and worst state of the Jewish nation, implies a parody of the two divine numbers, three of the Trinity, and seven of the Holy Spirit (<reference osisRef="Rev.1.4">Re 1:4</reference>). Some observe that three frogs were the original arms of France, a country which has been the center of infidelity, socialism, and false spiritualism. A and B read, "as it were frogs," instead of "like frogs," which is not supported by manuscripts. The unclean spirit out of the mouth of the dragon symbolizes the proud infidelity which opposes God and Christ. That out of the beast's mouth is the spirit of the world, which in the politics of men, whether lawless democracy or despotism, sets man above God. That out of the mouth of the false prophet is lying spiritualism and religious delusion, which shall take the place of the harlot when she shall have been destroyed.

<hi type="bold">the dragon--</hi>Satan, who gives his power and throne (<reference osisRef="Rev.13.2">Re 13:2</reference>) to the beast.

<hi type="bold">false prophet--</hi>distinct from the harlot, the apostate Church (of which Rome is the chief, though not sole, representative), <reference osisRef="Rev.17.1-Rev.3.16">Re 17:1-3, 16</reference>; and identical with the second beast, <reference osisRef="Rev.13.11-Rev.13.15">Re 13:11-15</reference>, as appears by comparing <reference osisRef="Rev.19.20">Re 19:20</reference> with <reference osisRef="Rev.13.13">Re 13:13</reference>; ultimately consigned to the lake of fire with the first beast; as is also the dragon a little later (<reference osisRef="Rev.20.10">Re 20:10</reference>). The dragon, the beast, and the false prophet, "the mystery of iniquity," form a blasphemous Antitrinity, the counterfeit of "the mystery of godliness" God manifests in Christ, witnessed to by the Spirit. The dragon acts the part of God the Father, assigning his authority to his representative the beast, as the Father assigns His to the Son. They are accordingly jointly worshipped; compare as to the Father and Son, <reference osisRef="John.5.23">Joh 5:23</reference>; as the ten-horned beast has its ten horns crowned with diadems (Greek, <reference osisRef="Rev.13.1">Re 13:1</reference>), so Christ has on His head many diadems. While the false prophet, like the Holy Ghost, speaks not of himself, but tells all men to worship the beast, and confirms his testimony to the beast by miracles, as the Holy Ghost attested similarly to Christ's divine mission.

13. unclean spirits like frogs-- the antitype to the plague of frogs sent on Egypt. The presence of the "unclean spirit" in the land (Palestine) is foretold, Zec 13:2, in connection with idolatrous prophets. Beginning with infidelity as to Jesus Christ's coming in the flesh, men shall end in the grossest idolatry of the beast, the incarnation of all that is self-deifying and God-opposed in the world powers of all ages; having rejected Him that came in the Father's name, they shall worship one that comes in his own, though really the devil's representative; as frogs croak by night in marshes and quagmires, so these unclean spirits in the darkness of error teach lies amidst the mire of filthy lusts. They talk of liberty, but it is not Gospel liberty, but license for lust. There being three, as also seven, in the description of the last and worst state of the Jewish nation, implies a parody of the two divine numbers, three of the Trinity, and seven of the Holy Spirit (Re 1:4). Some observe that three frogs were the original arms of France, a country which has been the center of infidelity, socialism, and false spiritualism. A and B read, "as it were frogs," instead of "like frogs," which is not supported by manuscripts. The unclean spirit out of the mouth of the dragon symbolizes the proud infidelity which opposes God and Christ. That out of the beast's mouth is the spirit of the world, which in the politics of men, whether lawless democracy or despotism, sets man above God. That out of the mouth of the false prophet is lying spiritualism and religious delusion, which shall take the place of the harlot when she shall have been destroyed. the dragon-- Satan, who gives his power and throne (Re 13:2) to the beast. false prophet-- distinct from the harlot, the apostate Church (of which Rome is the chief, though not sole, representative), Re 17:1-3, 16; and identical with the second beast, Re 13:11-15, as appears by comparing Re 19:20 with Re 13:13; ultimately consigned to the lake of fire with the first beast; as is also the dragon a little later (Re 20:10). The dragon, the beast, and the false prophet, "the mystery of iniquity," form a blasphemous Antitrinity, the counterfeit of "the mystery of godliness" God manifests in Christ, witnessed to by the Spirit. The dragon acts the part of God the Father, assigning his authority to his representative the beast, as the Father assigns His to the Son. They are accordingly jointly worshipped; compare as to the Father and Son, Joh 5:23; as the ten-horned beast has its ten horns crowned with diadems (Greek, Re 13:1), so Christ has on His head many diadems. While the false prophet, like the Holy Ghost, speaks not of himself, but tells all men to worship the beast, and confirms his testimony to the beast by miracles, as the Holy Ghost attested similarly to Christ's divine mission.


<hi type="bold">14. devils--</hi>Greek, "demons."

<hi type="bold">working miracles--</hi>Greek, "signs."

<hi type="bold">go forth unto--</hi>or "for," that is, to tempt them to the battle with Christ.

<hi type="bold">the kings of the earth and, &c.--</hi>A, B, Syriac, and Andreas omit "of the earth and," which clause is not in any manuscript. Translate, "kings of the whole habitable world," who are "of this world," in contrast to "the kings of (from) the East" (the sun-rising), <reference osisRef="Rev.16.12">Re 16:12</reference>, namely, the saints to whom Christ has appointed a kingdom, and who are "children of light." God, in permitting Satan's miracles, as in the case of the Egyptian magicians who were His instruments in hardening Pharaoh's heart, gives the reprobate up to judicial delusion preparatory to their destruction. As Aaron's rod was changed into a serpent, so were those of the Egyptian magicians. Aaron turned the water into blood; so did the magicians. Aaron brought up frogs; so did the magicians. With the frogs their power ceased. So this, or whatever is antitypical to it, will be the last effort of the dragon, beast, and false prophet.

<hi type="bold">battle--</hi>Greek, "war"; the final conflict for the kingship of the world described in <reference osisRef="Rev.19.17-Rev.19.21">Re 19:17-21</reference>.

14. devils-- Greek, "demons." working miracles-- Greek, "signs." go forth unto-- or "for," that is, to tempt them to the battle with Christ. the kings of the earth and, &c.-- A, B, Syriac, and Andreas omit "of the earth and," which clause is not in any manuscript. Translate, "kings of the whole habitable world," who are "of this world," in contrast to "the kings of (from) the East" (the sun-rising), Re 16:12, namely, the saints to whom Christ has appointed a kingdom, and who are "children of light." God, in permitting Satan's miracles, as in the case of the Egyptian magicians who were His instruments in hardening Pharaoh's heart, gives the reprobate up to judicial delusion preparatory to their destruction. As Aaron's rod was changed into a serpent, so were those of the Egyptian magicians. Aaron turned the water into blood; so did the magicians. Aaron brought up frogs; so did the magicians. With the frogs their power ceased. So this, or whatever is antitypical to it, will be the last effort of the dragon, beast, and false prophet. battle-- Greek, "war"; the final conflict for the kingship of the world described in Re 19:17-21.


15. The gathering of the world kings with the beast against the Lamb is the signal for Christ's coming; therefore He here gives the charge to be watching for His coming and clothed in the garments of justification and sanctification, so as to be accepted.

<hi type="bold">thief--</hi>(<reference osisRef="Matt.24.43">Mt 24:43</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Pet.3.10">2Pe 3:10</reference>).

<hi type="bold">they--</hi>saints and angels.

<hi type="bold">shame--</hi>literally, "unseemliness" (Greek, "aschemosunee"): Greek, <reference osisRef="1Cor.13.5">1Co 13:5</reference>: a different word from the Greek in <reference osisRef="Rev.3.18">Re 3:18</reference> (Greek, "aischunee").

15. The gathering of the world kings with the beast against the Lamb is the signal for Christ's coming; therefore He here gives the charge to be watching for His coming and clothed in the garments of justification and sanctification, so as to be accepted. thief-- (Mt 24:43; 2Pe 3:10). they-- saints and angels. shame-- literally, "unseemliness" (Greek, "aschemosunee"): Greek, 1Co 13:5: a different word from the Greek in Re 3:18 (Greek, "aischunee").


<hi type="bold">16. he--</hi>rather, "they (the three unclean spirits) gathered them together." If English Version be retained, "He" will refer to God who gives them over to the delusion of the three unclean spirits; or else the sixth angel (<reference osisRef="Rev.16.12">Re 16:12</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Armageddon--</hi>Hebrew, "Har," a mountain, and "Megiddo" in Manasseh in Galilee, the scene of the overthrow of the Canaanite kings by God's miraculous interposition under Deborah and Barak; the same as the great plain of Esdraelon. Josiah, too, as the ally of Babylon, was defeated and slain at Megiddo; and the mourning of the Jews at the time just before God shall interpose for them against all the nations confederate against Jerusalem, is compared to the mourning for Josiah at Megiddo. Megiddo comes from a root, gadad, "cut off," and means slaughter. Compare <reference osisRef="Joel.3.2">Joe 3:2</reference>, 12, 14, where "the valley of Jehoshaphat" (meaning in Hebrew, "judgment of God") is mentioned as the scene of God's final vengeance on the God-opposing foe. Probably some great plain, antitypical to the valleys of Megiddo and Jehoshaphat, will be the scene.

16. he-- rather, "they (the three unclean spirits) gathered them together." If English Version be retained, "He" will refer to God who gives them over to the delusion of the three unclean spirits; or else the sixth angel (Re 16:12). Armageddon-- Hebrew, "Har," a mountain, and "Megiddo" in Manasseh in Galilee, the scene of the overthrow of the Canaanite kings by God's miraculous interposition under Deborah and Barak; the same as the great plain of Esdraelon. Josiah, too, as the ally of Babylon, was defeated and slain at Megiddo; and the mourning of the Jews at the time just before God shall interpose for them against all the nations confederate against Jerusalem, is compared to the mourning for Josiah at Megiddo. Megiddo comes from a root, gadad, "cut off," and means slaughter. Compare Joe 3:2, 12, 14, where "the valley of Jehoshaphat" (meaning in Hebrew, "judgment of God") is mentioned as the scene of God's final vengeance on the God-opposing foe. Probably some great plain, antitypical to the valleys of Megiddo and Jehoshaphat, will be the scene.


<hi type="bold">17. angel--</hi>so Andreas. But A, B, Vulgate, and Syriac omit it.

<hi type="bold">into--</hi>so Andreas (Greek, "eis"). But A and B, "upon" (Greek, "epi").

<hi type="bold">great--</hi>so B, Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic, and Andreas. But A omits.

<hi type="bold">of heaven--</hi>so B and Andreas But A, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic omit.

<hi type="bold">It is done--</hi>"It is come to pass." God's voice as to the final consummation, as Jesus' voice on the cross when the work of expiation was completed, "It is finished."

17. angel-- so Andreas. But A, B, Vulgate, and Syriac omit it. into-- so Andreas (Greek, "eis"). But A and B, "upon" (Greek, "epi"). great-- so B, Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic, and Andreas. But A omits. of heaven-- so B and Andreas But A, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic omit. It is done-- "It is come to pass." God's voice as to the final consummation, as Jesus' voice on the cross when the work of expiation was completed, "It is finished."


<hi type="bold">18. voice ... thunders ... lightnings--</hi>A has the order, "lightnings ... voices ... thunders." This is the same close as that of the seven seals and the seven thunders; but with the difference that they do not merely form the conclusion, but introduce the consequence, of the last vial, namely, the utter destruction of Babylon and then of the Antichristian armies.

<hi type="bold">earthquake--</hi>which is often preceded by a lurid state of air, such as would result from the vial poured upon it.

<hi type="bold">men were--</hi>so B, Vulgate, Syriac, and Andreas. But A and Coptic read, "A man was."

<hi type="bold">so mighty--</hi>Greek, "such."

18. voice... thunders... lightnings-- A has the order, "lightnings... voices... thunders." This is the same close as that of the seven seals and the seven thunders; but with the difference that they do not merely form the conclusion, but introduce the consequence, of the last vial, namely, the utter destruction of Babylon and then of the Antichristian armies. earthquake-- which is often preceded by a lurid state of air, such as would result from the vial poured upon it. men were-- so B, Vulgate, Syriac, and Andreas. But A and Coptic read, "A man was." so mighty-- Greek, "such."


<hi type="bold">19. the great city--</hi>the capital and seat of the apostate Church, spiritual Babylon (of which Rome is the representative, if one literal city be meant). The city in <reference osisRef="Rev.11.8">Re 11:8</reference> (see on <reference osisRef="Rev.11.8">Re 11:8</reference>), is probably distinct, namely, Jerusalem under Antichrist (the beast, who is distinct from the harlot or apostate Church). In <reference osisRef="Rev.11.13">Re 11:13</reference> only a tenth of Jerusalem falls whereas here the city (Babylon) "became (Greek) into three parts" by the earthquake.

<hi type="bold">cities of the nations--</hi>other great cities in league with spiritual Babylon.

<hi type="bold">great ... came in remembrance--</hi>Greek, "Babylon the great was remembered" (<reference osisRef="Rev.18.5">Re 18:5</reference>). It is now that the last call to escape from Babylon is given to God's people in her (<reference osisRef="Rev.18.4">Re 18:4</reference>).

<hi type="bold">fierceness--</hi>the boiling over outburst of His wrath (Greek, "thumou orgees"), compare Note, see on <reference osisRef="Rev.14.10">Re 14:10</reference>.

19. the great city-- the capital and seat of the apostate Church, spiritual Babylon (of which Rome is the representative, if one literal city be meant). The city in Re 11:8 (see on Re 11:8), is probably distinct, namely, Jerusalem under Antichrist (the beast, who is distinct from the harlot or apostate Church). In Re 11:13 only a tenth of Jerusalem falls whereas here the city (Babylon) "became (Greek) into three parts" by the earthquake. cities of the nations-- other great cities in league with spiritual Babylon. great... came in remembrance-- Greek, "Babylon the great was remembered" (Re 18:5). It is now that the last call to escape from Babylon is given to God's people in her (Re 18:4). fierceness-- the boiling over outburst of His wrath (Greek, "thumou orgees"), compare Note, see on Re 14:10.


20. Plainly parallel to <reference osisRef="Rev.6.14-Rev.6.17">Re 6:14-17</reference>, and by anticipation descriptive of the last judgment.

<hi type="bold">the mountains--</hi>rather as Greek, "there were found no mountains."

20. Plainly parallel to Re 6:14-17, and by anticipation descriptive of the last judgment. the mountains-- rather as Greek, "there were found no mountains."


<hi type="bold">21. fell--</hi>Greek, "descends."

<hi type="bold">upon men--</hi>Greek, "the men."

<hi type="bold">and men blasphemed God--</hi>not those struck who died, but the rest. Unlike the result in the case of Jerusalem (<reference osisRef="Rev.11.13">Re 11:13</reference>), where "the remnant ... affrighted ... gave glory to the God of heaven."

<hi type="bold">was--</hi>Greek, "is." <chapter eID="Rev.16"/>

21. fell-- Greek, "descends." upon men-- Greek, "the men." and men blasphemed God-- not those struck who died, but the rest. Unlike the result in the case of Jerusalem (Re 11:13), where "the remnant... affrighted... gave glory to the God of heaven." was-- Greek, "is."


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 17</title> <title type="x-s3"><reference osisRef="Rev.17.1-Rev.17.18">Re 17:1-18</reference>. The Harlot Babylon's Gaud: The Beast on Which She Rides, Having Seven Heads and Ten Horns, Shall Be the Instrument of Judgment on Her.</title>
 As <reference osisRef="Rev.16.12">Re 16:12</reference> stated generally the vial judgment about to be poured on the harlot, Babylon's power, as the seventeenth and eighteen chapters give the same in detail, so the nineteenth chapter gives in detail the judgment on the beast and the false prophet, summarily alluded to in <reference osisRef="Rev.16.13-Rev.16.15">Re 16:13-15</reference>, in connection with the Lord's coming.

<hi type="bold">1. unto me--</hi>A, B, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic omit.

<hi type="bold">many--</hi>So A. But B, "the many waters" (<reference osisRef="Jer.51.13">Jr 51:13</reference>); <reference osisRef="Rev.17.15">Re 17:15</reference>, below, explains the sense. The whore is the apostate Church, just as "the woman" (<reference osisRef="Rev.12.1-Rev.12.6">Re 12:1-6</reference>) is the Church while faithful. Satan having failed by violence, tries too successfully to seduce her by the allurements of the world; unlike her Lord, she was overcome by this temptation; hence she is seen sitting on the scarlet-colored beast, no longer the wife, but the harlot; no longer Jerusalem, but spiritually Sodom (<reference osisRef="Rev.11.8">Re 11:8</reference>).

CHAPTER 17 Re 17:1-18. The Harlot Babylon's Gaud: The Beast on Which She Rides, Having Seven Heads and Ten Horns, Shall Be the Instrument of Judgment on Her. As Re 16:12 stated generally the vial judgment about to be poured on the harlot, Babylon's power, as the seventeenth and eighteen chapters give the same in detail, so the nineteenth chapter gives in detail the judgment on the beast and the false prophet, summarily alluded to in Re 16:13-15, in connection with the Lord's coming. 1. unto me-- A, B, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic omit. many-- So A. But B, "the many waters" (Jr 51:13); Re 17:15, below, explains the sense. The whore is the apostate Church, just as "the woman" (Re 12:1-6) is the Church while faithful. Satan having failed by violence, tries too successfully to seduce her by the allurements of the world; unlike her Lord, she was overcome by this temptation; hence she is seen sitting on the scarlet-colored beast, no longer the wife, but the harlot; no longer Jerusalem, but spiritually Sodom (Re 11:8).


<hi type="bold">2. drunk with--</hi>Greek, "owing to." It cannot be pagan Rome, but papal Rome, if a particular seat of error be meant, but I incline to think that the judgment (<reference osisRef="Rev.18.2">Re 18:2</reference>) and the spiritual fornication (<reference osisRef="Rev.18.3">Re 18:3</reference>), though finding their culmination in Rome, are not restricted to it, but comprise the whole apostate Church, Roman, Greek, and even Protestant, so far as it has been seduced from its "first love" (<reference osisRef="Rev.2.4">Re 2:4</reference>) to Christ, the heavenly Bridegroom, and given its affections to worldly pomps and idols. The woman (<reference osisRef="Rev.12.1">Re 12:1</reference>) is the congregation of God in its purity under the Old and New Testament, and appears again as the Bride of the Lamb, the transfigured Church prepared for the marriage feast. The woman, the invisible Church, is latent in the apostate Church, and is the Church militant; the Bride is the Church triumphant.

2. drunk with-- Greek, "owing to." It cannot be pagan Rome, but papal Rome, if a particular seat of error be meant, but I incline to think that the judgment (Re 18:2) and the spiritual fornication (Re 18:3), though finding their culmination in Rome, are not restricted to it, but comprise the whole apostate Church, Roman, Greek, and even Protestant, so far as it has been seduced from its "first love" (Re 2:4) to Christ, the heavenly Bridegroom, and given its affections to worldly pomps and idols. The woman (Re 12:1) is the congregation of God in its purity under the Old and New Testament, and appears again as the Bride of the Lamb, the transfigured Church prepared for the marriage feast. The woman, the invisible Church, is latent in the apostate Church, and is the Church militant; the Bride is the Church triumphant.


<hi type="bold">3. the wilderness--</hi>Contrast her in <reference osisRef="Rev.12.6">Re 12:6</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.12.14">14</reference>, having a place in the wilderness-world, but not a home; a sojourner here, looking for the city to come. Now, on the contrary, she is contented to have her portion in this moral wilderness.

<hi type="bold">upon a scarlet ... beast--</hi>The same as in <reference osisRef="Rev.13.1">Re 13:1</reference>, who there is described as here, "having seven heads and ten horns (therein betraying that he is representative of the dragon, <reference osisRef="Rev.12.3">Re 12:3</reference>), and upon his heads names (so the oldest manuscripts read) of blasphemy"; compare also <reference osisRef="Rev.17.12-Rev.17.14">Re 17:12-14</reference>, below, with <reference osisRef="Rev.19.19">Re 19:19</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.19.20">20</reference>, and <reference osisRef="Rev.17.13">Re 17:13</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.14.16">14, 16</reference>. Rome, resting on the world power and ruling it by the claim of supremacy, is the chief, though not the exclusive, representative of this symbol. As the dragon is fiery-red, so the beast is blood-red in color; implying its blood-guiltiness, and also deep-dyed sin. The scarlet is also the symbol of kingly authority.

<hi type="bold">full--</hi>all over; not merely "on his heads," as in <reference osisRef="Rev.13.1">Re 13:1</reference>, for its opposition to God is now about to develop itself in all its intensity. Under the harlot's superintendence, the world power puts forth blasphemous pretensions worse than in pagan days. So the Pope is placed by the cardinals in God's temple on the altar to sit there, and the cardinals kiss the feet of the Pope. This ceremony is called in Romish writers "the adoration." [Historie de Clerge, Amsterd., 1716; and Lettenburgh's Notitia Curiæ Romanæ, 1683, p. 125; Heidegger, Myst. Bab., 1, 511, 514, 537]; a papal coin [Numismata Pontificum, Paris, 1679, p. 5] has the blasphemous legend, "Quem creant, adorant." Kneeling and kissing are the worship meant by John's word nine times used in respect to the rival of God (Greek, "proskunein"). Abomination, too, is the scriptural term for an idol, or any creature worshipped with the homage due to the Creator. Still, there is some check on the God-opposed world power while ridden by the harlot; the consummated Antichrist will be when, having destroyed her, the beast shall be revealed as the concentration and incarnation of all the self-deifying God-opposed principles which have appeared in various forms and degrees heretofore. "The Church has gained outward recognition by leaning on the world power which in its turn uses the Church for its own objects; such is the picture here of Christendom ripe for judgment" [Auberlen]. The seven heads in the view of many are the seven successive forms of government of Rome: kings, consuls, dictators, decemvirs, military tribunes, emperors, the German emperors [Wordsworth], of whom Napoleon is the successor (<reference osisRef="Rev.17.11">Re 17:11</reference>). But see the view given, see on <reference osisRef="Rev.17.9">Re 17:9</reference>, <reference osisRef="Rev.17.10">10</reference>, which I prefer. The crowns formerly on the ten horns (<reference osisRef="Rev.13.1">Re 13:1</reference>) have now disappeared, perhaps an indication that the ten kingdoms into which the Germanic-Slavonic world [the old Roman empire, including the East as well as the West, the two legs of the image with five toes on each, that is, ten in all] is to be divided, will lose their monarchical form in the end [Auberlen]; but see <reference osisRef="Rev.17.12">Re 17:12</reference>, which seems to imply crowned kings.

3. the wilderness-- Contrast her in Re 12:6, 14, having a place in the wilderness-world, but not a home; a sojourner here, looking for the city to come. Now, on the contrary, she is contented to have her portion in this moral wilderness. upon a scarlet... beast-- The same as in Re 13:1, who there is described as here, "having seven heads and ten horns (therein betraying that he is representative of the dragon, Re 12:3), and upon his heads names (so the oldest manuscripts read) of blasphemy"; compare also Re 17:12-14, below, with Re 19:19, 20, and Re 17:13, 14, 16. Rome, resting on the world power and ruling it by the claim of supremacy, is the chief, though not the exclusive, representative of this symbol. As the dragon is fiery-red, so the beast is blood-red in color; implying its blood-guiltiness, and also deep-dyed sin. The scarlet is also the symbol of kingly authority. full-- all over; not merely "on his heads," as in Re 13:1, for its opposition to God is now about to develop itself in all its intensity. Under the harlot's superintendence, the world power puts forth blasphemous pretensions worse than in pagan days. So the Pope is placed by the cardinals in God's temple on the altar to sit there, and the cardinals kiss the feet of the Pope. This ceremony is called in Romish writers "the adoration." [Historie de Clerge, Amsterd., 1716; and Lettenburgh's Notitia Curiæ Romanæ, 1683, p. 125; Heidegger, Myst. Bab., 1, 511, 514, 537]; a papal coin [Numismata Pontificum, Paris, 1679, p. 5] has the blasphemous legend, "Quem creant, adorant." Kneeling and kissing are the worship meant by John's word nine times used in respect to the rival of God (Greek, "proskunein"). Abomination, too, is the scriptural term for an idol, or any creature worshipped with the homage due to the Creator. Still, there is some check on the God-opposed world power while ridden by the harlot; the consummated Antichrist will be when, having destroyed her, the beast shall be revealed as the concentration and incarnation of all the self-deifying God-opposed principles which have appeared in various forms and degrees heretofore. "The Church has gained outward recognition by leaning on the world power which in its turn uses the Church for its own objects; such is the picture here of Christendom ripe for judgment" [Auberlen]. The seven heads in the view of many are the seven successive forms of government of Rome: kings, consuls, dictators, decemvirs, military tribunes, emperors, the German emperors [Wordsworth], of whom Napoleon is the successor (Re 17:11). But see the view given, see on Re 17:9, 10, which I prefer. The crowns formerly on the ten horns (Re 13:1) have now disappeared, perhaps an indication that the ten kingdoms into which the Germanic-Slavonic world [the old Roman empire, including the East as well as the West, the two legs of the image with five toes on each, that is, ten in all] is to be divided, will lose their monarchical form in the end [Auberlen]; but see Re 17:12, which seems to imply crowned kings.


4. The color scarlet, it is remarkable, is that reserved for popes and cardinals. Paul II made it penal for anyone but cardinals to wear hats of scarlet; compare Roman Ceremonial [3.5.5]. This book was compiled several centuries ago by Marcellus, a Romish archbishop, and dedicated to Leo X. In it are enumerated five different articles of dress of scarlet color. A vest is mentioned studded with pearls. The Pope's miter is of gold and precious stones. These are the very characteristics outwardly which Revelation thrice assigns to the harlot or Babylon. So Joachim an abbot from Calabria, about A.D. 1200, when asked by Richard of England, who had summoned him to Palestine, concerning Antichrist, replied that "he was born long ago at Rome, and is now exalting himself above all that is called God." Roger Hoveden [Annals, 1.2], and elsewhere, wrote, "The harlot arrayed in gold is the Church of Rome." Whenever and wherever (not in Rome alone) the Church, instead of being "clothed (as at first, <reference osisRef="Rev.12.1">Re 12:1</reference>) with the sun" of heaven, is arrayed in earthly meretricious gauds, compromising the truth of God through fear, or flattery, of the world's power, science, or wealth, she becomes the harlot seated on the beast, and doomed in righteous retribution to be judged by the beast (<reference osisRef="Rev.17.16">Re 17:16</reference>). Soon, like Rome, and like the Jews of Christ's and the apostles' time leagued with the heathen Rome, she will then become the persecutor of the saints (<reference osisRef="Rev.17.6">Re 17:6</reference>). Instead of drinking her Lord's "cup" of suffering, she has "a cup full of abominations and filthinesses." Rome, in her medals, represents herself holding a cup with the self-condemning inscription, "Sedet super universum." Meanwhile the world power gives up its hostility and accepts Christianity externally; the beast gives up its God-opposed character, the woman gives up her divine one. They meet halfway by mutual concessions; Christianity becomes worldly, the world becomes Christianized. The gainer is the world; the loser is the Church. The beast for a time receives a deadly wound (<reference osisRef="Rev.13.3">Re 13:3</reference>), but is not really transfigured; he will return worse than ever (<reference osisRef="Rev.17.11-Rev.17.14">Re 17:11-14</reference>). The Lord alone by His coming can make the kingdoms of this world become the kingdoms of our Lord and His Christ. The "purple" is the badge of empire; even as in mockery it was put on our Lord.

<hi type="bold">decked--</hi>literally, "gilded."

<hi type="bold">stones--</hi>Greek, "stone."

<hi type="bold">filthiness--</hi>A, B, and Andreas read, "the filthy (impure) things."

4. The color scarlet, it is remarkable, is that reserved for popes and cardinals. Paul II made it penal for anyone but cardinals to wear hats of scarlet; compare Roman Ceremonial [3.5.5]. This book was compiled several centuries ago by Marcellus, a Romish archbishop, and dedicated to Leo X. In it are enumerated five different articles of dress of scarlet color. A vest is mentioned studded with pearls. The Pope's miter is of gold and precious stones. These are the very characteristics outwardly which Revelation thrice assigns to the harlot or Babylon. So Joachim an abbot from Calabria, about A.D. 1200, when asked by Richard of England, who had summoned him to Palestine, concerning Antichrist, replied that "he was born long ago at Rome, and is now exalting himself above all that is called God." Roger Hoveden [Annals, 1.2], and elsewhere, wrote, "The harlot arrayed in gold is the Church of Rome." Whenever and wherever (not in Rome alone) the Church, instead of being "clothed (as at first, Re 12:1) with the sun" of heaven, is arrayed in earthly meretricious gauds, compromising the truth of God through fear, or flattery, of the world's power, science, or wealth, she becomes the harlot seated on the beast, and doomed in righteous retribution to be judged by the beast (Re 17:16). Soon, like Rome, and like the Jews of Christ's and the apostles' time leagued with the heathen Rome, she will then become the persecutor of the saints (Re 17:6). Instead of drinking her Lord's "cup" of suffering, she has "a cup full of abominations and filthinesses." Rome, in her medals, represents herself holding a cup with the self-condemning inscription, "Sedet super universum." Meanwhile the world power gives up its hostility and accepts Christianity externally; the beast gives up its God-opposed character, the woman gives up her divine one. They meet halfway by mutual concessions; Christianity becomes worldly, the world becomes Christianized. The gainer is the world; the loser is the Church. The beast for a time receives a deadly wound (Re 13:3), but is not really transfigured; he will return worse than ever (Re 17:11-14). The Lord alone by His coming can make the kingdoms of this world become the kingdoms of our Lord and His Christ. The "purple" is the badge of empire; even as in mockery it was put on our Lord. decked-- literally, "gilded." stones-- Greek, "stone." filthiness-- A, B, and Andreas read, "the filthy (impure) things."


<hi type="bold">5. upon ... forehead ... name--</hi>as harlots usually had. What a contrast to "Holiness to the Lord," inscribed on the miter on the high priest's forehead!

<hi type="bold">mystery--</hi>implying a spiritual fact heretofore hidden, and incapable of discovery by mere reason, but now revealed. As the union of Christ and the Church is a "great mystery" (a spiritual truth of momentous interest, once hidden, now revealed, <reference osisRef="Eph.5.31">Ep 5:31</reference>, <reference osisRef="Eph.5.32">32</reference>), so the Church conforming to the world and thereby becoming a harlot is a counter "mystery" (or spiritual truth, symbolically now revealed). As iniquity in the harlot is a leaven working in "mystery," and therefore called "the mystery of iniquity," so when she is destroyed, the iniquity heretofore working (comparatively) latently in her, shall be revealed in the man of iniquity, the open embodiment of all previous evil. Contrast the "mystery of God" and "godliness," <reference osisRef="Rev.10.7">Re 10:7</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Tim.3.16">1Ti 3:16</reference>. It was Rome that crucified Christ; that destroyed Jerusalem and scattered the Jews; that persecuted the early Christians in pagan times, and Protestant Christians in papal times; and probably shall be again restored to its pristine grandeur, such as it had under the Cæsars, just before the burning of the harlot and of itself with her. So Hippolytus [On Antichrist] (who lived in the second century), thought. Popery cannot be at one and the same time the "mystery of iniquity," and the manifested or revealed Antichrist. Probably it will compromise for political power (<reference osisRef="Rev.17.3">Re 17:3</reference>) the portion of Christianity still in its creed, and thus shall prepare the way for Antichrist's manifestation. The name Babylon, which in the image, <reference osisRef="Dan.2.32">Da 2:32</reference>, 38, is given to the head, is here given to the harlot, which marks her as being connected with the fourth kingdom, Rome, the last part of the image. Benedict XIII, in his indiction for a jubilee, A.D. 1725, called Rome "the mother of all believers, and the mistress of all churches" (harlots like herself). The correspondence of syllables and accents in Greek is striking; "He porne kai to therion; He numphe kai to arnion." "The whore and the beast; the Bride and the Lamb."

<hi type="bold">of harlots--</hi>Greek, "of the harlots and of the abominations." Not merely Rome, but Christendom as a whole, even as formerly Israel as a whole, has become a harlot. The invisible Church of true believers is hidden and dispersed in the visible Church. The boundary lines which separate harlot and woman are not denominational nor drawn externally, but can only be spiritually discerned. If Rome were the only seat of Babylon, much of the spiritual profit of Revelation would be lost to us; but the harlot "sitteth upon many waters" (<reference osisRef="Rev.17.1">Re 17:1</reference>), and "ALL nations have drunk of the wine of her fornication" (<reference osisRef="Rev.17.2">Re 17:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="Rev.18.3">Re 18:3</reference>; "the earth," <reference osisRef="Rev.19.2">Re 19:2</reference>). External extensiveness over the whole world and internal conformity to the world--worldliness in extent and contents--is symbolized by the name of the world city, "Babylon." As the sun shines on all the earth, thus the woman clothed with the sun is to let her light penetrate to the uttermost parts of the earth. But she, in externally Christianizing the world, permits herself to be seduced by the world; thus her universality or catholicity is not that of the Jerusalem which we look for ("the MOTHER of us all," <reference osisRef="Rev.21.2">Re 21:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="Isa.2.2-Isa.2.4">Is 2:2-4</reference>; <reference osisRef="Gal.4.26">Ga 4:26</reference>), but that of Babylon, the world-wide but harlot city! <hi type="bold">(As Babylon was destroyed, and the Jews restored to Jerusalem by Cyrus, so our Cyrus--</hi>a Persian name meaning the sun--the Sun of righteousness, shall bring Israel, literal and spiritual, to the holy Jerusalem at His coming. Babylon and Jerusalem are the two opposite poles of the spiritual world). Still, the Romish Church is not only accidentally and as a matter of fact, but in virtue of its very PRINCIPLE, a harlot, the metropolis of whoredom, "the mother of harlots"; whereas the evangelical Protestant Church is, according to her principle and fundamental creed, a chaste woman; the Reformation was a protest of the woman against the harlot. The spirit of the heathen world kingdom Rome had, before the Reformation, changed the Church in the West into a Church-State, Rome; and in the East, into a State-Church, fettered by the world power, having its center in Byzantium; the Roman and Greek churches have thus fallen from the invisible spiritual essence of the Gospel into the elements of the world [Auberlen]. Compare with the "woman" called "Babylon" here, the woman named "wickedness," or "lawlessness," "iniquity" (<reference osisRef="Zech.5.7">Zec 5:7</reference>, <reference osisRef="Zech.8.11">8, 11</reference>), carried to Babylon: compare "the mystery of iniquity" and "the man of sin," "that wicked one," literally, "the lawless one" (<reference osisRef="2Thess.2.7">2Th 2:7</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.2.8">8</reference>; also <reference osisRef="Matt.24.12">Mt 24:12</reference>).

5. upon... forehead... name-- as harlots usually had. What a contrast to "Holiness to the Lord," inscribed on the miter on the high priest's forehead! mystery-- implying a spiritual fact heretofore hidden, and incapable of discovery by mere reason, but now revealed. As the union of Christ and the Church is a "great mystery" (a spiritual truth of momentous interest, once hidden, now revealed, Ep 5:31, 32), so the Church conforming to the world and thereby becoming a harlot is a counter "mystery" (or spiritual truth, symbolically now revealed). As iniquity in the harlot is a leaven working in "mystery," and therefore called "the mystery of iniquity," so when she is destroyed, the iniquity heretofore working (comparatively) latently in her, shall be revealed in the man of iniquity, the open embodiment of all previous evil. Contrast the "mystery of God" and "godliness," Re 10:7; 1Ti 3:16. It was Rome that crucified Christ; that destroyed Jerusalem and scattered the Jews; that persecuted the early Christians in pagan times, and Protestant Christians in papal times; and probably shall be again restored to its pristine grandeur, such as it had under the Cæsars, just before the burning of the harlot and of itself with her. So Hippolytus [On Antichrist] (who lived in the second century), thought. Popery cannot be at one and the same time the "mystery of iniquity," and the manifested or revealed Antichrist. Probably it will compromise for political power (Re 17:3) the portion of Christianity still in its creed, and thus shall prepare the way for Antichrist's manifestation. The name Babylon, which in the image, Da 2:32, 38, is given to the head, is here given to the harlot, which marks her as being connected with the fourth kingdom, Rome, the last part of the image. Benedict XIII, in his indiction for a jubilee, A.D. 1725, called Rome "the mother of all believers, and the mistress of all churches" (harlots like herself). The correspondence of syllables and accents in Greek is striking; "He porne kai to therion; He numphe kai to arnion." "The whore and the beast; the Bride and the Lamb." of harlots-- Greek, "of the harlots and of the abominations." Not merely Rome, but Christendom as a whole, even as formerly Israel as a whole, has become a harlot. The invisible Church of true believers is hidden and dispersed in the visible Church. The boundary lines which separate harlot and woman are not denominational nor drawn externally, but can only be spiritually discerned. If Rome were the only seat of Babylon, much of the spiritual profit of Revelation would be lost to us; but the harlot "sitteth upon many waters" (Re 17:1), and "ALL nations have drunk of the wine of her fornication" (Re 17:2; Re 18:3; "the earth," Re 19:2). External extensiveness over the whole world and internal conformity to the world--worldliness in extent and contents--is symbolized by the name of the world city, "Babylon." As the sun shines on all the earth, thus the woman clothed with the sun is to let her light penetrate to the uttermost parts of the earth. But she, in externally Christianizing the world, permits herself to be seduced by the world; thus her universality or catholicity is not that of the Jerusalem which we look for ("the MOTHER of us all," Re 21:2; Is 2:2-4; Ga 4:26), but that of Babylon, the world-wide but harlot city! (As Babylon was destroyed, and the Jews restored to Jerusalem by Cyrus, so our Cyrus-- a Persian name meaning the sun--the Sun of righteousness, shall bring Israel, literal and spiritual, to the holy Jerusalem at His coming. Babylon and Jerusalem are the two opposite poles of the spiritual world). Still, the Romish Church is not only accidentally and as a matter of fact, but in virtue of its very PRINCIPLE, a harlot, the metropolis of whoredom, "the mother of harlots"; whereas the evangelical Protestant Church is, according to her principle and fundamental creed, a chaste woman; the Reformation was a protest of the woman against the harlot. The spirit of the heathen world kingdom Rome had, before the Reformation, changed the Church in the West into a Church-State, Rome; and in the East, into a State-Church, fettered by the world power, having its center in Byzantium; the Roman and Greek churches have thus fallen from the invisible spiritual essence of the Gospel into the elements of the world [Auberlen]. Compare with the "woman" called "Babylon" here, the woman named "wickedness," or "lawlessness," "iniquity" (Zec 5:7, 8, 11), carried to Babylon: compare "the mystery of iniquity" and "the man of sin," "that wicked one," literally, "the lawless one" (2Th 2:7, 8; also Mt 24:12).