<hi type="bold">9. he sought Ahaziah, and they caught him (for he was hid in Samaria)--</hi>(compare <reference osisRef="2Kgs.9.27-2Kgs.9.29">2Ki 9:27-29</reference>). The two accounts are easily reconciled. "Ahaziah fled first to the garden house and escaped to Samaria; but was here, where he had hid himself, taken by Jehu's men who pursued him, brought to Jehu, who was still near or in Jezreel, and at his command slain at the hill Gur, beside Ibleam, in his chariot; that is, mortally wounded with an arrow, so that he, again fleeing, expired at Megiddo" [Keil]. Jehu left the corpse at the disposal of the king of Judah's attendants, who conveyed it to Jerusalem, and out of respect to his grandfather Jehoshaphat's memory, gave him an honorable interment in the tombs of the kings.

<hi type="bold">So the house of Ahaziah had no power to keep still the kingdom--</hi>His children were too young to assume the reins of government, and all the other royal princes had been massacred by Jehu (<reference osisRef="2Chr.22.8">2Ch 22:8</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.22.10-2Chr.22.12">2Ch 22:10-12</reference>. Athaliah, Destroying the Seed Royal Save Joash, Usurps the Kingdom.

9. he sought Ahaziah, and they caught him (for he was hid in Samaria)-- (compare 2Ki 9:27-29). The two accounts are easily reconciled. "Ahaziah fled first to the garden house and escaped to Samaria; but was here, where he had hid himself, taken by Jehu's men who pursued him, brought to Jehu, who was still near or in Jezreel, and at his command slain at the hill Gur, beside Ibleam, in his chariot; that is, mortally wounded with an arrow, so that he, again fleeing, expired at Megiddo" [Keil]. Jehu left the corpse at the disposal of the king of Judah's attendants, who conveyed it to Jerusalem, and out of respect to his grandfather Jehoshaphat's memory, gave him an honorable interment in the tombs of the kings. So the house of Ahaziah had no power to keep still the kingdom-- His children were too young to assume the reins of government, and all the other royal princes had been massacred by Jehu (2Ch 22:8). 2Ch 22:10-12. Athaliah, Destroying the Seed Royal Save Joash, Usurps the Kingdom.


<hi type="bold">10. Athaliah ... arose and destroyed all the seed royal--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.1-2Kgs.11.3">2Ki 11:1-3</reference>). Maddened by the massacre of the royal family of Ahab, she resolved that the royal house of David should have the same fate. Knowing the commission which Jehu had received to extirpate the whole of Ahab's posterity, she expected that he would extend his sword to her. Anticipating his movements, she resolved, as her only defense and security, to usurp the throne and destroy "the seed royal," both because they were hostile to the Phoenician worship of Baal, which she was determined to uphold, and because, if one of the young princes became king, his mother would supersede Athaliah in the dignity of queen mother.

10. Athaliah... arose and destroyed all the seed royal-- (See on 2Ki 11:1-3). Maddened by the massacre of the royal family of Ahab, she resolved that the royal house of David should have the same fate. Knowing the commission which Jehu had received to extirpate the whole of Ahab's posterity, she expected that he would extend his sword to her. Anticipating his movements, she resolved, as her only defense and security, to usurp the throne and destroy "the seed royal," both because they were hostile to the Phoenician worship of Baal, which she was determined to uphold, and because, if one of the young princes became king, his mother would supersede Athaliah in the dignity of queen mother.


<hi type="bold">12. he was with them hid in the house of God--</hi>Certain persons connected with the priesthood had a right to occupy the buildings in the outer wall, and all within the outer wall was often called the temple. Jehoiada and his family resided in one of these apartments. <chapter eID="2Chr.22"/>

12. he was with them hid in the house of God-- Certain persons connected with the priesthood had a right to occupy the buildings in the outer wall, and all within the outer wall was often called the temple. Jehoiada and his family resided in one of these apartments.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 23</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.23.1-2Chr.23.11">2Ch 23:1-11</reference>. Jehoiada Makes Joash King.

<hi type="bold">1. in the seventh year Jehoiada ... took the captains of hundreds, &c.--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.4">2Ki 11:4</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.17">2Ki 11:17</reference>). The five officers mentioned here had been probably of the royal guard, and were known to be strongly disaffected to the government of Athaliah.

CHAPTER 23 2Ch 23:1-11. Jehoiada Makes Joash King. 1. in the seventh year Jehoiada... took the captains of hundreds, &c.-- (See on 2Ki 11:4; 2Ki 11:17). The five officers mentioned here had been probably of the royal guard, and were known to be strongly disaffected to the government of Athaliah.


<hi type="bold">2. chief of all the fathers of Israel--</hi>This name is frequently used in Chronicles for Judah and Benjamin, now all that remained of Israel. Having cautiously entrusted the secret of the young prince's preservation to all the leading men in the kingdom, he enlisted their interest in the royal cause and got their pledge to support it by a secret oath of fidelity.

<hi type="bold">they came to Jerusalem--</hi>The time chosen for the grand discovery was, probably, one of the annual festivals, when there was a general concourse of the nation at the capital.

2. chief of all the fathers of Israel-- This name is frequently used in Chronicles for Judah and Benjamin, now all that remained of Israel. Having cautiously entrusted the secret of the young prince's preservation to all the leading men in the kingdom, he enlisted their interest in the royal cause and got their pledge to support it by a secret oath of fidelity. they came to Jerusalem-- The time chosen for the grand discovery was, probably, one of the annual festivals, when there was a general concourse of the nation at the capital.


<hi type="bold">4-9. This is the thing that ye shall do--</hi>The arrangements made for defense are here described. The people were divided into three bodies; one attended as guards to the king, while the other two were posted at all the doors and gates, and the captains and military officers who entered the temple unarmed to lull suspicion, were furnished with weapons out of the sacred armory, where David had deposited his trophies of victory and which was reopened on this occasion.

4-9. This is the thing that ye shall do-- The arrangements made for defense are here described. The people were divided into three bodies; one attended as guards to the king, while the other two were posted at all the doors and gates, and the captains and military officers who entered the temple unarmed to lull suspicion, were furnished with weapons out of the sacred armory, where David had deposited his trophies of victory and which was reopened on this occasion.


<hi type="bold">11. Then they brought out the king's son, and put upon him the crown, and gave him the testimony--</hi>Some think that the original word rendered "testimony," as its derivation warrants, may signify here the regalia, especially the bracelet (<reference osisRef="2Sam.1.10">2Sa 1:10</reference>); and this view they support on the ground that "gave him" being supplemented, the text properly runs thus, "put upon him the crown and testimony." At the same time, it seems equally pertinent to take "the testimony" in the usual acceptation of that term; and, accordingly, many are of opinion that a roll containing a copy of the law (<reference osisRef="Deut.17.18">De 17:18</reference>) was placed in the king's hands, which he held as a scepter or truncheon. Others, referring to a custom of Oriental people, who when receiving a letter or document from a highly respected quarter, lift it up to their heads before opening it, consider that Joash, besides the crown, had the book of the law laid upon his head (see <reference osisRef="Job.31.35">Job 31:35</reference>, <reference osisRef="Job.31.36">36</reference>).

<hi type="bold">God save the king--</hi>literally, "Long live the king."

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.23.12-2Chr.23.15">2Ch 23:12-15</reference>. Athaliah Slain.

11. Then they brought out the king's son, and put upon him the crown, and gave him the testimony-- Some think that the original word rendered "testimony," as its derivation warrants, may signify here the regalia, especially the bracelet (2Sa 1:10); and this view they support on the ground that "gave him" being supplemented, the text properly runs thus, "put upon him the crown and testimony." At the same time, it seems equally pertinent to take "the testimony" in the usual acceptation of that term; and, accordingly, many are of opinion that a roll containing a copy of the law (De 17:18) was placed in the king's hands, which he held as a scepter or truncheon. Others, referring to a custom of Oriental people, who when receiving a letter or document from a highly respected quarter, lift it up to their heads before opening it, consider that Joash, besides the crown, had the book of the law laid upon his head (see Job 31:35, 36). God save the king-- literally, "Long live the king." 2Ch 23:12-15. Athaliah Slain.


<hi type="bold">12. Athaliah heard the noise of the people--</hi>The unusual commotion, indicated by the blast of the trumpets and the vehement acclamations of the people, drew her attention, or excited her fears. She might have flattered herself that, having slain all the royal family, she was in perfect security; but it is just as likely that, finding on reflection, one had escaped her murderous hands, she might not deem it expedient to institute any enquiries; but the very idea would keep her constantly in a state of jealous suspicion and irritation. In that state of mind, the wicked usurper, hearing across the Tyropoeon the outburst of popular joy, rushed across the bridge to the temple grounds, and, penetrating from a single glance the meaning of the whole scene, raised a shriek of "Treason!"

12. Athaliah heard the noise of the people-- The unusual commotion, indicated by the blast of the trumpets and the vehement acclamations of the people, drew her attention, or excited her fears. She might have flattered herself that, having slain all the royal family, she was in perfect security; but it is just as likely that, finding on reflection, one had escaped her murderous hands, she might not deem it expedient to institute any enquiries; but the very idea would keep her constantly in a state of jealous suspicion and irritation. In that state of mind, the wicked usurper, hearing across the Tyropoeon the outburst of popular joy, rushed across the bridge to the temple grounds, and, penetrating from a single glance the meaning of the whole scene, raised a shriek of "Treason!"


<hi type="bold">13. behold, the king stood at his pillar at the entering in--</hi>The king's pillar was in the people's court, opposite that of the priests'. The young king, arrayed in the royal insignia, had been brought out of the inner, to stand forth in the outer court, to the public view. Some think that he stood on the brazen scaffold of Solomon, erected beside the pillar [see on 2Ch 6:13].

13. behold, the king stood at his pillar at the entering in-- The king's pillar was in the people's court, opposite that of the priests'. The young king, arrayed in the royal insignia, had been brought out of the inner, to stand forth in the outer court, to the public view. Some think that he stood on the brazen scaffold of Solomon, erected beside the pillar [see on 2Ch 6:13].


<hi type="bold">14-15. Slay her not in the house of the Lord ... and when she was come to the entering of the horse gate by the king's house, they slew her there--</hi>The high priest ordered her immediately to be taken out of the temple grounds and put to death. "And they laid hands on her; and she went by the way by the which horses came into the king's house: and there was she slain" (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.16">2Ki 11:16</reference>). "Now, we are not to suppose that horses came into [the king's house] of residence, but into the king's (horses') house or hippodrome (the gate of the king's mules) [Josephus], he had built for them on the southeast of the temple, in the immediate vicinity of the horse gate in the valley of Kedron--a valley which was at that time a kind of desecrated place by the destruction of idols and their appurtenances" (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.23.2">2Ki 23:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.6.12">6, 12</reference>) [Barclay, City of the Great King].

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.23.16">2Ch 23:16</reference>. Jehoiada Restores the Worship of God, and Settles the King.

14-15. Slay her not in the house of the Lord... and when she was come to the entering of the horse gate by the king's house, they slew her there-- The high priest ordered her immediately to be taken out of the temple grounds and put to death. "And they laid hands on her; and she went by the way by the which horses came into the king's house: and there was she slain" (2Ki 11:16). "Now, we are not to suppose that horses came into [the king's house] of residence, but into the king's (horses') house or hippodrome (the gate of the king's mules) [Josephus], he had built for them on the southeast of the temple, in the immediate vicinity of the horse gate in the valley of Kedron--a valley which was at that time a kind of desecrated place by the destruction of idols and their appurtenances" (2Ki 23:2, 6, 12) [Barclay, City of the Great King]. 2Ch 23:16. Jehoiada Restores the Worship of God, and Settles the King.


<hi type="bold">16. Jehoiada made a covenant--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.17">2Ki 11:17</reference>). <chapter eID="2Chr.23"/>

16. Jehoiada made a covenant-- (See on 2Ki 11:17).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 24</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.1-2Chr.24.14">2Ch 24:1-14</reference>. Joash Reigns Well All the Days of Jehoiada.

<hi type="bold">1-3. Joash ... began to reign--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.12.1-2Kgs.12.3">2Ki 12:1-3</reference>).

CHAPTER 24 2Ch 24:1-14. Joash Reigns Well All the Days of Jehoiada. 1-3. Joash... began to reign-- (See on 2Ki 12:1-3).


<hi type="bold">4-14. Joash was minded to repair the house of the Lord--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.12.4-2Kgs.12.16">2Ki 12:4-16</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.15">2Ch 24:15</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.16">16</reference>. Jehoiada Being Dead.

4-14. Joash was minded to repair the house of the Lord-- (See on 2Ki 12:4-16). 2Ch 24:15, 16. Jehoiada Being Dead.


<hi type="bold">15-16. Jehoiada waxed old ... and died--</hi>His life, protracted to unusual longevity and spent in the service of his country, deserved some tribute of public gratitude, and this was rendered in the posthumous honors that were bestowed on him. Among the Hebrews, intramural interment was prohibited in every city but Jerusalem, and there the exception was made only to the royal family and persons of eminent merit, on whom the distinction was conferred of being buried in the city of David, among the kings, as in the case of Jehoiada.

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.17-2Chr.24.22">2Ch 24:17-22</reference>. Joash Falls into Idolatry.

15-16. Jehoiada waxed old... and died-- His life, protracted to unusual longevity and spent in the service of his country, deserved some tribute of public gratitude, and this was rendered in the posthumous honors that were bestowed on him. Among the Hebrews, intramural interment was prohibited in every city but Jerusalem, and there the exception was made only to the royal family and persons of eminent merit, on whom the distinction was conferred of being buried in the city of David, among the kings, as in the case of Jehoiada. 2Ch 24:17-22. Joash Falls into Idolatry.


<hi type="bold">17-22. Now came the princes of Judah, and make obeisance to the king--</hi>Hitherto, while Joash occupied the throne, his uncle had held the reins of sovereign power, and by his excellent counsels had directed the young king to such measures as were calculated to promote both the civil and religious interests of the country. The fervent piety, practical wisdom, and inflexible firmness of that sage counsellor exerted immense influence over all classes. But now that the helm of the state-ship was no longer steered by the sound head and firm hand of the venerable high priest, the real merits of Joash's administration appear; and for want of good and enlightened principle, as well as, perhaps, of natural energy of character, he allowed himself to be borne onward in a course which soon wrecked the vessel upon hidden rocks.

<hi type="bold">the king hearkened unto them, &c.--</hi>They were secretly attached to idolatry, and their elevated rank affords sad proof how extensively and deeply the nation had become corrupted during the reigns of Jehoram, Ahaziah, and Athaliah. With strong professions of allegiance they humbly requested that they might not be subjected to the continued necessity of frequent and expensive journeys to Jerusalem, but allowed the privilege their fathers had enjoyed of worshipping God in high places at home. They framed their petition in this plausible and least offensive manner, well knowing that, if excused attendance at the temple, they might--without risk of discovery or disturbance--indulge their tastes in the observance of any private rites they pleased. The weak-minded king granted their petition; and the consequence was, that when they left the house of the Lord God of their fathers, they soon "served groves and idols."

17-22. Now came the princes of Judah, and make obeisance to the king-- Hitherto, while Joash occupied the throne, his uncle had held the reins of sovereign power, and by his excellent counsels had directed the young king to such measures as were calculated to promote both the civil and religious interests of the country. The fervent piety, practical wisdom, and inflexible firmness of that sage counsellor exerted immense influence over all classes. But now that the helm of the state-ship was no longer steered by the sound head and firm hand of the venerable high priest, the real merits of Joash's administration appear; and for want of good and enlightened principle, as well as, perhaps, of natural energy of character, he allowed himself to be borne onward in a course which soon wrecked the vessel upon hidden rocks. the king hearkened unto them, &c.-- They were secretly attached to idolatry, and their elevated rank affords sad proof how extensively and deeply the nation had become corrupted during the reigns of Jehoram, Ahaziah, and Athaliah. With strong professions of allegiance they humbly requested that they might not be subjected to the continued necessity of frequent and expensive journeys to Jerusalem, but allowed the privilege their fathers had enjoyed of worshipping God in high places at home. They framed their petition in this plausible and least offensive manner, well knowing that, if excused attendance at the temple, they might--without risk of discovery or disturbance--indulge their tastes in the observance of any private rites they pleased. The weak-minded king granted their petition; and the consequence was, that when they left the house of the Lord God of their fathers, they soon "served groves and idols."


<hi type="bold">23. at the end of the year the host of Syria came up--</hi>This invasion took place under the personal conduct of Hazael, whom Joash, to save the miseries of a siege, prevailed on to withdraw his forces by a large present of gold (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.12.18">2Ki 12:18</reference>). Most probably, also, he promised the payment of an annual tribute, on the neglect or refusal of which the Syrians returned the following year, and with a mere handful of men inflicted a total and humiliating defeat on the collected force of the Hebrews.

23. at the end of the year the host of Syria came up-- This invasion took place under the personal conduct of Hazael, whom Joash, to save the miseries of a siege, prevailed on to withdraw his forces by a large present of gold (2Ki 12:18). Most probably, also, he promised the payment of an annual tribute, on the neglect or refusal of which the Syrians returned the following year, and with a mere handful of men inflicted a total and humiliating defeat on the collected force of the Hebrews.


<hi type="bold">25. they left him in great diseases--</hi>The close of his life was embittered by a painful malady, which long confined him to bed.

<hi type="bold">his own servants conspired against him--</hi>These two conspirators (whose fathers were Jews, but their mothers aliens) were probably courtiers, who, having constant access to the bedchamber, could the more easily execute their design.

<hi type="bold">for the blood of the sons--</hi>read "the son" of Jehoiada. Public opinion seems to have ascribed the disasters of his life and reign to that foul crime. And as the king had long lost the esteem and respect of his subjects, neither horror nor sorrow was expressed for his miserable end! <chapter eID="2Chr.24"/>

25. they left him in great diseases-- The close of his life was embittered by a painful malady, which long confined him to bed. his own servants conspired against him-- These two conspirators (whose fathers were Jews, but their mothers aliens) were probably courtiers, who, having constant access to the bedchamber, could the more easily execute their design. for the blood of the sons-- read "the son" of Jehoiada. Public opinion seems to have ascribed the disasters of his life and reign to that foul crime. And as the king had long lost the esteem and respect of his subjects, neither horror nor sorrow was expressed for his miserable end!


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 25</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.25.1-2Chr.25.4">2Ch 25:1-4</reference>. Amaziah Begins to Reign Well.

<hi type="bold">1. Amaziah was twenty and five years old, &c.--</hi>(See <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.1-2Kgs.14.6">2Ki 14:1-6</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.25.5-2Chr.25.10">2Ch 25:5-10</reference>. Having Hired an Army of Israelites against the Edomites, at the Word of a Prophet He Loses a Hundred Talents and Dismisses Them.

CHAPTER 25 2Ch 25:1-4. Amaziah Begins to Reign Well. 1. Amaziah was twenty and five years old, &c.-- (See 2Ki 14:1-6). 2Ch 25:5-10. Having Hired an Army of Israelites against the Edomites, at the Word of a Prophet He Loses a Hundred Talents and Dismisses Them.


<hi type="bold">5. Amaziah ... made captains, &c.--</hi>As all who were capable of bearing arms were liable to serve, it was quite natural in making up the muster-roll to class them according to their respective families and to appoint the officers of each corps from the same quarter; so that all the soldiers who formed a regiment were brothers, relatives, friends. Thus the Hebrew troops were closely linked together, and had strong inducements to keep steady in their ranks.

<hi type="bold">found them three hundred thousand choice men--</hi>This was only a fourth part of Jehoshaphat's army (<reference osisRef="2Chr.17.14-2Chr.17.19">2Ch 17:14-19</reference>), showing how sadly the kingdom of Judah had, in the space of eighty-two years, been reduced in population by foreign wars, no less than by internal corruptions. But the full amount of Amaziah's troops may not be here stated.

5. Amaziah... made captains, &c.-- As all who were capable of bearing arms were liable to serve, it was quite natural in making up the muster-roll to class them according to their respective families and to appoint the officers of each corps from the same quarter; so that all the soldiers who formed a regiment were brothers, relatives, friends. Thus the Hebrew troops were closely linked together, and had strong inducements to keep steady in their ranks. found them three hundred thousand choice men-- This was only a fourth part of Jehoshaphat's army (2Ch 17:14-19), showing how sadly the kingdom of Judah had, in the space of eighty-two years, been reduced in population by foreign wars, no less than by internal corruptions. But the full amount of Amaziah's troops may not be here stated.


<hi type="bold">6. He hired also an hundred thousand mighty men of valour ... for an hundred talents of silver--</hi>This sum was paid into the treasury of Jehoahaz--not given as bounty to the mercenaries who were obliged to serve at the sovereign's call; their remuneration consisting only in the booty they might obtain. It was about £50,000 sterling, being 10s. per man, including officers--a very paltry pay, compared with the bounty given for a soldier in this country. But it must be remembered that in ancient times campaigns were short and the hazards of the service comparatively small.

6. He hired also an hundred thousand mighty men of valour... for an hundred talents of silver-- This sum was paid into the treasury of Jehoahaz--not given as bounty to the mercenaries who were obliged to serve at the sovereign's call; their remuneration consisting only in the booty they might obtain. It was about £50,000 sterling, being 10s. per man, including officers--a very paltry pay, compared with the bounty given for a soldier in this country. But it must be remembered that in ancient times campaigns were short and the hazards of the service comparatively small.


<hi type="bold">7-8. there came a man of God--</hi>sent to dissuade Amaziah from the course he was following, on the ground that "the Lord is not with Israel." This statement was perfectly intelligible to the king. But the historian, writing long after, thought it might require explanation, and therefore added the comment, "with all the children of Ephraim." Idolatry had long been the prevailing religion in that kingdom, and Ephraim its headquarters. As to the other part of the prophet's advice (<reference osisRef="2Chr.25.8">2Ch 25:8</reference>), considerable obscurity hangs over it, as the text stands; and hence some able critics have suggested the insertion of "not" in the middle clause, so that the verse will be thus: "But if thou wilt go [alone], do, be strong for the battle; God shall not make thee fall before the enemy."

7-8. there came a man of God-- sent to dissuade Amaziah from the course he was following, on the ground that "the Lord is not with Israel." This statement was perfectly intelligible to the king. But the historian, writing long after, thought it might require explanation, and therefore added the comment, "with all the children of Ephraim." Idolatry had long been the prevailing religion in that kingdom, and Ephraim its headquarters. As to the other part of the prophet's advice (2Ch 25:8), considerable obscurity hangs over it, as the text stands; and hence some able critics have suggested the insertion of "not" in the middle clause, so that the verse will be thus: "But if thou wilt go [alone], do, be strong for the battle; God shall not make thee fall before the enemy."


<hi type="bold">10. separated them ... the army ... out of Ephraim ... their anger was greatly kindled against Judah--</hi>Amaziah, who knew his position as the Lord's viceroy, complied with the prophet's counsel, and, consenting to forfeit the purchase money of the Israelitish soldiers, discharged them. Exasperated at this treatment, they resolved to indemnify themselves for the loss of their expected booty, and so on their return home they plundered all the towns in their way, committing great havoc both of life and property without any stoppage, as the king of Judah and his army had set out on their expedition (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.7">2Ki 14:7</reference>).

10. separated them... the army... out of Ephraim... their anger was greatly kindled against Judah-- Amaziah, who knew his position as the Lord's viceroy, complied with the prophet's counsel, and, consenting to forfeit the purchase money of the Israelitish soldiers, discharged them. Exasperated at this treatment, they resolved to indemnify themselves for the loss of their expected booty, and so on their return home they plundered all the towns in their way, committing great havoc both of life and property without any stoppage, as the king of Judah and his army had set out on their expedition (2Ki 14:7).


<hi type="bold">11. valley of salt--</hi>This ravine lies to the south of the Dead Sea. The arms of Amaziah, in reward for his obedience to the divine will, were crowned with victory--ten thousand of the Edomites were slain on the field, and as many taken prisoners, who were put to death by precipitation "from the top of the rock" [2Ch 25:12]. This rock might be situated in the neighborhood of the battlefield, but more probably it formed one of the high craggy cliffs of Selah (Petra), the capital of the Edomites, whither Amaziah marched directly from the Valley of Salt, and which he captured (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.7">2Ki 14:7</reference>). The savage cruelty dealt out to them was either in retaliation for similar barbarities inflicted on the Hebrews, or to strike terror into so rebellious a people for the future. The mode of execution, by dashing against stones (<reference osisRef="Ps.137.9">Psa 137:9</reference>), was common among many ancient nations.

11. valley of salt-- This ravine lies to the south of the Dead Sea. The arms of Amaziah, in reward for his obedience to the divine will, were crowned with victory--ten thousand of the Edomites were slain on the field, and as many taken prisoners, who were put to death by precipitation "from the top of the rock" [2Ch 25:12]. This rock might be situated in the neighborhood of the battlefield, but more probably it formed one of the high craggy cliffs of Selah (Petra), the capital of the Edomites, whither Amaziah marched directly from the Valley of Salt, and which he captured (2Ki 14:7). The savage cruelty dealt out to them was either in retaliation for similar barbarities inflicted on the Hebrews, or to strike terror into so rebellious a people for the future. The mode of execution, by dashing against stones (Psa 137:9), was common among many ancient nations.


<hi type="bold">14-16. Amaziah ... brought the gods of the children of Seir--</hi>The Edomites worshipped the sun under different forms and with various rites. But burning incense upon altars was a principal act of worship, and this was the very thing Amaziah is described as having with strange infatuation performed. Whether he had been captivated with the beauty of the images, or hoped by honoring the gods to disarm their spite at him for his conquest and harsh treatment of their votaries, his conduct in establishing these objects of religious homage in Jerusalem was foolish, ignorant, and highly offensive to God, who commissioned a prophet to rebuke him for his apostasy, and threaten him with the calamity that soon after befell him.

14-16. Amaziah... brought the gods of the children of Seir-- The Edomites worshipped the sun under different forms and with various rites. But burning incense upon altars was a principal act of worship, and this was the very thing Amaziah is described as having with strange infatuation performed. Whether he had been captivated with the beauty of the images, or hoped by honoring the gods to disarm their spite at him for his conquest and harsh treatment of their votaries, his conduct in establishing these objects of religious homage in Jerusalem was foolish, ignorant, and highly offensive to God, who commissioned a prophet to rebuke him for his apostasy, and threaten him with the calamity that soon after befell him.


<hi type="bold">17. Then Amaziah ... sent to Joash ... Come, let us see one another in the face--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.8-2Kgs.14.20">2Ki 14:8-20</reference>). <chapter eID="2Chr.25"/>

17. Then Amaziah... sent to Joash... Come, let us see one another in the face-- (See on 2Ki 14:8-20).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 26</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.26.1-2Chr.26.8">2Ch 26:1-8</reference>. Uzziah Succeeds Amaziah and Reigns Well in the Days of Zechariah.

<hi type="bold">1. Then all the people of Judah took Uzziah--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.21">2Ki 14:21</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.1">2Ki 15:1</reference>).

CHAPTER 26 2Ch 26:1-8. Uzziah Succeeds Amaziah and Reigns Well in the Days of Zechariah. 1. Then all the people of Judah took Uzziah-- (See on 2Ki 14:21; 2Ki 15:1).


<hi type="bold">2. He built Eloth--</hi>or, "He it was who built Eloth." The account of the fortifications of this port on the Red Sea, which Uzziah restored to the kingdom of Judah (<reference osisRef="2Chr.33.13">2Ch 33:13</reference>), is placed before the chronological notices (<reference osisRef="2Chr.26.3">2Ch 26:3</reference>), either on account of the importance attached to the conquest of Eloth, or from the desire of the historian to introduce Uzziah as the king, who was known as the conqueror of Eloth. Besides, it indicates that the conquest occurred in the early part of his reign, that it was important as a port, and that Hebrew merchants maintained the old trade between it and the countries of the East [Bertheau].

2. He built Eloth-- or, "He it was who built Eloth." The account of the fortifications of this port on the Red Sea, which Uzziah restored to the kingdom of Judah (2Ch 33:13), is placed before the chronological notices (2Ch 26:3), either on account of the importance attached to the conquest of Eloth, or from the desire of the historian to introduce Uzziah as the king, who was known as the conqueror of Eloth. Besides, it indicates that the conquest occurred in the early part of his reign, that it was important as a port, and that Hebrew merchants maintained the old trade between it and the countries of the East [Bertheau].


<hi type="bold">5. he sought God in the days of Zechariah--</hi>a wise and pious counsellor, who was skilled in understanding the meaning and lessons of the ancient prophecies, and who wielded a salutary influence over Uzziah.

5. he sought God in the days of Zechariah-- a wise and pious counsellor, who was skilled in understanding the meaning and lessons of the ancient prophecies, and who wielded a salutary influence over Uzziah.


<hi type="bold">6-7. he went forth and warred against the Philistines--</hi>He overcame them in many engagements--dismantled their towns, and erected fortified cities in various parts of the country, to keep them in subjection.

<hi type="bold">Jabneh--</hi>the same as Jabneel (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.11">Jos 15:11</reference>).

6-7. he went forth and warred against the Philistines-- He overcame them in many engagements--dismantled their towns, and erected fortified cities in various parts of the country, to keep them in subjection. Jabneh-- the same as Jabneel (Jos 15:11).


<hi type="bold">8. the Ammonites gave gifts--</hi>The countries east of the Jordan became tributary to him, and by the rapid succession and extent of his victories, his kingdom was extended to the Egyptian frontier.

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.26.9">2Ch 26:9</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Chr.26.10">10</reference>. His Buildings.

8. the Ammonites gave gifts-- The countries east of the Jordan became tributary to him, and by the rapid succession and extent of his victories, his kingdom was extended to the Egyptian frontier. 2Ch 26:9, 10. His Buildings.


<hi type="bold">9. Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem, &c.--</hi>whence resistance could be made, or missiles discharged against assailants. The sites of the principal of these towers were: at the corner gate (<reference osisRef="2Chr.25.23">2Ch 25:23</reference>), the northwest corner of the city; at the valley gate on the west, where the Joppa gate now is; at the "turning"--a curve in the city wall on the eastern side of Zion. The town, at this point, commanded the horse gate which defended Zion and the temple hill on the southeast [Bertheau].

9. Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem, &c.-- whence resistance could be made, or missiles discharged against assailants. The sites of the principal of these towers were: at the corner gate (2Ch 25:23), the northwest corner of the city; at the valley gate on the west, where the Joppa gate now is; at the "turning"--a curve in the city wall on the eastern side of Zion. The town, at this point, commanded the horse gate which defended Zion and the temple hill on the southeast [Bertheau].


<hi type="bold">10. Also he built towers in the desert--</hi>for the threefold purpose of defense, of observation, and of shelter to his cattle. He dug also a great many wells, for he loved and encouraged all branches of agriculture. Some of these "were in the desert," that is, in the district to the southeast of Jerusalem, on the west of the Dead Sea, an extensive grazing district "in the low country" lying between the mountains of Judah and the Mediterranean; "and in the plains," east of the Jordan, within the territory of Reuben (<reference osisRef="Deut.4.43">De 4:43</reference>; <reference osisRef="Josh.20.8">Jos 20:8</reference>).

<hi type="bold">in Carmel--</hi>This mountain, being within the boundary of Israel, did not belong to Uzziah; and as it is here placed in opposition to the vine-bearing mountains, it is probably used, not as a proper name, but to signify, as the word denotes, "fruitful fields" (Margin).

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.26.11-2Chr.26.15">2Ch 26:11-15</reference>. His Host, and Engines of War.

10. Also he built towers in the desert-- for the threefold purpose of defense, of observation, and of shelter to his cattle. He dug also a great many wells, for he loved and encouraged all branches of agriculture. Some of these "were in the desert," that is, in the district to the southeast of Jerusalem, on the west of the Dead Sea, an extensive grazing district "in the low country" lying between the mountains of Judah and the Mediterranean; "and in the plains," east of the Jordan, within the territory of Reuben (De 4:43; Jos 20:8). in Carmel-- This mountain, being within the boundary of Israel, did not belong to Uzziah; and as it is here placed in opposition to the vine-bearing mountains, it is probably used, not as a proper name, but to signify, as the word denotes, "fruitful fields" (Margin). 2Ch 26:11-15. His Host, and Engines of War.


<hi type="bold">11-15. an host of fighting men, that went out to war by bands--</hi>He raised a strong body of militia, divided into companies or regiments of uniform size, which served in rotation. The enumeration was performed by two functionaries expert in the drawing up of military muster-rolls, under the superintendence of Hananiah, one of the high officers of the crown. The army consisted of 307,500 picked men, under the command of two thousand gallant officers, chiefs or heads of fathers' houses, so that each father's house formed a distinct band. They were fully equipped with every kind of military accoutrements, from brazen helmets, a habergeon or coat of mail, to a sling for stones.

11-15. an host of fighting men, that went out to war by bands-- He raised a strong body of militia, divided into companies or regiments of uniform size, which served in rotation. The enumeration was performed by two functionaries expert in the drawing up of military muster-rolls, under the superintendence of Hananiah, one of the high officers of the crown. The army consisted of 307,500 picked men, under the command of two thousand gallant officers, chiefs or heads of fathers' houses, so that each father's house formed a distinct band. They were fully equipped with every kind of military accoutrements, from brazen helmets, a habergeon or coat of mail, to a sling for stones.


<hi type="bold">16-21. he transgressed against the Lord, &c.--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.5">2Ki 15:5</reference>). This daring and wicked act is in both records traced to the intoxicating influence of overweening pride and vanity. But here the additional circumstances are stated, that his entrance was opposed, and strong remonstrances made (<reference osisRef="1Chr.6.10">1Ch 6:10</reference>) by the high priest, who was accompanied by eighty inferior priests. Rage and threats were the only answers he deigned to return, but God took care to vindicate the sacredness of the priestly office. At the moment the king lifted the censer, He struck him with leprosy. The earthquake mentioned (<reference osisRef="Amos.1.1">Am 1:1</reference>) is said to have been felt at the moment [Josephus].

16-21. he transgressed against the Lord, &c.-- (See on 2Ki 15:5). This daring and wicked act is in both records traced to the intoxicating influence of overweening pride and vanity. But here the additional circumstances are stated, that his entrance was opposed, and strong remonstrances made (1Ch 6:10) by the high priest, who was accompanied by eighty inferior priests. Rage and threats were the only answers he deigned to return, but God took care to vindicate the sacredness of the priestly office. At the moment the king lifted the censer, He struck him with leprosy. The earthquake mentioned (Am 1:1) is said to have been felt at the moment [Josephus].


<hi type="bold">23. they buried him ... in the field of the burial which belonged to the kings--</hi>He was interred not in, but near, the sepulcher of the kings, as the corpse of a leper would have polluted it. <chapter eID="2Chr.26"/>

23. they buried him... in the field of the burial which belonged to the kings-- He was interred not in, but near, the sepulcher of the kings, as the corpse of a leper would have polluted it.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 27</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.27.1-2Chr.27.4">2Ch 27:1-4</reference>. Jotham, Reigning Well, Prospers.

<hi type="bold">1. Jotham was twenty and five years old--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.32-2Kgs.15.35">2Ki 15:32-35</reference>).

<hi type="bold">His mother's name ... Jerushah, the daughter of Zadok--</hi>or descendant of the famous priest of that name [2Sa 8:17].

CHAPTER 27 2Ch 27:1-4. Jotham, Reigning Well, Prospers. 1. Jotham was twenty and five years old-- (See on 2Ki 15:32-35). His mother's name... Jerushah, the daughter of Zadok-- or descendant of the famous priest of that name [2Sa 8:17].


<hi type="bold">2. he did that which was right--</hi>The general rectitude of his government is described by representing it as conducted on the excellent principles which had guided the early part of his father's reign.

<hi type="bold">the people did yet corruptly--</hi>(See <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.35">2Ki 15:35</reference>); but the description here is more emphatic, that though Jotham did much to promote the good of his kingdom and aimed at a thorough reformation in religion, the widespread and inveterate wickedness of the people frustrated all his laudable efforts.

2. he did that which was right-- The general rectitude of his government is described by representing it as conducted on the excellent principles which had guided the early part of his father's reign. the people did yet corruptly-- (See 2Ki 15:35); but the description here is more emphatic, that though Jotham did much to promote the good of his kingdom and aimed at a thorough reformation in religion, the widespread and inveterate wickedness of the people frustrated all his laudable efforts.


<hi type="bold">3. He built the high gate of the house of the Lord--</hi>situated on the north--that portion of the temple hill which was high compared with the southern part--hence "the higher," or upper gate (see on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.35">2Ki 15:35</reference>). He built, that is, repaired or embellished.

<hi type="bold">and on the wall of Ophel--</hi>Hebrew, "the Ophel," that is, the mound, or eminence on the southeastern slope of the temple mount, a ridge lying between the valleys Kedron and Tyropoeon, called "the lower city" [Josephus]. He

<hi type="bold">built much--</hi>having the same desire as his father to secure the defense of Jerusalem in every direction.

3. He built the high gate of the house of the Lord-- situated on the north--that portion of the temple hill which was high compared with the southern part--hence "the higher," or upper gate (see on 2Ki 15:35). He built, that is, repaired or embellished. and on the wall of Ophel-- Hebrew, "the Ophel," that is, the mound, or eminence on the southeastern slope of the temple mount, a ridge lying between the valleys Kedron and Tyropoeon, called "the lower city" [Josephus]. He built much-- having the same desire as his father to secure the defense of Jerusalem in every direction.


<hi type="bold">4. in the mountains of Judah, and in the forests he built castles and towers--</hi>that is, in the elevated and wooded spots where fortified cities could not be placed, he erected castles and towers.

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.27.5-2Chr.27.9">2Ch 27:5-9</reference>. He Subdues the Ammonites.

4. in the mountains of Judah, and in the forests he built castles and towers-- that is, in the elevated and wooded spots where fortified cities could not be placed, he erected castles and towers. 2Ch 27:5-9. He Subdues the Ammonites.


<hi type="bold">5. He fought also with the king of the Ammonites--</hi>This invasion he not only repelled, but, pursuing the Ammonites into their own territory, he imposed on them a yearly tribute, which, for two years, they paid. But when Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, king of Israel, combined to attack the kingdom of Judah, they took the opportunity of revolting, and Jotham was too distracted by other matters to attempt the reconquest (see on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.37">2Ki 15:37</reference>). <chapter eID="2Chr.27"/>

5. He fought also with the king of the Ammonites-- This invasion he not only repelled, but, pursuing the Ammonites into their own territory, he imposed on them a yearly tribute, which, for two years, they paid. But when Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, king of Israel, combined to attack the kingdom of Judah, they took the opportunity of revolting, and Jotham was too distracted by other matters to attempt the reconquest (see on 2Ki 15:37).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 28</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.28.1-2Chr.28.21">2Ch 28:1-21</reference>. Ahaz, Reigning Wickedly, Is Afflicted by the Syrians.

<hi type="bold">1-4. Ahaz was twenty years old--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.16.1-2Kgs.16.4">2Ki 16:1-4</reference>). This prince, discarding the principles and example of his excellent father, early betrayed a strong bias to idolatry. He ruled with an arbitrary and absolute authority, and not as a theocratic sovereign: he not only forsook the temple of God, but embraced first the symbolic worship established in the sister kingdom, and afterwards the gross idolatry practised by the Canaanites.

CHAPTER 28 2Ch 28:1-21. Ahaz, Reigning Wickedly, Is Afflicted by the Syrians. 1-4. Ahaz was twenty years old-- (See on 2Ki 16:1-4). This prince, discarding the principles and example of his excellent father, early betrayed a strong bias to idolatry. He ruled with an arbitrary and absolute authority, and not as a theocratic sovereign: he not only forsook the temple of God, but embraced first the symbolic worship established in the sister kingdom, and afterwards the gross idolatry practised by the Canaanites.


<hi type="bold">5-7. the Lord ... delivered him into the hand of the king of Syria ... he was also delivered into the hand of the King of Israel--</hi>These verses, without alluding to the formation of a confederacy between the Syrian and Israelitish kings to invade the kingdom of Judah, or relating the commencement of the war in the close of Jotham's reign (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.37">2Ki 15:37</reference>), give the issue only of some battles that were fought in the early part of the campaign.

<hi type="bold">delivered him ... smote him ... he was also delivered--</hi>that is, his army, for Ahaz was not personally included in the number either of the slain or the captives. The slaughter of one hundred twenty thousand in one day was a terrible calamity, which, it is (<reference osisRef="2Chr.28.6">2Ch 28:6</reference>) expressly said, was inflicted as a judgment on Judah, "because they had forsaken the Lord God of their fathers." Among the slain were some persons of distinction:

5-7. the Lord... delivered him into the hand of the king of Syria... he was also delivered into the hand of the King of Israel-- These verses, without alluding to the formation of a confederacy between the Syrian and Israelitish kings to invade the kingdom of Judah, or relating the commencement of the war in the close of Jotham's reign (2Ki 15:37), give the issue only of some battles that were fought in the early part of the campaign. delivered him... smote him... he was also delivered-- that is, his army, for Ahaz was not personally included in the number either of the slain or the captives. The slaughter of one hundred twenty thousand in one day was a terrible calamity, which, it is (2Ch 28:6) expressly said, was inflicted as a judgment on Judah, "because they had forsaken the Lord God of their fathers." Among the slain were some persons of distinction:


<hi type="bold">8-14. the children of Israel carried away captive of their brethren two hundred thousand--</hi>These captives included a great number of women, boys, and girls, a circumstance which creates a presumption that the Hebrews, like other Orientals, were accompanied in the war by multitudes of non-combatants (see on <reference osisRef="Judg.4.8">Jud 4:8</reference>). The report of these "brethren," being brought as captives to Samaria, excited general indignation among the better-disposed inhabitants; and Oded, a prophet, accompanied by the princes (<reference osisRef="2Chr.28.12">2Ch 28:12</reference> compared with <reference osisRef="2Chr.28.14">2Ch 28:14</reference>), went out, as the escort was approaching, to prevent the disgraceful outrage of introducing such prisoners into the city. The officers of the squadron were, of course, not to blame; they were simply doing their military duty in conducting those prisoners of war to their destination. But Oded clearly showed that the Israelitish army had gained the victory--not by the superiority of their arms, but in consequence of the divine judgment against Judah. He forcibly exposed the enormity of the offense of keeping "their brethren" as slaves got in war. He protested earnestly against adding this great offense of unnatural and sinful cruelty (<reference osisRef="Lev.25.43">Le 25:43</reference>, <reference osisRef="Lev.25.44">44</reference>; <reference osisRef="Mic.2.8">Mi 2:8</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Cor.2.9">9</reference>) to the already overwhelming amount of their own national sins. Such was the effect of his spirited remonstrance and the opposing tide of popular feeling, that "the armed men left the captives and the spoil before the princes and all the congregation."

8-14. the children of Israel carried away captive of their brethren two hundred thousand-- These captives included a great number of women, boys, and girls, a circumstance which creates a presumption that the Hebrews, like other Orientals, were accompanied in the war by multitudes of non-combatants (see on Jud 4:8). The report of these "brethren," being brought as captives to Samaria, excited general indignation among the better-disposed inhabitants; and Oded, a prophet, accompanied by the princes (2Ch 28:12 compared with 2Ch 28:14), went out, as the escort was approaching, to prevent the disgraceful outrage of introducing such prisoners into the city. The officers of the squadron were, of course, not to blame; they were simply doing their military duty in conducting those prisoners of war to their destination. But Oded clearly showed that the Israelitish army had gained the victory--not by the superiority of their arms, but in consequence of the divine judgment against Judah. He forcibly exposed the enormity of the offense of keeping "their brethren" as slaves got in war. He protested earnestly against adding this great offense of unnatural and sinful cruelty (Le 25:43, 44; Mi 2:8, 9) to the already overwhelming amount of their own national sins. Such was the effect of his spirited remonstrance and the opposing tide of popular feeling, that "the armed men left the captives and the spoil before the princes and all the congregation."


<hi type="bold">15. the men which were expressed by name rose up--</hi>These were either the "heads of the children of Ephraim" (mentioned <reference osisRef="2Chr.28.12">2Ch 28:12</reference>), or some other leading individuals chosen for the benevolent office. Under their kindly superintendence, the prisoners were not only released, but out of the spoils were comfortably relieved with food and clothing, and conveyed as far as Jericho on their way back to their own homes. This is a beautiful incident, and full of interest, as showing that even at this period of national decline, there were not a few who steadfastly adhered to the law of God.

15. the men which were expressed by name rose up-- These were either the "heads of the children of Ephraim" (mentioned 2Ch 28:12), or some other leading individuals chosen for the benevolent office. Under their kindly superintendence, the prisoners were not only released, but out of the spoils were comfortably relieved with food and clothing, and conveyed as far as Jericho on their way back to their own homes. This is a beautiful incident, and full of interest, as showing that even at this period of national decline, there were not a few who steadfastly adhered to the law of God.


<hi type="bold">16. At that time did king Ahaz send unto the kings of Assyria--</hi>"kings," the plural for the singular, which is found in many ancient versions. "At that time," refers to the period of Ahaz' great distress, when, after a succession of defeats, he retreated within the walls of Jerusalem. Either in the same or a subsequent campaign, the Syrian and Israelitish allies marched there to besiege him (see on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.16.7">2Ki 16:7</reference>). Though delivered from this danger, other enemies infested his dominions both on the south and the west.

16. At that time did king Ahaz send unto the kings of Assyria-- "kings," the plural for the singular, which is found in many ancient versions. "At that time," refers to the period of Ahaz' great distress, when, after a succession of defeats, he retreated within the walls of Jerusalem. Either in the same or a subsequent campaign, the Syrian and Israelitish allies marched there to besiege him (see on 2Ki 16:7). Though delivered from this danger, other enemies infested his dominions both on the south and the west.


<hi type="bold">17. again the Edomites had come and smitten Judah--</hi>This invasion must have been after Rezin (at the beginning of the recent Syro-Israelitish war), had released that people from the yoke of Judah (<reference osisRef="2Chr.15.11">2Ch 15:11</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="2Kgs.16.6">2Ki 16:6</reference>).

17. again the Edomites had come and smitten Judah-- This invasion must have been after Rezin (at the beginning of the recent Syro-Israelitish war), had released that people from the yoke of Judah (2Ch 15:11; compare 2Ki 16:6).


<hi type="bold">18. Gederoth--</hi>on the Philistine frontier (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.41">Jos 15:41</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Shocho--</hi>or Socoh (<reference osisRef="Josh.15.35">Jos 15:35</reference>), now Shuweikeh, a town in the Valley of Judah (see on <reference osisRef="1Sam.17.1">1Sa 17:1</reference>).

<hi type="bold">Gimzo--</hi>now Jimza, a little east of Ludd (Lydda) [Robinson]. All these disasters, by which the "Lord brought Judah low," were because of Ahaz, king of Israel (Judah), see <reference osisRef="2Chr.21.2">2Ch 21:2</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.16">24:16</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Chr.28.27">28:27</reference>, who made Judah naked, and transgressed sore against the Lord.

18. Gederoth-- on the Philistine frontier (Jos 15:41). Shocho-- or Socoh (Jos 15:35), now Shuweikeh, a town in the Valley of Judah (see on 1Sa 17:1). Gimzo-- now Jimza, a little east of Ludd (Lydda) [Robinson]. All these disasters, by which the "Lord brought Judah low," were because of Ahaz, king of Israel (Judah), see 2Ch 21:2; 24:16; 28:27, who made Judah naked, and transgressed sore against the Lord.


<hi type="bold">20. Tilgath-pilneser ... distressed him, but strengthened him not--</hi>that is, notwithstanding the temporary relief which Tilgath-pilneser afforded him by the conquest of Damascus and the slaughter of Rezin (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.16.9">2Ki 16:9</reference>), little advantage resulted from it, for Tilgath-pilneser spent the winter in voluptuous revelry at Damascus; and the connection formed with the Assyrian king was eventually a source of new and greater calamities and humiliation to the kingdom of Judah (<reference osisRef="2Chr.28.2">2Ch 28:2</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Chr.28.3">3</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.28.22-2Chr.28.27">2Ch 28:22-27</reference>. His Idolatry in His Distress.

20. Tilgath-pilneser... distressed him, but strengthened him not-- that is, notwithstanding the temporary relief which Tilgath-pilneser afforded him by the conquest of Damascus and the slaughter of Rezin (2Ki 16:9), little advantage resulted from it, for Tilgath-pilneser spent the winter in voluptuous revelry at Damascus; and the connection formed with the Assyrian king was eventually a source of new and greater calamities and humiliation to the kingdom of Judah (2Ch 28:2, 3). 2Ch 28:22-27. His Idolatry in His Distress.


<hi type="bold">22. in the time of his distress did he trespass yet more against the Lord--</hi>This infatuated king surrendered himself to the influence of idolatry and exerted his royal authority to extend it, with the intensity of a passion--with the ignorance and servile fear of a heathen (<reference osisRef="2Chr.28.23">2Ch 28:23</reference>) and a ruthless defiance of God (see on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.16.10-2Kgs.16.20">2Ki 16:10-20</reference>). <chapter eID="2Chr.28"/>

22. in the time of his distress did he trespass yet more against the Lord-- This infatuated king surrendered himself to the influence of idolatry and exerted his royal authority to extend it, with the intensity of a passion--with the ignorance and servile fear of a heathen (2Ch 28:23) and a ruthless defiance of God (see on 2Ki 16:10-20).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 29</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.29.1">2Ch 29:1</reference>, 2. Hezekiah's Good Reign.

<hi type="bold">1. Hezekiah began to reign, &c.--</hi>(see on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.18.1">2Ki 18:1</reference>). His mother's name, which, in <reference osisRef="2Kgs.18.2">2Ki 18:2</reference>, appears in an abridged form, is here given in full.

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.29.3-2Chr.29.11">2Ch 29:3-11</reference>. He Restores Religion.

CHAPTER 29 2Ch 29:1, 2. Hezekiah's Good Reign. 1. Hezekiah began to reign, &c.-- (see on 2Ki 18:1). His mother's name, which, in 2Ki 18:2, appears in an abridged form, is here given in full. 2Ch 29:3-11. He Restores Religion.


<hi type="bold">3. in the first year of his reign, in the first month--</hi>not the first month after his accession to the throne, but in Nisan, the first month of the sacred year, the season appointed for the celebration of the passover.

<hi type="bold">he opened the doors of the house of the Lord--</hi>which had been closed up by his father (<reference osisRef="2Chr.28.24">2Ch 28:24</reference>).

<hi type="bold">and repaired them--</hi>or embellished them (compare <reference osisRef="2Kgs.18.16">2Ki 18:16</reference>).

3. in the first year of his reign, in the first month-- not the first month after his accession to the throne, but in Nisan, the first month of the sacred year, the season appointed for the celebration of the passover. he opened the doors of the house of the Lord-- which had been closed up by his father (2Ch 28:24). and repaired them-- or embellished them (compare 2Ki 18:16).


<hi type="bold">4-5. the east street--</hi>the court of the priests, which fronted the eastern gate of the temple. Assembling the priests and Levites there, he enjoined them to set about the immediate purification of the temple. It does not appear that the order referred to the removal of idols, for objects of idolatrous homage could scarcely have been put there, seeing the doors had been shut up [2Ch 29:3]; but in its forsaken and desolate state the temple and its courts had been polluted by every kind of impurity.

4-5. the east street-- the court of the priests, which fronted the eastern gate of the temple. Assembling the priests and Levites there, he enjoined them to set about the immediate purification of the temple. It does not appear that the order referred to the removal of idols, for objects of idolatrous homage could scarcely have been put there, seeing the doors had been shut up [2Ch 29:3]; but in its forsaken and desolate state the temple and its courts had been polluted by every kind of impurity.


<hi type="bold">6-7. our fathers have trespassed--</hi>Ahaz and the generation contemporary with him were specially meant, for they "turned away their faces from the habitation of the Lord," and whether or not they turned east to the rising sun, they abandoned the worship of God. They "shut up the doors of the porch," so that the sacred ritual was entirely discontinued.

6-7. our fathers have trespassed-- Ahaz and the generation contemporary with him were specially meant, for they "turned away their faces from the habitation of the Lord," and whether or not they turned east to the rising sun, they abandoned the worship of God. They "shut up the doors of the porch," so that the sacred ritual was entirely discontinued.


<hi type="bold">8-9. Wherefore the wrath of the Lord was upon Judah and Jerusalem--</hi>This pious king had the discernment to ascribe all the national calamities that had befallen the kingdom to the true cause, namely, apostasy from God. The country had been laid waste by successive wars of invasion, and its resources drained. Many families mourned members of their household still suffering the miseries of foreign captivity; all their former prosperity and glory had fled; and to what was this painful and humiliating state of affairs to be traced, but to the manifest judgment of God upon the kingdom for its sins?

8-9. Wherefore the wrath of the Lord was upon Judah and Jerusalem-- This pious king had the discernment to ascribe all the national calamities that had befallen the kingdom to the true cause, namely, apostasy from God. The country had been laid waste by successive wars of invasion, and its resources drained. Many families mourned members of their household still suffering the miseries of foreign captivity; all their former prosperity and glory had fled; and to what was this painful and humiliating state of affairs to be traced, but to the manifest judgment of God upon the kingdom for its sins?


<hi type="bold">10-11. Now it is in mine heart to make a covenant with the Lord God--</hi>Convinced of the sin and bitter fruits of idolatry, Hezekiah intended to reverse the policy of his father, and to restore, in all its ancient purity and glory, the worship of the true God. His commencement of this resolution at the beginning of his reign attests his sincere piety. It also proves the strength of his conviction that righteousness exalteth a nation; for, instead of waiting till his throne was consolidated, he devised measures of national reformation at the beginning of his reign and vigorously faced all the difficulties which, in such a course, he had to encounter, after the people's habits had so long been moulded to idolatry. His intentions were first disclosed to this meeting of the priests and Levites--for the agency of these officials was to be employed in carrying them into effect.

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.29.12-2Chr.29.36">2Ch 29:12-36</reference>. The House of God Cleansed.

10-11. Now it is in mine heart to make a covenant with the Lord God-- Convinced of the sin and bitter fruits of idolatry, Hezekiah intended to reverse the policy of his father, and to restore, in all its ancient purity and glory, the worship of the true God. His commencement of this resolution at the beginning of his reign attests his sincere piety. It also proves the strength of his conviction that righteousness exalteth a nation; for, instead of waiting till his throne was consolidated, he devised measures of national reformation at the beginning of his reign and vigorously faced all the difficulties which, in such a course, he had to encounter, after the people's habits had so long been moulded to idolatry. His intentions were first disclosed to this meeting of the priests and Levites--for the agency of these officials was to be employed in carrying them into effect. 2Ch 29:12-36. The House of God Cleansed.


<hi type="bold">12-19. Then the Levites arose--</hi>Fourteen chiefs undertook the duty of collecting and preparing their brethren for the important work of cleansing the Lord's house. Beginning with the outer courts--that of the priests and that of the people--the cleansing of these occupied eight days, after which they set themselves to purify the interior; but as the Levites were not allowed to enter within the walls of the temple, the priest brought all the sweepings out to the porch, where they were received by the Levites and thrown into the brook Kedron. This took eight days more. At the end of this period they repaired to the palace and announced that not only had the whole of the sacred edifice, within and without, undergone a thorough purification, but all the vessels which the late king had taken away and applied to a common use in his palace, had been restored, "and sanctified."

12-19. Then the Levites arose-- Fourteen chiefs undertook the duty of collecting and preparing their brethren for the important work of cleansing the Lord's house. Beginning with the outer courts--that of the priests and that of the people--the cleansing of these occupied eight days, after which they set themselves to purify the interior; but as the Levites were not allowed to enter within the walls of the temple, the priest brought all the sweepings out to the porch, where they were received by the Levites and thrown into the brook Kedron. This took eight days more. At the end of this period they repaired to the palace and announced that not only had the whole of the sacred edifice, within and without, undergone a thorough purification, but all the vessels which the late king had taken away and applied to a common use in his palace, had been restored, "and sanctified."


<hi type="bold">20-30. Then Hezekiah the king rose early, and gathered the rulers of the city--</hi>His anxiety to enter upon the expiatory service with all possible despatch, now that the temple had been properly prepared for it, prevented his summoning all the representatives of Israel. The requisite number of victims having been provided, and the officers of the temple having sanctified themselves according to the directions of the law, the priests were appointed to offer sacrifices of atonement successively, for "the kingdom," that is, for the sins of the king and his predecessors; for "the sanctuary," that is, for the sins of the priests themselves and for the desecration of the temple; "and for Judah," that is, for the people who, by their voluntary consent, were involved in the guilt of the national apostasy. Animals of the kinds used in sacrifice were offered by sevens, that number indicating completeness. The Levites were ordered to praise God with musical instruments, which, although not originally used in the tabernacle, had been enlisted in the service of divine worship by David on the advice of the prophets Gad and Nathan, as well calculated to animate the devotions of the people. At the close of the special services of the occasion, namely, the offering of atonement sacrifices, the king and all civic rulers who were present joined in the worship. A grand anthem was sung (<reference osisRef="2Chr.29.30">2Ch 29:30</reference>) by the choir, consisting of some of the psalms of David and Asaph, and a great number of thank offerings, praise offerings, and freewill burnt offerings were presented at the invitation of the king.

20-30. Then Hezekiah the king rose early, and gathered the rulers of the city-- His anxiety to enter upon the expiatory service with all possible despatch, now that the temple had been properly prepared for it, prevented his summoning all the representatives of Israel. The requisite number of victims having been provided, and the officers of the temple having sanctified themselves according to the directions of the law, the priests were appointed to offer sacrifices of atonement successively, for "the kingdom," that is, for the sins of the king and his predecessors; for "the sanctuary," that is, for the sins of the priests themselves and for the desecration of the temple; "and for Judah," that is, for the people who, by their voluntary consent, were involved in the guilt of the national apostasy. Animals of the kinds used in sacrifice were offered by sevens, that number indicating completeness. The Levites were ordered to praise God with musical instruments, which, although not originally used in the tabernacle, had been enlisted in the service of divine worship by David on the advice of the prophets Gad and Nathan, as well calculated to animate the devotions of the people. At the close of the special services of the occasion, namely, the offering of atonement sacrifices, the king and all civic rulers who were present joined in the worship. A grand anthem was sung (2Ch 29:30) by the choir, consisting of some of the psalms of David and Asaph, and a great number of thank offerings, praise offerings, and freewill burnt offerings were presented at the invitation of the king.


<hi type="bold">31. Hezekiah ... said, Now ye have consecrated yourselves unto the Lord, come near--</hi>This address was made to the priests as being now, by the sacrifice of the expiation offerings, anew consecrated to the service of God and qualified to resume the functions of their sacred office (<reference osisRef="Exod.28.41">Ex 28:41</reference>; <reference osisRef="Exod.29.32">29:32</reference>).

<hi type="bold">the congregation brought in--</hi>that is, the body of civic rulers present.

31. Hezekiah... said, Now ye have consecrated yourselves unto the Lord, come near-- This address was made to the priests as being now, by the sacrifice of the expiation offerings, anew consecrated to the service of God and qualified to resume the functions of their sacred office (Ex 28:41; 29:32). the congregation brought in-- that is, the body of civic rulers present.


<hi type="bold">34-36. the priests were too few, ... wherefore their brethren the Levites did help them--</hi>The skins of beasts intended as peace offerings might be taken off by the officers, because, in such cases, the carcass was not wholly laid upon the altar; but animals meant for burnt offerings which were wholly consumed by fire could be flayed by the priests alone, not even the Levites being allowed to touch them, except in cases of unavoidable necessity (<reference osisRef="2Chr.35.11">2Ch 35:11</reference>). The duty being assigned by the law to the priests (<reference osisRef="Lev.1.6">Le 1:6</reference>), was construed by consuetudinary practice as an exclusion of all others not connected with the Aaronic family.

<hi type="bold">for the Levites were more upright in heart to sanctify themselves than the priests--</hi>that is, displayed greater alacrity than the priests. This service was hastened by the irrepressible solicitude of the king. Whether it was that many of the priests, being absent in the country, had not arrived in time--whether from the long interruption of the public duties, some of them had relaxed in their wonted attentions to personal cleanliness, and had many preparations to make--or whether from some having participated in the idolatrous services introduced by Ahaz, they were backward in repairing to the temple--a reflection does seem to be cast upon their order as dilatory and not universally ready for duty (compare <reference osisRef="2Chr.30.15">2Ch 30:15</reference>). Thus was the newly consecrated temple reopened to the no small joy of the pious king and all the people. <chapter eID="2Chr.29"/>

34-36. the priests were too few,... wherefore their brethren the Levites did help them-- The skins of beasts intended as peace offerings might be taken off by the officers, because, in such cases, the carcass was not wholly laid upon the altar; but animals meant for burnt offerings which were wholly consumed by fire could be flayed by the priests alone, not even the Levites being allowed to touch them, except in cases of unavoidable necessity (2Ch 35:11). The duty being assigned by the law to the priests (Le 1:6), was construed by consuetudinary practice as an exclusion of all others not connected with the Aaronic family. for the Levites were more upright in heart to sanctify themselves than the priests-- that is, displayed greater alacrity than the priests. This service was hastened by the irrepressible solicitude of the king. Whether it was that many of the priests, being absent in the country, had not arrived in time--whether from the long interruption of the public duties, some of them had relaxed in their wonted attentions to personal cleanliness, and had many preparations to make--or whether from some having participated in the idolatrous services introduced by Ahaz, they were backward in repairing to the temple--a reflection does seem to be cast upon their order as dilatory and not universally ready for duty (compare 2Ch 30:15). Thus was the newly consecrated temple reopened to the no small joy of the pious king and all the people.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 30</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.30.1-2Chr.30.12">2Ch 30:1-12</reference>. Hezekiah Proclaims a Passover.

<hi type="bold">1-5. Hezekiah sent to all ... Judah ... to come to ... Jerusalem, to keep the passover--</hi>This great religious festival had not been regularly observed by the Hebrews in their national capacity for a long time because of the division of the kingdom and the many disorders that had followed that unhappy event. Hezekiah longed extremely to see its observance revived; and the expression of his wishes having received a hearty response from the princes and chief men of his own kingdom, the preparatory steps were taken for a renewed celebration of the national solemnity.

<hi type="bold">letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh--</hi>The names of these leading tribes are used for the whole kingdom of Israel. It was judged impossible, however, that the temple, the priests, and people could be all duly sanctified at the usual time appointed for the anniversary, namely, the fourteenth day of the first month (Nisan). Therefore it was resolved, instead of postponing the feast till another year, to observe it on the fourteenth day of the second month; a liberty which, being in certain circumstances (<reference osisRef="Num.9.6-Num.9.13">Nu 9:6-13</reference>) granted to individuals, might, it was believed, be allowed to all the people. Hezekiah's proclamation was, of course, authoritative in his own kingdom, but it could not have been made and circulated in all the towns and villages of the neighboring kingdom without the concurrence, or at least the permission, of the Israelitish sovereign. Hoshea, the reigning king, is described as, though evil in some respects, yet more favorably disposed to religious liberty than any of his predecessors since the separation of the kingdom. This is thought to be the meaning of the mitigating clause in his character (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.17.2">2Ki 17:2</reference>).

CHAPTER 30 2Ch 30:1-12. Hezekiah Proclaims a Passover. 1-5. Hezekiah sent to all... Judah... to come to... Jerusalem, to keep the passover-- This great religious festival had not been regularly observed by the Hebrews in their national capacity for a long time because of the division of the kingdom and the many disorders that had followed that unhappy event. Hezekiah longed extremely to see its observance revived; and the expression of his wishes having received a hearty response from the princes and chief men of his own kingdom, the preparatory steps were taken for a renewed celebration of the national solemnity. letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh-- The names of these leading tribes are used for the whole kingdom of Israel. It was judged impossible, however, that the temple, the priests, and people could be all duly sanctified at the usual time appointed for the anniversary, namely, the fourteenth day of the first month (Nisan). Therefore it was resolved, instead of postponing the feast till another year, to observe it on the fourteenth day of the second month; a liberty which, being in certain circumstances (Nu 9:6-13) granted to individuals, might, it was believed, be allowed to all the people. Hezekiah's proclamation was, of course, authoritative in his own kingdom, but it could not have been made and circulated in all the towns and villages of the neighboring kingdom without the concurrence, or at least the permission, of the Israelitish sovereign. Hoshea, the reigning king, is described as, though evil in some respects, yet more favorably disposed to religious liberty than any of his predecessors since the separation of the kingdom. This is thought to be the meaning of the mitigating clause in his character (2Ki 17:2).


<hi type="bold">6. the posts--</hi>that is, runners, or royal messengers, who were taken from the king's bodyguard (<reference osisRef="2Chr.23.1">2Ch 23:1</reference>, 2). Each, well mounted, had a certain number of miles to traverse. Having performed his course, he was relieved by another, who had to scour an equal extent of ground; so that, as the government messengers were despatched in all directions, public edicts were speedily diffused throughout the country. The proclamation of Hezekiah was followed by a verbal address from himself, piously urging the duty, and setting forth the advantages, of a return to the pure faith and institutions which God had delivered to their ancestors through Moses.

<hi type="bold">the remnant of you, that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria--</hi>This implies that several expeditions against Israel had already been made by Assyrian invaders--by Pul (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.19">2Ki 15:19</reference>), but none of the people were then removed; at a later period by Tiglath-pileser, when it appears that numbers among the tribes east of Jordan (<reference osisRef="1Chr.5.26">1Ch 5:26</reference>), and afterwards in the northern parts of Israel (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.20">2Ki 15:20</reference>), were carried into foreign exile. The invasion of Shalmaneser cannot be alluded to, as it did not take place till the sixth year of Hezekiah's reign (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.17.6">2Ki 17:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.18.9-2Kgs.18.12">18:9-12</reference>).

6. the posts-- that is, runners, or royal messengers, who were taken from the king's bodyguard (2Ch 23:1, 2). Each, well mounted, had a certain number of miles to traverse. Having performed his course, he was relieved by another, who had to scour an equal extent of ground; so that, as the government messengers were despatched in all directions, public edicts were speedily diffused throughout the country. The proclamation of Hezekiah was followed by a verbal address from himself, piously urging the duty, and setting forth the advantages, of a return to the pure faith and institutions which God had delivered to their ancestors through Moses. the remnant of you, that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria-- This implies that several expeditions against Israel had already been made by Assyrian invaders--by Pul (2Ki 15:19), but none of the people were then removed; at a later period by Tiglath-pileser, when it appears that numbers among the tribes east of Jordan (1Ch 5:26), and afterwards in the northern parts of Israel (2Ki 15:20), were carried into foreign exile. The invasion of Shalmaneser cannot be alluded to, as it did not take place till the sixth year of Hezekiah's reign (2Ki 17:6; 18:9-12).


<hi type="bold">10-12. the posts passed from city to city--</hi>It is not surprising that after so long a discontinuance of the sacred festival, this attempt to revive it should, in some quarters, have excited ridicule and opposition. Accordingly, among the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh, and Zebulun, Hezekiah's messengers met with open insults and ill usage. Many, however, in these very districts, as well as throughout the kingdom of the ten tribes, generally complied with the invitation; while, in the kingdom of Judah, there was one unanimous feeling of high expectation and pious delight. The concourse that repaired to Jerusalem on the occasion was very great, and the occasion was ever after regarded as one of the greatest passovers that had ever been celebrated.

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.30.13-2Chr.30.27">2Ch 30:13-27</reference>. The Assembly Destroys the Altars of Idolatry.

10-12. the posts passed from city to city-- It is not surprising that after so long a discontinuance of the sacred festival, this attempt to revive it should, in some quarters, have excited ridicule and opposition. Accordingly, among the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh, and Zebulun, Hezekiah's messengers met with open insults and ill usage. Many, however, in these very districts, as well as throughout the kingdom of the ten tribes, generally complied with the invitation; while, in the kingdom of Judah, there was one unanimous feeling of high expectation and pious delight. The concourse that repaired to Jerusalem on the occasion was very great, and the occasion was ever after regarded as one of the greatest passovers that had ever been celebrated. 2Ch 30:13-27. The Assembly Destroys the Altars of Idolatry.


<hi type="bold">14. they arose and took away the altars that were in Jerusalem--</hi>As a necessary preparation for the right observance of the approaching solemnity, the removal of the altars, which Ahaz had erected in the city, was resolved upon (<reference osisRef="2Chr.28.24">2Ch 28:24</reference>); for, as the people of God, the Hebrews were bound to extirpate all traces of idolatry; and it was a happy sign and pledge of the influence of the Spirit pervading the minds of the people when they voluntarily undertook this important preliminary work.

14. they arose and took away the altars that were in Jerusalem-- As a necessary preparation for the right observance of the approaching solemnity, the removal of the altars, which Ahaz had erected in the city, was resolved upon (2Ch 28:24); for, as the people of God, the Hebrews were bound to extirpate all traces of idolatry; and it was a happy sign and pledge of the influence of the Spirit pervading the minds of the people when they voluntarily undertook this important preliminary work.


<hi type="bold">15. the priests and the Levites were ashamed--</hi>Though the Levites are associated in this statement, the priests were principally referred to; those of them who had been dilatory or negligent in sanctifying themselves (<reference osisRef="2Chr.29.34">2Ch 29:34</reference>) were put to the blush and stimulated to their duty by the greater alacrity and zeal of the people.

15. the priests and the Levites were ashamed-- Though the Levites are associated in this statement, the priests were principally referred to; those of them who had been dilatory or negligent in sanctifying themselves (2Ch 29:34) were put to the blush and stimulated to their duty by the greater alacrity and zeal of the people.


<hi type="bold">16-18. the priests sprinkled the blood, which they received of the hand of the Levites--</hi>This was a deviation from the established rules and practices in presenting the offerings of the temple. The reason was, that many present on the occasion having not sanctified themselves, the Levites slaughtered the paschal victims (see on <reference osisRef="2Chr.35.5">2Ch 35:5</reference>) for everyone that was unclean. At other times the heads of families killed the lambs themselves, the priests receiving the blood from their hands and presenting it on the altar. Multitudes of the Israelites, especially from certain tribes (<reference osisRef="2Chr.30.18">2Ch 30:18</reference>), were in this unsanctified state, and yet they ate the passover--an exceptional feature and one opposed to the law (<reference osisRef="Num.9.6">Nu 9:6</reference>); but this exception was allowed in answer to Hezekiah's prayer (<reference osisRef="2Chr.30.18-2Chr.30.20">2Ch 30:18-20</reference>).

16-18. the priests sprinkled the blood, which they received of the hand of the Levites-- This was a deviation from the established rules and practices in presenting the offerings of the temple. The reason was, that many present on the occasion having not sanctified themselves, the Levites slaughtered the paschal victims (see on 2Ch 35:5) for everyone that was unclean. At other times the heads of families killed the lambs themselves, the priests receiving the blood from their hands and presenting it on the altar. Multitudes of the Israelites, especially from certain tribes (2Ch 30:18), were in this unsanctified state, and yet they ate the passover--an exceptional feature and one opposed to the law (Nu 9:6); but this exception was allowed in answer to Hezekiah's prayer (2Ch 30:18-20).


<hi type="bold">20. the Lord ... healed the people--</hi>We imagine the whole affair to have been the following: In consequence of their transgressions they had cause to fear disease and even death (<reference osisRef="Lev.15.31">Le 15:31</reference>). Hezekiah prayed for the nation, which was on the point of being diseased, and might therefore be regarded as sick already [Bertheau].

20. the Lord... healed the people-- We imagine the whole affair to have been the following: In consequence of their transgressions they had cause to fear disease and even death (Le 15:31). Hezekiah prayed for the nation, which was on the point of being diseased, and might therefore be regarded as sick already [Bertheau].


<hi type="bold">21-24. the children of Israel ... kept the feast--</hi>The time appointed by the law for the continuance of the feast was seven days [Ex 12:15; 13:6; Le 23:6]; but in consequence of its having been allowed to fall so long into desuetude, they doubled the period of celebration and kept it fourteen days with unabated satisfaction and joy. Materials for the additional sacrificial meals were supplied by the munificence of the king and the princes.

21-24. the children of Israel... kept the feast-- The time appointed by the law for the continuance of the feast was seven days [Ex 12:15; 13:6; Le 23:6]; but in consequence of its having been allowed to fall so long into desuetude, they doubled the period of celebration and kept it fourteen days with unabated satisfaction and joy. Materials for the additional sacrificial meals were supplied by the munificence of the king and the princes.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 31</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Chr.31.1-2Chr.31.10">2Ch 31:1-10</reference>. The People Forward in Destroying Idolatry.

<hi type="bold">1. all Israel ... present went out to the cities of Judah--</hi>The solemnities of this paschal season left a deep and salutary impression on the minds of the assembled worshippers; attachment to the ancient institutions of their country was extensively revived; ardor in the service of God animated every bosom; and under the impulse of the devout feelings inspired by the occasion, they took measures at the close of the passover for extirpating idolatrous statues and altars out of every city, as at the beginning of the festival they had done in Jerusalem.

<hi type="bold">Judah and Benjamin--</hi>denote the southern kingdom.

<hi type="bold">Ephraim also and Manasseh--</hi>refer to the northern kingdom. This unsparing demolition of the monuments of idolatry would receive all encouragement from the king and public authorities of the former; and the force of the popular movement was sufficient to effect the same results among the tribes of Israel, whatever opposition the power of Hoshea or the invectives of some profane brethren might have made. Thus the reign of idolatry being completely overthrown and the pure worship of God re-established throughout the land, the people returned every one to his own home, in the confident expectation that, through the divine blessing, they would enjoy a happy future of national peace and prosperity.

CHAPTER 31 2Ch 31:1-10. The People Forward in Destroying Idolatry. 1. all Israel... present went out to the cities of Judah-- The solemnities of this paschal season left a deep and salutary impression on the minds of the assembled worshippers; attachment to the ancient institutions of their country was extensively revived; ardor in the service of God animated every bosom; and under the impulse of the devout feelings inspired by the occasion, they took measures at the close of the passover for extirpating idolatrous statues and altars out of every city, as at the beginning of the festival they had done in Jerusalem. Judah and Benjamin-- denote the southern kingdom. Ephraim also and Manasseh-- refer to the northern kingdom. This unsparing demolition of the monuments of idolatry would receive all encouragement from the king and public authorities of the former; and the force of the popular movement was sufficient to effect the same results among the tribes of Israel, whatever opposition the power of Hoshea or the invectives of some profane brethren might have made. Thus the reign of idolatry being completely overthrown and the pure worship of God re-established throughout the land, the people returned every one to his own home, in the confident expectation that, through the divine blessing, they would enjoy a happy future of national peace and prosperity.


<hi type="bold">2-5. Hezekiah appointed the courses of the priests, &c.--</hi>The king now turned his attention to provide for the orderly performance of the temple-worship--arranging the priests and Levites in their courses, assigning to every one his proper place and functions--and issuing edicts for the regular payment of those dues from which the revenues of the sanctuary were derived. To set a proper example to his subjects, his own proportion was announced in the first instance, for to the king it belonged, out of his privy purse, to defray the expenses of the altar, both stated and occasional (<reference osisRef="Num.28.3">Nu 28:3</reference>, <reference osisRef="Num.4.9">4, 9</reference>, <reference osisRef="Num.11.19">11, 19</reference>); and in making this contribution from his own means, Hezekiah followed the course which David and Solomon had taken before him (see <reference osisRef="2Chr.8.14">2Ch 8:14</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Kgs.9.25">1Ki 9:25</reference>). Afterwards he reappointed the people's dues to the temple; and from its being necessary to issue a royal mandate in reference to this matter, it appears that the sacred tribute had been either totally neglected, or (as the idolatrous princes were known to appropriate it to their own purposes) the people had in many cases refused or evaded the duty. But with the improved state of public feeling, Hezekiah's commandment was readily obeyed, and contributions of first-fruits and tithes were poured in with great liberality from all parts of Judah, as well as from Israel. The first-fruits, even of some articles of produce that were unfit for sacrifice (<reference osisRef="Lev.2.11">Le 2:11</reference>), such as honey (Margin, "dates"), were appropriated to the priests (<reference osisRef="Num.18.12">Nu 18:12</reference>, <reference osisRef="Num.18.13">13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.18.4">De 18:4</reference>). The tithes (<reference osisRef="Lev.27.31">Le 27:31</reference>) were intended for the support of the whole Levitical tribe (<reference osisRef="Num.18.8">Nu 18:8</reference>, <reference osisRef="Num.20.24">20, 24</reference>).

2-5. Hezekiah appointed the courses of the priests, &c.-- The king now turned his attention to provide for the orderly performance of the temple-worship--arranging the priests and Levites in their courses, assigning to every one his proper place and functions--and issuing edicts for the regular payment of those dues from which the revenues of the sanctuary were derived. To set a proper example to his subjects, his own proportion was announced in the first instance, for to the king it belonged, out of his privy purse, to defray the expenses of the altar, both stated and occasional (Nu 28:3, 4, 9, 11, 19); and in making this contribution from his own means, Hezekiah followed the course which David and Solomon had taken before him (see 2Ch 8:14; 1Ki 9:25). Afterwards he reappointed the people's dues to the temple; and from its being necessary to issue a royal mandate in reference to this matter, it appears that the sacred tribute had been either totally neglected, or (as the idolatrous princes were known to appropriate it to their own purposes) the people had in many cases refused or evaded the duty. But with the improved state of public feeling, Hezekiah's commandment was readily obeyed, and contributions of first-fruits and tithes were poured in with great liberality from all parts of Judah, as well as from Israel. The first-fruits, even of some articles of produce that were unfit for sacrifice (Le 2:11), such as honey (Margin, "dates"), were appropriated to the priests (Nu 18:12, 13; De 18:4). The tithes (Le 27:31) were intended for the support of the whole Levitical tribe (Nu 18:8, 20, 24).


<hi type="bold">6-7. and laid them by heaps--</hi>The contributions began to be sent in shortly after the celebration of the passover, which had taken place in the middle of the second month. Some time would elapse before the king's order reached all parts of the kingdom. The wheat harvest occurred in the third month, so that the sheaves of that grain, being presented before any other, formed "the foundation," an under-layer in the corn stores of the temple. The first-fruits of their land produce which were successively sent in all the summer till the close of the fruit and vintage season, that is, the seventh month, continued to raise heap upon heap.

6-7. and laid them by heaps-- The contributions began to be sent in shortly after the celebration of the passover, which had taken place in the middle of the second month. Some time would elapse before the king's order reached all parts of the kingdom. The wheat harvest occurred in the third month, so that the sheaves of that grain, being presented before any other, formed "the foundation," an under-layer in the corn stores of the temple. The first-fruits of their land produce which were successively sent in all the summer till the close of the fruit and vintage season, that is, the seventh month, continued to raise heap upon heap.


<hi type="bold">9. Hezekiah questioned with the priests and the Levites concerning the heaps--</hi>The object of his enquiries was to ascertain whether the supplies afforded the prospect of a sufficient maintenance for the members of the sacred order.

9. Hezekiah questioned with the priests and the Levites concerning the heaps-- The object of his enquiries was to ascertain whether the supplies afforded the prospect of a sufficient maintenance for the members of the sacred order.


<hi type="bold">10. Azariah ... answered ... we have had enough--</hi>This is probably the person mentioned (<reference osisRef="2Chr.26.17">2Ch 26:17</reference>), and his reply was to the following purport: There has been an abundant harvest, and a corresponding plenty in the incoming of first-fruits and tithes; the people have testified their gratitude to Him who has crowned the year with His goodness by their liberality towards His servants.

 <reference osisRef="2Chr.31.11-2Chr.31.19">2Ch 31:11-19</reference>. Hezekiah Appoints Officers to Dispose of the Tithes.

10. Azariah... answered... we have had enough-- This is probably the person mentioned (2Ch 26:17), and his reply was to the following purport: There has been an abundant harvest, and a corresponding plenty in the incoming of first-fruits and tithes; the people have testified their gratitude to Him who has crowned the year with His goodness by their liberality towards His servants. 2Ch 31:11-19. Hezekiah Appoints Officers to Dispose of the Tithes.


<hi type="bold">11-18. Hezekiah commanded to prepare chambers in the house of the Lord--</hi>storehouses, granaries, or cellars; either the old ones, which had been allowed through neglect to fall into decay, were to be repaired, or additional ones built. Private individuals brought their own first-fruits to the temple; but the tithes were levied by the Levites, who kept a faithful account of them in their several places of abode and transmitted the allotted proportion to the priests. Officers were appointed to distribute equal rations to all in the cities of the priests who, from age or other reasons, could not repair to the temple. With the exception of children under three years of age--an exception made probably from their being considered too young to receive solid food--lists were kept of the number and age of every male; of priests according to their fathers' house, and Levites from twenty years (see <reference osisRef="Num.4.3">Nu 4:3</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.28.24">28:24</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Chr.23.24">1Ch 23:24</reference>). But, besides, provision was also made for their wives, daughters, and servants.

11-18. Hezekiah commanded to prepare chambers in the house of the Lord-- storehouses, granaries, or cellars; either the old ones, which had been allowed through neglect to fall into decay, were to be repaired, or additional ones built. Private individuals brought their own first-fruits to the temple; but the tithes were levied by the Levites, who kept a faithful account of them in their several places of abode and transmitted the allotted proportion to the priests. Officers were appointed to distribute equal rations to all in the cities of the priests who, from age or other reasons, could not repair to the temple. With the exception of children under three years of age--an exception made probably from their being considered too young to receive solid food--lists were kept of the number and age of every male; of priests according to their fathers' house, and Levites from twenty years (see Nu 4:3; 28:24; 1Ch 23:24). But, besides, provision was also made for their wives, daughters, and servants.