<hi type="bold">2. a lord on whose hand the king leaned--</hi>When an Eastern king walks or stands abroad in the open air, he always supports himself on the arm of the highest courtier present.

<hi type="bold">if the Lord would make windows in heaven--</hi>The scoffing infidelity of this remark, which was a sneer against not the prophet only, but the God he served, was justly and signally punished (see <reference osisRef="2Kgs.7.20">2Ki 7:20</reference>).

2. a lord on whose hand the king leaned-- When an Eastern king walks or stands abroad in the open air, he always supports himself on the arm of the highest courtier present. if the Lord would make windows in heaven-- The scoffing infidelity of this remark, which was a sneer against not the prophet only, but the God he served, was justly and signally punished (see 2Ki 7:20).


<hi type="bold">3. there were four leprous men--</hi>The account of the sudden raising of the siege and the unexpected supply given to the famishing inhabitants of Samaria, is introduced by a narrative of the visit and discovery, by these poor creatures, of the extraordinary flight of the Syrians.

<hi type="bold">leprous men at the entering in of the gate--</hi>living, perhaps, in some lazar house there (<reference osisRef="Lev.13.4-Lev.13.6">Le 13:4-6</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.5.3">Nu 5:3</reference>).

3. there were four leprous men-- The account of the sudden raising of the siege and the unexpected supply given to the famishing inhabitants of Samaria, is introduced by a narrative of the visit and discovery, by these poor creatures, of the extraordinary flight of the Syrians. leprous men at the entering in of the gate-- living, perhaps, in some lazar house there (Le 13:4-6; Nu 5:3).


<hi type="bold">5. they rose up in the twilight--</hi>that is, the evening twilight (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.7.12">2Ki 7:12</reference>).

<hi type="bold">the uttermost part of the camp of Syria--</hi>that is, the extremity nearest the city.

5. they rose up in the twilight-- that is, the evening twilight (2Ki 7:12). the uttermost part of the camp of Syria-- that is, the extremity nearest the city.


<hi type="bold">6-7. the Lord had made the host of the Syrians to hear a noise of chariots--</hi>This illusion of the sense of hearing, whereby the besiegers imagined the tramp of two armies from opposite quarters, was a great miracle which God wrought directly for the deliverance of His people.

6-7. the Lord had made the host of the Syrians to hear a noise of chariots-- This illusion of the sense of hearing, whereby the besiegers imagined the tramp of two armies from opposite quarters, was a great miracle which God wrought directly for the deliverance of His people.


<hi type="bold">8-11. these lepers ... did eat and drink--</hi>After they had appeased their hunger and secreted as many valuables as they could carry, their consciences smote them for concealing the discovery and they hastened to publish it in the city.

8-11. these lepers... did eat and drink-- After they had appeased their hunger and secreted as many valuables as they could carry, their consciences smote them for concealing the discovery and they hastened to publish it in the city.


<hi type="bold">12-15. the king ... said unto his servants, I will now show you what the Syrians have done--</hi>Similar stratagems have been so often resorted to in the ancient and modern wars of the East that there is no wonder Jehoram's suspicions were awakened. But the scouts, whom he despatched, soon found unmistakable signs of the panic that had struck the enemy and led to a most precipitate flight.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.7.17-2Kgs.7.20">2Ki 7:17-20</reference>. The Unbelieving Lord Trodden to Death.

12-15. the king... said unto his servants, I will now show you what the Syrians have done-- Similar stratagems have been so often resorted to in the ancient and modern wars of the East that there is no wonder Jehoram's suspicions were awakened. But the scouts, whom he despatched, soon found unmistakable signs of the panic that had struck the enemy and led to a most precipitate flight. 2Ki 7:17-20. The Unbelieving Lord Trodden to Death.


<hi type="bold">17. the king appointed the lord on whose hand he leaned,--</hi>&c. The news spread like lightning through the city, and was followed, as was natural, by a popular rush to the Syrian camp. To keep order at the gate, the king ordered his minister to keep guard; but the impetuosity of the famishing people could not be resisted. The lord was trodden to death, and Elisha's prophecy in all respects accomplished. <chapter eID="2Kgs.7"/>

17. the king appointed the lord on whose hand he leaned,-- &c. The news spread like lightning through the city, and was followed, as was natural, by a popular rush to the Syrian camp. To keep order at the gate, the king ordered his minister to keep guard; but the impetuosity of the famishing people could not be resisted. The lord was trodden to death, and Elisha's prophecy in all respects accomplished.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 8</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.8.1-2Kgs.8.6">2Ki 8:1-6</reference>. The Shunammite's Land Restored.

<hi type="bold">1. Then spake Elisha unto the woman--</hi>rather "had spoken." The repetition of Elisha's direction to the Shunammite is merely given as an introduction to the following narrative; and it probably took place before the events recorded in chapters 5 and 6.

<hi type="bold">the Lord hath called for a famine--</hi>All such calamities are chastisements inflicted by the hand of God; and this famine was to be of double duration to that one which happened in the time of Elijah (<reference osisRef="Jas.5.17">Jas 5:17</reference>)--a just increase of severity, since the Israelites still continued obdurate and incorrigible under the ministry and miracles of Elisha (<reference osisRef="Lev.26.21">Le 26:21</reference>, 24, 28).

CHAPTER 8 2Ki 8:1-6. The Shunammite's Land Restored. 1. Then spake Elisha unto the woman-- rather "had spoken." The repetition of Elisha's direction to the Shunammite is merely given as an introduction to the following narrative; and it probably took place before the events recorded in chapters 5 and 6. the Lord hath called for a famine-- All such calamities are chastisements inflicted by the hand of God; and this famine was to be of double duration to that one which happened in the time of Elijah (Jas 5:17)--a just increase of severity, since the Israelites still continued obdurate and incorrigible under the ministry and miracles of Elisha (Le 26:21, 24, 28).


<hi type="bold">2. she ... sojourned in the land of the Philistines seven years--</hi>Their territory was recommended to her from its contiguity to her usual residence; and now that this state had been so greatly reduced, there was less risk than formerly from the seductions of idolatry; and many of the Jews and Israelites were residing there. Besides, an emigration thither was less offensive to the king of Israel than going to sojourn in Judah.

2. she... sojourned in the land of the Philistines seven years-- Their territory was recommended to her from its contiguity to her usual residence; and now that this state had been so greatly reduced, there was less risk than formerly from the seductions of idolatry; and many of the Jews and Israelites were residing there. Besides, an emigration thither was less offensive to the king of Israel than going to sojourn in Judah.


<hi type="bold">3. she went forth to cry unto the king for her house and for her land--</hi>In consequence of her long-continued absence from the country, her possessions were occupied by her kindred, or had been confiscated by the crown. No statute in the law of Moses ordained that alienation. But the innovation seems to have been adopted in Israel.

3. she went forth to cry unto the king for her house and for her land-- In consequence of her long-continued absence from the country, her possessions were occupied by her kindred, or had been confiscated by the crown. No statute in the law of Moses ordained that alienation. But the innovation seems to have been adopted in Israel.


<hi type="bold">4-6. the king talked with Gehazi--</hi>Ceremonial pollution being conveyed by contact alone, there was nothing to prevent a conference being held with this leper at a distance; and although he was excluded from the town of Samaria, this reported conversation may have taken place at the gate or in one of the royal gardens. The providence of God so ordained that King Jehoram had been led to inquire, with great interest, into the miraculous deeds of Elisha, and that the prophet's servant was in the act of relating the marvellous incident of the restoration of the Shunammite's son when she made her appearance to prefer her request. The king was pleased to grant it; and a state officer was charged to afford her every facility in the recovery of her family possession out of the hands of the occupier.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.8.7-2Kgs.8.15">2Ki 8:7-15</reference>. Hazael Kills His Master, and Succeeds Him.

4-6. the king talked with Gehazi-- Ceremonial pollution being conveyed by contact alone, there was nothing to prevent a conference being held with this leper at a distance; and although he was excluded from the town of Samaria, this reported conversation may have taken place at the gate or in one of the royal gardens. The providence of God so ordained that King Jehoram had been led to inquire, with great interest, into the miraculous deeds of Elisha, and that the prophet's servant was in the act of relating the marvellous incident of the restoration of the Shunammite's son when she made her appearance to prefer her request. The king was pleased to grant it; and a state officer was charged to afford her every facility in the recovery of her family possession out of the hands of the occupier. 2Ki 8:7-15. Hazael Kills His Master, and Succeeds Him.


<hi type="bold">7-8. Elisha came to Damascus--</hi>He was directed thither by the Spirit of God, in pursuance of the mission formerly given to his master in Horeb (<reference osisRef="1Kgs.19.15">1Ki 19:15</reference>), to anoint Hazael king of Syria. On the arrival of the prophet being known, Ben-hadad, who was sick, sent to inquire the issue of his disease, and, according to the practice of the heathens in consulting their soothsayers, ordered a liberal present in remuneration for the service.

7-8. Elisha came to Damascus-- He was directed thither by the Spirit of God, in pursuance of the mission formerly given to his master in Horeb (1Ki 19:15), to anoint Hazael king of Syria. On the arrival of the prophet being known, Ben-hadad, who was sick, sent to inquire the issue of his disease, and, according to the practice of the heathens in consulting their soothsayers, ordered a liberal present in remuneration for the service.


<hi type="bold">9. forty camels' burden--</hi>The present, consisting of the rarest and most valuable produce of the land, would be liberal and magnificent. But it must not be supposed it was actually so large as to require forty camels to carry it. The Orientals are fond of display, and would, ostentatiously, lay upon forty beasts what might very easily have been borne by four.

<hi type="bold">Thy son Ben-hadad--</hi>so called from the established usage of designating the prophet "father." This was the same Syrian monarch who had formerly persecuted him (see <reference osisRef="2Kgs.6.13">2Ki 6:13</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.6.14">14</reference>).

9. forty camels' burden-- The present, consisting of the rarest and most valuable produce of the land, would be liberal and magnificent. But it must not be supposed it was actually so large as to require forty camels to carry it. The Orientals are fond of display, and would, ostentatiously, lay upon forty beasts what might very easily have been borne by four. Thy son Ben-hadad-- so called from the established usage of designating the prophet "father." This was the same Syrian monarch who had formerly persecuted him (see 2Ki 6:13, 14).


<hi type="bold">10. Go, say ... Thou mayest certainly recover--</hi>There was no contradiction in this message. This part was properly the answer to Ben-hadad's inquiry [2Ki 8:9]. The second part was intended for Hazael, who, like an artful and ambitious courtier, reported only as much of the prophet's statement as suited his own views (compare <reference osisRef="2Kgs.8.14">2Ki 8:14</reference>).

10. Go, say... Thou mayest certainly recover-- There was no contradiction in this message. This part was properly the answer to Ben-hadad's inquiry [2Ki 8:9]. The second part was intended for Hazael, who, like an artful and ambitious courtier, reported only as much of the prophet's statement as suited his own views (compare 2Ki 8:14).


<hi type="bold">11. he settled his countenance stedfastly until he was ashamed--</hi>that is, Hazael. The steadfast, penetrating look of the prophet seemed to have convinced Hazael that his secret designs were known. The deep emotions of Elisha were justified by the horrible atrocities which, too common in ancient warfare, that successful usurper committed in Israel (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.10.32">2Ki 10:32</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.13.3">13:3</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.4.22">4, 22</reference>).

11. he settled his countenance stedfastly until he was ashamed-- that is, Hazael. The steadfast, penetrating look of the prophet seemed to have convinced Hazael that his secret designs were known. The deep emotions of Elisha were justified by the horrible atrocities which, too common in ancient warfare, that successful usurper committed in Israel (2Ki 10:32; 13:3, 4, 22).


<hi type="bold">15. took a thick cloth, &c.--</hi>a coverlet. In the East, this article of bedding is generally a thick quilt of wool or cotton, so that, with its great weight, when steeped in water, it would be a fit instrument for accomplishing the murderous purpose, without leaving any marks of violence. It has been supposed by many doubtful that Hazael purposely murdered the king. But it is common for Eastern people to sleep with their faces covered with a mosquito net; and, in some cases of fever, they dampen the bedclothes. Hazael, aware of those chilling remedies being usually resorted to, might have, with an honest intention, spread a refreshing cover over him. The rapid occurrence of the king's death and immediate burial were favorable to his instant elevation to the throne.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.8.16-2Kgs.8.23">2Ki 8:16-23</reference>. Jehoram's Wicked Reign.

15. took a thick cloth, &c.-- a coverlet. In the East, this article of bedding is generally a thick quilt of wool or cotton, so that, with its great weight, when steeped in water, it would be a fit instrument for accomplishing the murderous purpose, without leaving any marks of violence. It has been supposed by many doubtful that Hazael purposely murdered the king. But it is common for Eastern people to sleep with their faces covered with a mosquito net; and, in some cases of fever, they dampen the bedclothes. Hazael, aware of those chilling remedies being usually resorted to, might have, with an honest intention, spread a refreshing cover over him. The rapid occurrence of the king's death and immediate burial were favorable to his instant elevation to the throne. 2Ki 8:16-23. Jehoram's Wicked Reign.


<hi type="bold">16. Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat ... began to reign--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.3.1">2Ki 3:1</reference>). His father resigned the throne to him two years before his death.

16. Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat... began to reign-- (See on 2Ki 3:1). His father resigned the throne to him two years before his death.


<hi type="bold">18. daughter of Ahab--</hi>Athaliah, through whose influence Jehoram introduced the worship of Baal and many other evils into the kingdom of Judah (see <reference osisRef="2Chr.21.2-2Chr.21.20">2Ch 21:2-20</reference>). This apostasy would have led to the total extinction of the royal family in that kingdom, had it not been for the divine promise to David (<reference osisRef="2Sam.7.16">2Sa 7:16</reference>). A national chastisement, however, was inflicted on Judah by the revolt of Edom, which, being hitherto governed by a tributary ruler (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.3.9">2Ki 3:9</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Kgs.22.47">1Ki 22:47</reference>), erected the standard of independence (<reference osisRef="2Chr.21.9">2Ch 21:9</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.8.24">2Ki 8:24</reference>. Ahaziah Succeeds Him.

18. daughter of Ahab-- Athaliah, through whose influence Jehoram introduced the worship of Baal and many other evils into the kingdom of Judah (see 2Ch 21:2-20). This apostasy would have led to the total extinction of the royal family in that kingdom, had it not been for the divine promise to David (2Sa 7:16). A national chastisement, however, was inflicted on Judah by the revolt of Edom, which, being hitherto governed by a tributary ruler (2Ki 3:9; 1Ki 22:47), erected the standard of independence (2Ch 21:9). 2Ki 8:24. Ahaziah Succeeds Him.


<hi type="bold">24. Ahaziah his son reigned in his stead--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Chr.22.1">2Ch 22:1</reference>). <chapter eID="2Kgs.8"/>

24. Ahaziah his son reigned in his stead-- (See on 2Ch 22:1).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 9</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.9.1-2Kgs.9.23">2Ki 9:1-23</reference>. Jehu Is Anointed.

<hi type="bold">1. Ramoth-gilead--</hi>a city of great importance to the Hebrew people, east of Jordan, as a fortress of defense against the Syrians. Jehoram had regained it (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.8.29">2Ki 8:29</reference>). But the Israelitish army was still encamped there, under the command of Jehu.

<hi type="bold">Elisha ... called one of the children of the prophets--</hi>This errand referred to the last commission given to Elijah in Horeb (<reference osisRef="1Kgs.19.16">1Ki 19:16</reference>).

<hi type="bold">box of oil--</hi>(See <reference osisRef="1Sam.10.1">1Sa 10:1</reference>).

CHAPTER 9 2Ki 9:1-23. Jehu Is Anointed. 1. Ramoth-gilead-- a city of great importance to the Hebrew people, east of Jordan, as a fortress of defense against the Syrians. Jehoram had regained it (2Ki 8:29). But the Israelitish army was still encamped there, under the command of Jehu. Elisha... called one of the children of the prophets-- This errand referred to the last commission given to Elijah in Horeb (1Ki 19:16). box of oil-- (See 1Sa 10:1).


<hi type="bold">2. carry him to an inner chamber--</hi>both to ensure the safety of the messenger and to prevent all obstruction in the execution of the business.

2. carry him to an inner chamber-- both to ensure the safety of the messenger and to prevent all obstruction in the execution of the business.


<hi type="bold">3. I have anointed thee king over Israel--</hi>This was only a part of the message; the full announcement of which is given (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.9.7-2Kgs.9.10">2Ki 9:7-10</reference>).

<hi type="bold">flee, and tarry not--</hi>for fear of being surprised and overtaken by the spies or servants of the court.

3. I have anointed thee king over Israel-- This was only a part of the message; the full announcement of which is given (2Ki 9:7-10). flee, and tarry not-- for fear of being surprised and overtaken by the spies or servants of the court.


<hi type="bold">4-6. So the young man ... went to Ramoth-gilead--</hi>His ready undertaking of this delicate and hazardous mission was an eminent proof of his piety and obedience. The act of anointing being done through a commissioned prophet, was a divine intimation of his investiture with the sovereign power. But it was sometimes done long prior to the actual possession of the throne (<reference osisRef="1Sam.16.13">1Sa 16:13</reference>); and, in like manner, the commission had, in this instance, been given also a long time before to Elijah [1Ki 19:16], who, for good reasons, left it in charge to Elisha; and he awaited God's time and command for executing it [Poole].

4-6. So the young man... went to Ramoth-gilead-- His ready undertaking of this delicate and hazardous mission was an eminent proof of his piety and obedience. The act of anointing being done through a commissioned prophet, was a divine intimation of his investiture with the sovereign power. But it was sometimes done long prior to the actual possession of the throne (1Sa 16:13); and, in like manner, the commission had, in this instance, been given also a long time before to Elijah [1Ki 19:16], who, for good reasons, left it in charge to Elisha; and he awaited God's time and command for executing it [Poole].


<hi type="bold">10. in the portion of Jezreel--</hi>that is, that had formerly been the vineyard of Naboth.

10. in the portion of Jezreel-- that is, that had formerly been the vineyard of Naboth.


<hi type="bold">11. Is all well? &c.--</hi>Jehu's attendants knew that the stranger belonged to the order of the prophets by his garb, gestures, and form of address; and soldiers such as they very readily concluded such persons to be crackbrained, not only from the sordid negligence of their personal appearance and their open contempt of the world, but from the religious pursuits in which their whole lives were spent, and the grotesque actions which they frequently performed (compare <reference osisRef="Jer.29.26">Jr 29:26</reference>).

11. Is all well? &c.-- Jehu's attendants knew that the stranger belonged to the order of the prophets by his garb, gestures, and form of address; and soldiers such as they very readily concluded such persons to be crackbrained, not only from the sordid negligence of their personal appearance and their open contempt of the world, but from the religious pursuits in which their whole lives were spent, and the grotesque actions which they frequently performed (compare Jr 29:26).


<hi type="bold">13. they hasted, and took every man his garment--</hi>the upper cloak which they spread on the ground, as a token of their homage to their distinguished commander (<reference osisRef="Matt.21.7">Mt 21:7</reference>).

<hi type="bold">top of the stairs--</hi>from the room where the prophet had privately anointed Jehu. That general returned to join his brother officers in the public apartment, who, immediately on learning his destined elevation, conducted him to the top of the stairs leading to the roof. This was the most conspicuous place of an Oriental structure that could be chosen, being at the very top of the gate building, and fully in view of the people and military in the open ground in front of the building [Kitto]. The popularity of Jehu with the army thus favored the designs of Providence in procuring his immediate and enthusiastic proclamation as king, and the top of the stairs was taken as a most convenient substitute for a throne.

13. they hasted, and took every man his garment-- the upper cloak which they spread on the ground, as a token of their homage to their distinguished commander (Mt 21:7). top of the stairs-- from the room where the prophet had privately anointed Jehu. That general returned to join his brother officers in the public apartment, who, immediately on learning his destined elevation, conducted him to the top of the stairs leading to the roof. This was the most conspicuous place of an Oriental structure that could be chosen, being at the very top of the gate building, and fully in view of the people and military in the open ground in front of the building [Kitto]. The popularity of Jehu with the army thus favored the designs of Providence in procuring his immediate and enthusiastic proclamation as king, and the top of the stairs was taken as a most convenient substitute for a throne.


<hi type="bold">14-15. Joram had kept Ramoth-gilead--</hi>rather, "was keeping," guarding, or besieging it, with the greater part of the military force of Israel. The king's wounds had compelled his retirement from the scene of action, and so the troops were left in command of Jehu.

14-15. Joram had kept Ramoth-gilead-- rather, "was keeping," guarding, or besieging it, with the greater part of the military force of Israel. The king's wounds had compelled his retirement from the scene of action, and so the troops were left in command of Jehu.


<hi type="bold">16. So Jehu rode in a chariot, and went to Jezreel--</hi>Full of ambitious designs, he immediately proceeded to cross the Jordan to execute his commission on the house of Ahab.

16. So Jehu rode in a chariot, and went to Jezreel-- Full of ambitious designs, he immediately proceeded to cross the Jordan to execute his commission on the house of Ahab.


<hi type="bold">17-24. there stood a watchman on the tower of Jezreel--</hi>The Hebrew palaces, besides being situated on hills had usually towers attached to them, not only for the pleasure of a fine prospect, but as posts of useful observation. The ancient watchtower of Jezreel must have commanded a view of the whole region eastward, nearly down to the Jordan. Beth-shan stands on a rising ground about six or seven miles below it, in a narrow part of the plain; and when Jehu and his retinue reached that point between Gilboa and Beth-shan, they could be fully descried by the watchman on the tower. A report was made to Joram in his palace below. A messenger on horseback was quickly despatched down into the plain to meet the ambiguous host and to question the object of their approach. "Is it peace?" We may safely assume that this messenger would meet Jehu at the distance of three miles or more. On the report made of his being detained and turned into the rear of the still advancing troops, a second messenger was in like manner despatched, who would naturally meet Jehu at the distance of a mile or a mile and a half down on the plain. He also being turned into the rear, the watchman now distinctly perceived "the driving to be like the driving of Jehu, the son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously." The alarmed monarch, awakened to a sense of his impending danger, quickly summoned his forces to meet the crisis. Accompanied by Ahaziah, king of Judah, the two sovereigns ascended their chariots to make a feeble resistance to the impetuous onset of Jehu, who quickly from the plain ascended the steep northern sides of the site on which Jezreel stood, and the conflicting parties met "in the portion of Naboth the Jezreelite," where Joram was quickly despatched by an arrow from the strong arm of Jehu. We were impressed with the obvious accuracy of the sacred historian; the localities and distances being such as seem naturally to be required by the incidents related, affording just time for the transactions to have occurred in the order in which they are recorded [Howe].

17-24. there stood a watchman on the tower of Jezreel-- The Hebrew palaces, besides being situated on hills had usually towers attached to them, not only for the pleasure of a fine prospect, but as posts of useful observation. The ancient watchtower of Jezreel must have commanded a view of the whole region eastward, nearly down to the Jordan. Beth-shan stands on a rising ground about six or seven miles below it, in a narrow part of the plain; and when Jehu and his retinue reached that point between Gilboa and Beth-shan, they could be fully descried by the watchman on the tower. A report was made to Joram in his palace below. A messenger on horseback was quickly despatched down into the plain to meet the ambiguous host and to question the object of their approach. "Is it peace?" We may safely assume that this messenger would meet Jehu at the distance of three miles or more. On the report made of his being detained and turned into the rear of the still advancing troops, a second messenger was in like manner despatched, who would naturally meet Jehu at the distance of a mile or a mile and a half down on the plain. He also being turned into the rear, the watchman now distinctly perceived "the driving to be like the driving of Jehu, the son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously." The alarmed monarch, awakened to a sense of his impending danger, quickly summoned his forces to meet the crisis. Accompanied by Ahaziah, king of Judah, the two sovereigns ascended their chariots to make a feeble resistance to the impetuous onset of Jehu, who quickly from the plain ascended the steep northern sides of the site on which Jezreel stood, and the conflicting parties met "in the portion of Naboth the Jezreelite," where Joram was quickly despatched by an arrow from the strong arm of Jehu. We were impressed with the obvious accuracy of the sacred historian; the localities and distances being such as seem naturally to be required by the incidents related, affording just time for the transactions to have occurred in the order in which they are recorded [Howe].


<hi type="bold">25. cast him in the portion of the field of Naboth the Jezreelite, &c.--</hi>according to the doom pronounced by divine authority on Ahab (<reference osisRef="1Kgs.21.19">1Ki 21:19</reference>), but which on his repentance was deferred to be executed on his son.

25. cast him in the portion of the field of Naboth the Jezreelite, &c.-- according to the doom pronounced by divine authority on Ahab (1Ki 21:19), but which on his repentance was deferred to be executed on his son.


<hi type="bold">26. the blood of Naboth, and the blood of his sons, saith the Lord--</hi>Although their death is not expressly mentioned, it is plainly implied in the confiscation of his property (see <reference osisRef="1Kgs.21.16">1Ki 21:16</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.9.27-2Kgs.9.35">2Ki 9:27-35</reference>. Ahaziah Is Slain.

26. the blood of Naboth, and the blood of his sons, saith the Lord-- Although their death is not expressly mentioned, it is plainly implied in the confiscation of his property (see 1Ki 21:16). 2Ki 9:27-35. Ahaziah Is Slain.


<hi type="bold">27. Ahaziah--</hi>was grandnephew to King Joram, and great-grandson to King Ahab.

<hi type="bold">Ibleam--</hi>near Megiddo, in the tribe of Issachar (<reference osisRef="Josh.17.11">Jos 17:11</reference>; <reference osisRef="Judg.1.27">Jud 1:27</reference>); and Gur was an adjoining hill.

27. Ahaziah-- was grandnephew to King Joram, and great-grandson to King Ahab. Ibleam-- near Megiddo, in the tribe of Issachar (Jos 17:11; Jud 1:27); and Gur was an adjoining hill.


<hi type="bold">30. Jezebel painted her face--</hi>literally, "her eyes," according to a custom universal in the East among women, of staining the eyelids with a black powder made of pulverized antimony, or lead ore mixed with oil, and applied with a small brush on the border, so that by this dark ligament on the edge, the largeness as well as the luster of the eye itself was thought to be increased. Her object was, by her royal attire, not to captivate, but to overawe Jehu.

30. Jezebel painted her face-- literally, "her eyes," according to a custom universal in the East among women, of staining the eyelids with a black powder made of pulverized antimony, or lead ore mixed with oil, and applied with a small brush on the border, so that by this dark ligament on the edge, the largeness as well as the luster of the eye itself was thought to be increased. Her object was, by her royal attire, not to captivate, but to overawe Jehu.


<hi type="bold">35. found no more of her than the skull, and the palms of her hands, &c.--</hi>The dog has a rooted aversion to prey on the human hands and feet.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.9.36">2Ki 9:36</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.9.37">37</reference>. Jezebel Eaten by Dogs.

35. found no more of her than the skull, and the palms of her hands, &c.-- The dog has a rooted aversion to prey on the human hands and feet. 2Ki 9:36, 37. Jezebel Eaten by Dogs.


<hi type="bold">36. This is the word of the Lord--</hi>(See <reference osisRef="1Kgs.21.23">1Ki 21:23</reference>). Jehu's statement, however, was not a literal but a paraphrased quotation of Elijah's prophecy. <chapter eID="2Kgs.9"/>

36. This is the word of the Lord-- (See 1Ki 21:23). Jehu's statement, however, was not a literal but a paraphrased quotation of Elijah's prophecy.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 10</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.10.1-2Kgs.10.17">2Ki 10:1-17</reference>. Jehu Causes Seventy of Ahab's Children to Be Beheaded.

<hi type="bold">1-4. Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria--</hi>As it appears (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.10.13">2Ki 10:13</reference>), that grandsons are included it is probable that this number comprehended the whole posterity of Ahab. Their being all assembled in that capital might arise from their being left there on the king's departure for Ramoth-gilead, or from their taking refuge in some of the strongholds of that city on the news of Jehu's conspiracy. It may be inferred from the tenor of Jehu's letters that their first intention was to select the fittest of the royal family and set him up as king. Perhaps this challenge of Jehu was designed as a stroke of policy on his part to elicit their views, and to find out whether they were inclined to be pacific or hostile. The bold character of the man, and the rapid success of his conspiracy, terrified the civic authorities of Samaria and Jezreel into submission.

CHAPTER 10 2Ki 10:1-17. Jehu Causes Seventy of Ahab's Children to Be Beheaded. 1-4. Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria-- As it appears (2Ki 10:13), that grandsons are included it is probable that this number comprehended the whole posterity of Ahab. Their being all assembled in that capital might arise from their being left there on the king's departure for Ramoth-gilead, or from their taking refuge in some of the strongholds of that city on the news of Jehu's conspiracy. It may be inferred from the tenor of Jehu's letters that their first intention was to select the fittest of the royal family and set him up as king. Perhaps this challenge of Jehu was designed as a stroke of policy on his part to elicit their views, and to find out whether they were inclined to be pacific or hostile. The bold character of the man, and the rapid success of his conspiracy, terrified the civic authorities of Samaria and Jezreel into submission.


<hi type="bold">5. he that was over the house--</hi>the governor or chamberlain of the palace.

<hi type="bold">the bringers-up of the children--</hi>Anciently, and still also in many Eastern countries, the principal grandees were charged with the support and education of the royal princes. This involved a heavy expense which they were forced to bear, but for which they endeavored to find some compensation in the advantages of their connection with the court.

5. he that was over the house-- the governor or chamberlain of the palace. the bringers-up of the children-- Anciently, and still also in many Eastern countries, the principal grandees were charged with the support and education of the royal princes. This involved a heavy expense which they were forced to bear, but for which they endeavored to find some compensation in the advantages of their connection with the court.


<hi type="bold">6. take ye the heads of the men, your master's sons--</hi>The barbarous practice of a successful usurper slaughtering all who may have claims to the throne, has been frequently exemplified in the ancient and modern histories of the East.

6. take ye the heads of the men, your master's sons-- The barbarous practice of a successful usurper slaughtering all who may have claims to the throne, has been frequently exemplified in the ancient and modern histories of the East.


<hi type="bold">8. Lay ye them in two heaps at the entering in of the gate, &c.--</hi>The exhibition of the heads of enemies is always considered a glorious trophy. Sometimes a pile of heads is erected at the gate of the palace; and a head of peculiarly striking appearance selected to grace the summit of the pyramid.

8. Lay ye them in two heaps at the entering in of the gate, &c.-- The exhibition of the heads of enemies is always considered a glorious trophy. Sometimes a pile of heads is erected at the gate of the palace; and a head of peculiarly striking appearance selected to grace the summit of the pyramid.


<hi type="bold">9-11. said to all the people, Ye be righteous, &c.--</hi>A great concourse was assembled to gaze on this novel and ghastly spectacle. The speech which Jehu addressed to the spectators was artfully framed to impress their minds with the idea that so wholesale a massacre was the result of the divine judgments denounced on the house of Ahab; and the effect of it was to prepare the public mind for hearing, without horror, of a similar revolting tragedy which was soon after perpetrated, namely, the extinction of all the influential friends and supporters of the dynasty of Ahab, including those of the royal house of Judah.

9-11. said to all the people, Ye be righteous, &c.-- A great concourse was assembled to gaze on this novel and ghastly spectacle. The speech which Jehu addressed to the spectators was artfully framed to impress their minds with the idea that so wholesale a massacre was the result of the divine judgments denounced on the house of Ahab; and the effect of it was to prepare the public mind for hearing, without horror, of a similar revolting tragedy which was soon after perpetrated, namely, the extinction of all the influential friends and supporters of the dynasty of Ahab, including those of the royal house of Judah.


<hi type="bold">13-14. We are the brethren of Ahaziah--</hi>that is, not full, but step-brothers, sons of Jehoram by various concubines. Ignorant of the revolution that had taken place, they were travelling to Samaria on a visit to their royal relatives of Israel, when they were seized and put to death, because of the apprehension that they might probably stimulate and strengthen the party that still remained faithful in their allegiance to Ahab's dynasty.

<hi type="bold">children of the queen--</hi>that is, of the queen mother, or regent, Jezebel.

13-14. We are the brethren of Ahaziah-- that is, not full, but step-brothers, sons of Jehoram by various concubines. Ignorant of the revolution that had taken place, they were travelling to Samaria on a visit to their royal relatives of Israel, when they were seized and put to death, because of the apprehension that they might probably stimulate and strengthen the party that still remained faithful in their allegiance to Ahab's dynasty. children of the queen-- that is, of the queen mother, or regent, Jezebel.


<hi type="bold">15-18. Jehonadab the son of Rechab--</hi>(See <reference osisRef="1Chr.2.55">1Ch 2:55</reference>). A person who, from his piety and simple primitive manner of life (<reference osisRef="Jer.35.1-Jer.35.19">Jr 35:1-19</reference>), was highly esteemed, and possessed great influence in the country. Jehu saw in a moment the advantage that his cause would gain from the friendship and countenance of this venerable man in the eyes of the people, and accordingly paid him the distinguished attention of inviting him to a seat in his chariot.

<hi type="bold">give me thine hand--</hi>not simply to aid him in getting up, but for a far more significant and important purpose--the giving, or rather joining hands, being the recognized mode of striking a league or covenant, as well as of testifying fealty to a new sovereign; accordingly, it is said, "he [Jehonadab] gave him [Jehu] his hand."

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.10.18-2Kgs.10.29">2Ki 10:18-29</reference>. He Destroys the Worshippers of Baal.

15-18. Jehonadab the son of Rechab-- (See 1Ch 2:55). A person who, from his piety and simple primitive manner of life (Jr 35:1-19), was highly esteemed, and possessed great influence in the country. Jehu saw in a moment the advantage that his cause would gain from the friendship and countenance of this venerable man in the eyes of the people, and accordingly paid him the distinguished attention of inviting him to a seat in his chariot. give me thine hand-- not simply to aid him in getting up, but for a far more significant and important purpose--the giving, or rather joining hands, being the recognized mode of striking a league or covenant, as well as of testifying fealty to a new sovereign; accordingly, it is said, "he [Jehonadab] gave him [Jehu] his hand." 2Ki 10:18-29. He Destroys the Worshippers of Baal.


<hi type="bold">19. call unto me all the prophets of Baal--</hi>The votaries of Baal are here classified under the several titles of prophets, priests, and servants, or worshippers generally. They might be easily convened into one spacious temple, as their number had been greatly diminished both by the influential ministrations of Elijah and Elisha, and also from the late King Joram's neglect and discontinuance of the worship. Jehu's appointment of a solemn sacrifice in honor of Baal, and a summons to all his worshippers to join in its celebration, was a deep-laid plot, which he had resolved upon for their extinction, a measure in perfect harmony with the Mosaic law, and worthy of a constitutional king of Israel. It was done, however, not from religious, but purely political motives, because he believed that the existence and interests of the Baalites were inseparably bound up with the dynasty of Ahab and because he hoped that by their extermination he would secure the attachment of the far larger and more influential party who worshipped God in Israel. Jehonadab's concurrence must have been given in the belief of his being actuated solely by the highest principles of piety and zeal.

19. call unto me all the prophets of Baal-- The votaries of Baal are here classified under the several titles of prophets, priests, and servants, or worshippers generally. They might be easily convened into one spacious temple, as their number had been greatly diminished both by the influential ministrations of Elijah and Elisha, and also from the late King Joram's neglect and discontinuance of the worship. Jehu's appointment of a solemn sacrifice in honor of Baal, and a summons to all his worshippers to join in its celebration, was a deep-laid plot, which he had resolved upon for their extinction, a measure in perfect harmony with the Mosaic law, and worthy of a constitutional king of Israel. It was done, however, not from religious, but purely political motives, because he believed that the existence and interests of the Baalites were inseparably bound up with the dynasty of Ahab and because he hoped that by their extermination he would secure the attachment of the far larger and more influential party who worshipped God in Israel. Jehonadab's concurrence must have been given in the belief of his being actuated solely by the highest principles of piety and zeal.


<hi type="bold">22. Bring forth vestments for all the worshippers of Baal--</hi>The priests of Baal were clad, probably, in robes of white byssus while they were engaged in the functions of their office, and these were kept under the care of an officer in a particular wardrobe of Baal's temple. This treacherous massacre, and the means taken to accomplish it, are paralleled by the slaughter of the Janissaries and other terrible tragedies in the modern history of the East.

22. Bring forth vestments for all the worshippers of Baal-- The priests of Baal were clad, probably, in robes of white byssus while they were engaged in the functions of their office, and these were kept under the care of an officer in a particular wardrobe of Baal's temple. This treacherous massacre, and the means taken to accomplish it, are paralleled by the slaughter of the Janissaries and other terrible tragedies in the modern history of the East.


<hi type="bold">29. Howbeit from the sins of Jeroboam ... Jehu departed not from after them--</hi>Jehu had no intention of carrying his zeal for the Lord beyond a certain point, and as he considered it impolitic to encourage his subjects to travel to Jerusalem, he re-established the symbolic worship of the calves. <chapter eID="2Kgs.10"/>

29. Howbeit from the sins of Jeroboam... Jehu departed not from after them-- Jehu had no intention of carrying his zeal for the Lord beyond a certain point, and as he considered it impolitic to encourage his subjects to travel to Jerusalem, he re-established the symbolic worship of the calves.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 11</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.1-2Kgs.11.3">2Ki 11:1-3</reference>. Jehoash Saved from Athaliah's Massacre.

<hi type="bold">1. Athaliah--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Chr.22.2">2Ch 22:2</reference>). She had possessed great influence over her son, who, by her counsels, had ruled in the spirit of the house of Ahab.

<hi type="bold">destroyed all the seed royal--</hi>all connected with the royal family who might have urged a claim to the throne, and who had escaped the murderous hands of Jehu (<reference osisRef="2Chr.21.2-2Chr.4.22">2Ch 21:2-4; 22</reference>:1; <reference osisRef="2Kgs.10.13">2Ki 10:13</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.10.14">14</reference>). This massacre she was incited to perpetrate--partly from a determination not to let David's family outlive hers; partly as a measure of self-defense to secure herself against the violence of Jehu, who was bent on destroying the whole of Ahab's posterity to which she belonged (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.8.18-2Kgs.8.26">2Ki 8:18-26</reference>); but chiefly from personal ambition to rule, and a desire to establish the worship of Baal. Such was the sad fruit of the unequal alliance between the son of the pious Jehoshaphat and a daughter of the idolatrous and wicked house of Ahab.

CHAPTER 11 2Ki 11:1-3. Jehoash Saved from Athaliah's Massacre. 1. Athaliah-- (See on 2Ch 22:2). She had possessed great influence over her son, who, by her counsels, had ruled in the spirit of the house of Ahab. destroyed all the seed royal-- all connected with the royal family who might have urged a claim to the throne, and who had escaped the murderous hands of Jehu (2Ch 21:2-4; 22:1; 2Ki 10:13, 14). This massacre she was incited to perpetrate--partly from a determination not to let David's family outlive hers; partly as a measure of self-defense to secure herself against the violence of Jehu, who was bent on destroying the whole of Ahab's posterity to which she belonged (2Ki 8:18-26); but chiefly from personal ambition to rule, and a desire to establish the worship of Baal. Such was the sad fruit of the unequal alliance between the son of the pious Jehoshaphat and a daughter of the idolatrous and wicked house of Ahab.


<hi type="bold">2. Jehosheba--</hi>or Jehoshabeath (<reference osisRef="2Chr.22.11">2Ch 22:11</reference>).

<hi type="bold">daughter of King Joram--</hi>not by Athaliah, but by a secondary wife.

<hi type="bold">stole him from among the king's sons which were slain--</hi>either from among the corpses, he being considered dead, or out of the palace nursery.

<hi type="bold">hid him ... in the bedchamber--</hi>for the use of the priests, which was in some part of the temple (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.3">2Ki 11:3</reference>), and of which Jehoiada and his wife had the sole charge. What is called, however, the bedchamber in the East is not the kind of apartment that we understand by the name, but a small closet, into which are flung during the day the mattresses and other bedding materials spread on the floors or divans of the sitting-rooms by day. Such a slumber-room was well suited to be a convenient place for the recovery of his wounds, and a hiding-place for the royal infant and his nurse.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.4-2Kgs.11.12">2Ki 11:4-12</reference>. He Is Made King.

2. Jehosheba-- or Jehoshabeath (2Ch 22:11). daughter of King Joram-- not by Athaliah, but by a secondary wife. stole him from among the king's sons which were slain-- either from among the corpses, he being considered dead, or out of the palace nursery. hid him... in the bedchamber-- for the use of the priests, which was in some part of the temple (2Ki 11:3), and of which Jehoiada and his wife had the sole charge. What is called, however, the bedchamber in the East is not the kind of apartment that we understand by the name, but a small closet, into which are flung during the day the mattresses and other bedding materials spread on the floors or divans of the sitting-rooms by day. Such a slumber-room was well suited to be a convenient place for the recovery of his wounds, and a hiding-place for the royal infant and his nurse. 2Ki 11:4-12. He Is Made King.


<hi type="bold">4. the seventh year--</hi>namely, of the reign of Athaliah, and the rescue of Jehoash.

<hi type="bold">Jehoiada sent and fetched the rulers, &c.--</hi>He could scarcely have obtained such a general convocation except at the time, or on pretext, of a public and solemn festival. Having revealed to them the secret of the young king's preservation and entered into a covenant with them for the overthrow of the tyrant, he then arranged with them the plan and time of carrying their plot into execution (see on <reference osisRef="2Chr.22.10-2Chr.23.21">2Ch 22:10-23:21</reference>). The conduct of Jehoiada, who acted the leading and chief part in this conspiracy, admits of an easy and full justification; for, while Athaliah was a usurper, and belonged to a race destined by divine denunciation to destruction, even his own wife had a better and stronger claim to the throne; the sovereignty of Judah had been divinely appropriated to the family of David, and therefore the young prince on whom it was proposed to confer the crown, possessed an inherent right to it, of which a usurper could not deprive him. Moreover, Jehoiada was most probably the high priest, whose official duty it was to watch over the due execution of God's laws, and who in his present movement, was encouraged and aided by the countenance and support of the chief authorities, both civil and ecclesiastical, in the country. In addition to all these considerations, he seems to have been directed by an impulse of the Divine Spirit, through the counsels and exhortations of the prophets of the time.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.13-2Kgs.11.16">2Ki 11:13-16</reference>. Athaliah Slain.

4. the seventh year-- namely, of the reign of Athaliah, and the rescue of Jehoash. Jehoiada sent and fetched the rulers, &c.-- He could scarcely have obtained such a general convocation except at the time, or on pretext, of a public and solemn festival. Having revealed to them the secret of the young king's preservation and entered into a covenant with them for the overthrow of the tyrant, he then arranged with them the plan and time of carrying their plot into execution (see on 2Ch 22:10-23:21). The conduct of Jehoiada, who acted the leading and chief part in this conspiracy, admits of an easy and full justification; for, while Athaliah was a usurper, and belonged to a race destined by divine denunciation to destruction, even his own wife had a better and stronger claim to the throne; the sovereignty of Judah had been divinely appropriated to the family of David, and therefore the young prince on whom it was proposed to confer the crown, possessed an inherent right to it, of which a usurper could not deprive him. Moreover, Jehoiada was most probably the high priest, whose official duty it was to watch over the due execution of God's laws, and who in his present movement, was encouraged and aided by the countenance and support of the chief authorities, both civil and ecclesiastical, in the country. In addition to all these considerations, he seems to have been directed by an impulse of the Divine Spirit, through the counsels and exhortations of the prophets of the time. 2Ki 11:13-16. Athaliah Slain.


<hi type="bold">13. Athaliah heard the noise of the guard and of the people--</hi>The profound secrecy with which the conspiracy had been conducted rendered the unusual acclamations of the vast assembled crowd the more startling and roused the suspicions of the tyrant.

<hi type="bold">she came ... into the temple of the Lord--</hi>that is, the courts, which she was permitted to enter by Jehoiada's directions (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.8">2Ki 11:8</reference>) in order that she might be secured.

13. Athaliah heard the noise of the guard and of the people-- The profound secrecy with which the conspiracy had been conducted rendered the unusual acclamations of the vast assembled crowd the more startling and roused the suspicions of the tyrant. she came... into the temple of the Lord-- that is, the courts, which she was permitted to enter by Jehoiada's directions (2Ki 11:8) in order that she might be secured.


<hi type="bold">14. the king stood by a pillar--</hi>or on a platform, erected for that purpose (see on <reference osisRef="2Chr.6.13">2Ch 6:13</reference>).

14. the king stood by a pillar-- or on a platform, erected for that purpose (see on 2Ch 6:13).


<hi type="bold">15. without the ranges--</hi>that is, fences, that the sacred place might not be stained with human blood.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.11.17-2Kgs.11.20">2Ki 11:17-20</reference>. Jehoiada Restores God's Worship.

15. without the ranges-- that is, fences, that the sacred place might not be stained with human blood. 2Ki 11:17-20. Jehoiada Restores God's Worship.


<hi type="bold">17-18. a covenant between the Lord and the king and the people--</hi>The covenant with the Lord was a renewal of the national covenant with Israel (Ex 19:1-24:18; "to be unto him a people of inheritance," <reference osisRef="Deut.4.6">De 4:6</reference>; <reference osisRef="Deut.27.9">27:9</reference>). The covenant between the king and the people was the consequence of this, and by it the king bound himself to rule according to the divine law, while the people engaged to submit, to give him allegiance as the Lord's anointed. The immediate fruit of this renewal of the covenant was the destruction of the temple and the slaughter of the priests of Baal (see <reference osisRef="2Kgs.10.27">2Ki 10:27</reference>); the restoration of the pure worship of God in all its ancient integrity; and the establishment of the young king on the hereditary throne of Judah [2Ki 11:19]. <chapter eID="2Kgs.11"/>

17-18. a covenant between the Lord and the king and the people-- The covenant with the Lord was a renewal of the national covenant with Israel (Ex 19:1-24:18; "to be unto him a people of inheritance," De 4:6; 27:9). The covenant between the king and the people was the consequence of this, and by it the king bound himself to rule according to the divine law, while the people engaged to submit, to give him allegiance as the Lord's anointed. The immediate fruit of this renewal of the covenant was the destruction of the temple and the slaughter of the priests of Baal (see 2Ki 10:27); the restoration of the pure worship of God in all its ancient integrity; and the establishment of the young king on the hereditary throne of Judah [2Ki 11:19].


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 12</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.12.1-2Kgs.12.18">2Ki 12:1-18</reference>. Jehoash Reigns Well while Jehoiada Lived.

<hi type="bold">2. Jehoash did that which was right in the sight of the Lord--</hi>so far as related to his outward actions and the policy of his government. But it is evident from the sequel of his history that the rectitude of his administration was owing more to the salutary influence of his preserver and tutor, Jehoiada, than to the honest and sincere dictates of his own mind.

CHAPTER 12 2Ki 12:1-18. Jehoash Reigns Well while Jehoiada Lived. 2. Jehoash did that which was right in the sight of the Lord-- so far as related to his outward actions and the policy of his government. But it is evident from the sequel of his history that the rectitude of his administration was owing more to the salutary influence of his preserver and tutor, Jehoiada, than to the honest and sincere dictates of his own mind.


<hi type="bold">3. But the high places were not taken away--</hi>The popular fondness for the private and disorderly rites performed in the groves and recesses of hills was so inveterate that even the most powerful monarchs had been unable to accomplish their suppression; no wonder that in the early reign of a young king, and after the gross irregularities that had been allowed during the maladministration of Athaliah, the difficulty of putting an end to the superstitions associated with "the high places" was greatly increased.

3. But the high places were not taken away-- The popular fondness for the private and disorderly rites performed in the groves and recesses of hills was so inveterate that even the most powerful monarchs had been unable to accomplish their suppression; no wonder that in the early reign of a young king, and after the gross irregularities that had been allowed during the maladministration of Athaliah, the difficulty of putting an end to the superstitions associated with "the high places" was greatly increased.


<hi type="bold">4. Jehoash said to the priests, &c.--</hi>There is here given an account of the measures which the young king took for repairing the temple by the levying of taxes: 1. "The money of every one that passeth the account," namely, half a shekel, as "an offering to the Lord" (<reference osisRef="Exod.30.13">Ex 30:13</reference>). 2. "The money that every man is set at," that is, the redemption price of every one who had devoted himself or any thing belonging to him to the Lord, and the amount of which was estimated according to certain rules (<reference osisRef="Lev.27.1-Lev.8.3">Le 27:1-8). 3</reference>. Free will or voluntary offerings made to the sanctuary. The first two were paid annually (see <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.5">2Ch 24:5</reference>).

4. Jehoash said to the priests, &c.-- There is here given an account of the measures which the young king took for repairing the temple by the levying of taxes: 1. "The money of every one that passeth the account," namely, half a shekel, as "an offering to the Lord" (Ex 30:13). 2. "The money that every man is set at," that is, the redemption price of every one who had devoted himself or any thing belonging to him to the Lord, and the amount of which was estimated according to certain rules (Le 27:1-8). 3. Free will or voluntary offerings made to the sanctuary. The first two were paid annually (see 2Ch 24:5).


<hi type="bold">7-10. Why repair ye not the breaches of the house?--</hi>This mode of collection not proving so productive as was expected (the dilatoriness of the priests was the chief cause of the failure), a new arrangement was proposed. A chest was placed by the high priest at the entrance into the temple, into which the money given by the people for the repairs of the temple was to be put by the Levites who kept the door. The object of this chest was to make a separation between the money to be raised for the building from the other moneys destined for the general use of the priests, in the hope that the people would be more liberal in their contributions when it was known that their offerings would be devoted to the special purpose of making the necessary repairs. The duty of attending to this work was no longer to devolve on the priests, but to be undertaken by the king.

7-10. Why repair ye not the breaches of the house?-- This mode of collection not proving so productive as was expected (the dilatoriness of the priests was the chief cause of the failure), a new arrangement was proposed. A chest was placed by the high priest at the entrance into the temple, into which the money given by the people for the repairs of the temple was to be put by the Levites who kept the door. The object of this chest was to make a separation between the money to be raised for the building from the other moneys destined for the general use of the priests, in the hope that the people would be more liberal in their contributions when it was known that their offerings would be devoted to the special purpose of making the necessary repairs. The duty of attending to this work was no longer to devolve on the priests, but to be undertaken by the king.


<hi type="bold">11-12. they gave the money, being told, into the hands of them that did the work--</hi>The king sent his secretary along with an agent of the high priest to count the money in the chest from time to time (<reference osisRef="2Chr.24.11">2Ch 24:11</reference>), and deliver the amount to the overseers of the building, who paid the workmen and purchased all necessary materials. The custom of putting sums of certain amount in bags, which are labelled and sealed by a proper officer, is a common way of using the currency in Turkey and other Eastern countries.

11-12. they gave the money, being told, into the hands of them that did the work-- The king sent his secretary along with an agent of the high priest to count the money in the chest from time to time (2Ch 24:11), and deliver the amount to the overseers of the building, who paid the workmen and purchased all necessary materials. The custom of putting sums of certain amount in bags, which are labelled and sealed by a proper officer, is a common way of using the currency in Turkey and other Eastern countries.


<hi type="bold">13-16. Howbeit there were not made ... bowls, &c.--</hi>When the repairs of the temple had been completed, the surplus was appropriated to the purchase of the temple furniture. The integrity of the overseers of the work being undoubted, no account was exacted of the way in which they applied the money given to them, while other moneys levied at the temple were left to the disposal of the priests as the law directed (<reference osisRef="Lev.5.16">Le 5:16</reference>; <reference osisRef="Num.5.8">Nu 5:8</reference>).

13-16. Howbeit there were not made... bowls, &c.-- When the repairs of the temple had been completed, the surplus was appropriated to the purchase of the temple furniture. The integrity of the overseers of the work being undoubted, no account was exacted of the way in which they applied the money given to them, while other moneys levied at the temple were left to the disposal of the priests as the law directed (Le 5:16; Nu 5:8).


<hi type="bold">17-18. Then Hazael ... fought against Gath--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.23">2Ch 24:23</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.12.19-2Kgs.12.21">2Ki 12:19-21</reference>. He Is Slain.

17-18. Then Hazael... fought against Gath-- (See on 2Ch 24:23). 2Ki 12:19-21. He Is Slain.


<hi type="bold">20. his servants arose ... and slew Joash in the house of Millo--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Chr.24.25">2Ch 24:25</reference>). <chapter eID="2Kgs.12"/>

20. his servants arose... and slew Joash in the house of Millo-- (See on 2Ch 24:25).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 13</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.13.1-2Kgs.13.7">2Ki 13:1-7</reference>. Jehoahaz's Wicked Reign over Israel.

<hi type="bold">1-3. Jehoahaz ... reigned seventeen years--</hi>Under his government, which pursued the policy of his predecessors regarding the support of the calf-worship, Israel's apostasy from the true God became greater and more confirmed than in the time of his father Jehu. The national chastisement, when it came, was consequently the more severe and the instruments employed by the Lord in scourging the revolted nation were Hazael and his son and general Ben-hadad, in resisting whose successive invasions the Israelitish army was sadly reduced and weakened. In the extremity of his distress, Jehoahaz besought the Lord, and was heard, not on his own account (<reference osisRef="Ps.66.18">Psa 66:18</reference>; <reference osisRef="Prov.1.28">Pr 1:28</reference>; <reference osisRef="1Cor.15.8">15:8</reference>), but that of the ancient covenant with the patriarchs (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.13.23">2Ki 13:23</reference>).

CHAPTER 13 2Ki 13:1-7. Jehoahaz's Wicked Reign over Israel. 1-3. Jehoahaz... reigned seventeen years-- Under his government, which pursued the policy of his predecessors regarding the support of the calf-worship, Israel's apostasy from the true God became greater and more confirmed than in the time of his father Jehu. The national chastisement, when it came, was consequently the more severe and the instruments employed by the Lord in scourging the revolted nation were Hazael and his son and general Ben-hadad, in resisting whose successive invasions the Israelitish army was sadly reduced and weakened. In the extremity of his distress, Jehoahaz besought the Lord, and was heard, not on his own account (Psa 66:18; Pr 1:28; 15:8), but that of the ancient covenant with the patriarchs (2Ki 13:23).


<hi type="bold">4. he saw the oppression of Israel--</hi>that is, commiserated the fallen condition of His chosen people. The divine honor and the interests of true religion required that deliverance should be granted them to check the triumph of the idolatrous enemy and put an end to their blasphemous taunts that God had forsaken Israel (<reference osisRef="Deut.32.27">De 32:27</reference>; <reference osisRef="Ps.12.4">Psa 12:4</reference>).

4. he saw the oppression of Israel-- that is, commiserated the fallen condition of His chosen people. The divine honor and the interests of true religion required that deliverance should be granted them to check the triumph of the idolatrous enemy and put an end to their blasphemous taunts that God had forsaken Israel (De 32:27; Psa 12:4).


<hi type="bold">5. a saviour--</hi>This refers neither to some patriotic defender nor some signal victory, but to the deliverance obtained for Israel by the two successors of Jehoahaz, namely, Joash, who regained all the cities which the Syrians had taken from his father (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.13.25">2Ki 13:25</reference>); and Jeroboam, who restored the former boundaries of Israel (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.25">2Ki 14:25</reference>).

5. a saviour-- This refers neither to some patriotic defender nor some signal victory, but to the deliverance obtained for Israel by the two successors of Jehoahaz, namely, Joash, who regained all the cities which the Syrians had taken from his father (2Ki 13:25); and Jeroboam, who restored the former boundaries of Israel (2Ki 14:25).


<hi type="bold">6. there remained the grove--</hi>Asherah--the idol set up by Ahab (<reference osisRef="1Kgs.16.33">1Ki 16:33</reference>), which ought to have been demolished (<reference osisRef="Deut.7.5">De 7:5</reference>).

6. there remained the grove-- Asherah--the idol set up by Ahab (1Ki 16:33), which ought to have been demolished (De 7:5).


<hi type="bold">7. made them like the dust in threshing--</hi>Threshing in the East is performed in the open air upon a level plot of ground, daubed over with a covering to prevent, as much as possible, the earth, sand, or gravel from rising; a great quantity of them all, notwithstanding this precaution, must unavoidably be taken up with the grain; at the same time the straw is shattered to pieces. Hence it is a most significant figure, frequently employed by Orientals to describe a state of national suffering, little short of extermination (<reference osisRef="Isa.21.10">Is 21:10</reference>; <reference osisRef="Mic.4.12">Mi 4:12</reference>; <reference osisRef="Jer.51.33">Jr 51:33</reference>). The figure originated in a barbarous war custom, which Hazael literally followed (<reference osisRef="Amos.1.3">Am 1:3</reference>, <reference osisRef="1Cor.1.4">4</reference>; compare <reference osisRef="2Sam.18.31">2Sa 18:31</reference>; <reference osisRef="Judg.8.7">Jud 8:7</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.13.8-2Kgs.13.25">2Ki 13:8-25</reference>. Joash Succeeds Him.

7. made them like the dust in threshing-- Threshing in the East is performed in the open air upon a level plot of ground, daubed over with a covering to prevent, as much as possible, the earth, sand, or gravel from rising; a great quantity of them all, notwithstanding this precaution, must unavoidably be taken up with the grain; at the same time the straw is shattered to pieces. Hence it is a most significant figure, frequently employed by Orientals to describe a state of national suffering, little short of extermination (Is 21:10; Mi 4:12; Jr 51:33). The figure originated in a barbarous war custom, which Hazael literally followed (Am 1:3, 4; compare 2Sa 18:31; Jud 8:7). 2Ki 13:8-25. Joash Succeeds Him.


<hi type="bold">8. his might--</hi>This is particularly noticed in order to show that the grievous oppression from foreign enemies, by which the Israelites were ground down, was not owing to the cowardice or imbecility of their king, but solely to the righteous and terrible judgment of God for their foul apostasy.

8. his might-- This is particularly noticed in order to show that the grievous oppression from foreign enemies, by which the Israelites were ground down, was not owing to the cowardice or imbecility of their king, but solely to the righteous and terrible judgment of God for their foul apostasy.


<hi type="bold">12-13. his might wherewith he fought against Amaziah--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.8-2Kgs.14.14">2Ki 14:8-14</reference>). The usual summary of his life and reign occurs rather early, and is again repeated in the account given of the reign of the king of Judah (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.15">2Ki 14:15</reference>).

12-13. his might wherewith he fought against Amaziah-- (See on 2Ki 14:8-14). The usual summary of his life and reign occurs rather early, and is again repeated in the account given of the reign of the king of Judah (2Ki 14:15).


<hi type="bold">14-19. Elisha was fallen sick of his sickness whereof he died--</hi>Every man's death is occasioned by some disease, and so was Elisha's. But in intimating it, there seems a contrast tacitly made between him and his prophetic predecessor, who did not die.

<hi type="bold">Joash the king of Israel came down unto him, and wept over his face--</hi>He visited him where he was lying ill of this mortal sickness, and expressed deep sorrow, not from the personal respect he bore for the prophet, but for the incalculable loss his death would occasion to the kingdom.

<hi type="bold">my father, my father! &c.--</hi>(See on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.2.12">2Ki 2:12</reference>). These words seem to have been a complimentary phrase applied to one who was thought an eminent guardian and deliverer of his country. The particular application of them to Elisha, who, by his counsels and prayer, had obtained many glorious victories for Israel, shows that the king possessed some measure of faith and trust, which, though weak, was accepted, and called forth the prophet's dying benediction.

14-19. Elisha was fallen sick of his sickness whereof he died-- Every man's death is occasioned by some disease, and so was Elisha's. But in intimating it, there seems a contrast tacitly made between him and his prophetic predecessor, who did not die. Joash the king of Israel came down unto him, and wept over his face-- He visited him where he was lying ill of this mortal sickness, and expressed deep sorrow, not from the personal respect he bore for the prophet, but for the incalculable loss his death would occasion to the kingdom. my father, my father! &c.-- (See on 2Ki 2:12). These words seem to have been a complimentary phrase applied to one who was thought an eminent guardian and deliverer of his country. The particular application of them to Elisha, who, by his counsels and prayer, had obtained many glorious victories for Israel, shows that the king possessed some measure of faith and trust, which, though weak, was accepted, and called forth the prophet's dying benediction.


<hi type="bold">20-21. Elisha died--</hi>He had enjoyed a happier life than Elijah, as he possessed a milder character, and bore a less hard commission. His rough garment was honored even at the court.

<hi type="bold">coming in of the year--</hi>that is, the spring, the usual season of beginning campaigns in ancient times. Predatory bands from Moab generally made incursions at that time on the lands of Israel. The bearers of a corpse, alarmed by the appearance of one of these bands, hastily deposited, as they passed that way, their load in Elisha's sepulchre, which might be easily done by removing the stone at the mouth of the cave. According to the Jewish and Eastern custom, his body, as well as that of the man who was miraculously restored, was not laid in a coffin, but only swathed; so that the bodies could be brought into contact, and the object of the miracle was to stimulate the king's and people of Israel's faith in the still unaccomplished predictions of Elisha respecting the war with the Syrians. Accordingly the historian forthwith records the historical fulfilment of the prediction (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.13.22-2Kgs.13.25">2Ki 13:22-25</reference>), in the defeat of the enemy, in the recovery of the cities that had been taken, and their restoration to the kingdom of Israel. <chapter eID="2Kgs.13"/>

20-21. Elisha died-- He had enjoyed a happier life than Elijah, as he possessed a milder character, and bore a less hard commission. His rough garment was honored even at the court. coming in of the year-- that is, the spring, the usual season of beginning campaigns in ancient times. Predatory bands from Moab generally made incursions at that time on the lands of Israel. The bearers of a corpse, alarmed by the appearance of one of these bands, hastily deposited, as they passed that way, their load in Elisha's sepulchre, which might be easily done by removing the stone at the mouth of the cave. According to the Jewish and Eastern custom, his body, as well as that of the man who was miraculously restored, was not laid in a coffin, but only swathed; so that the bodies could be brought into contact, and the object of the miracle was to stimulate the king's and people of Israel's faith in the still unaccomplished predictions of Elisha respecting the war with the Syrians. Accordingly the historian forthwith records the historical fulfilment of the prediction (2Ki 13:22-25), in the defeat of the enemy, in the recovery of the cities that had been taken, and their restoration to the kingdom of Israel.


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 14</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.1-2Kgs.14.6">2Ki 14:1-6</reference>. Amaziah's Good Reign over Judah.

<hi type="bold">3-6. He did that which was right in the sight of the Lord, yet not like David his father--</hi>The beginning of his reign was excellent, for he acted the part of a constitutional king, according to the law of God, yet not with perfect sincerity of heart (compare <reference osisRef="2Chr.25.2">2Ch 25:2</reference>). As in the case of his father Joash, the early promise was belied by the devious course he personally followed in later life (see <reference osisRef="2Chr.20.14">2Ch 20:14</reference>), as well as by the public irregularities he tolerated in the kingdom.

CHAPTER 14 2Ki 14:1-6. Amaziah's Good Reign over Judah. 3-6. He did that which was right in the sight of the Lord, yet not like David his father-- The beginning of his reign was excellent, for he acted the part of a constitutional king, according to the law of God, yet not with perfect sincerity of heart (compare 2Ch 25:2). As in the case of his father Joash, the early promise was belied by the devious course he personally followed in later life (see 2Ch 20:14), as well as by the public irregularities he tolerated in the kingdom.


<hi type="bold">7. He slew of Edom in the valley of salt ten thousand--</hi>In the reign of Joram the Edomites had revolted (see <reference osisRef="2Kgs.8.20">2Ki 8:20</reference>). But Amaziah, determined to reduce them to their former subjection, formed a hostile expedition against them, in which he routed their army and made himself master of their capital.

<hi type="bold">the valley of salt--</hi>that part of the Ghor which comprises the salt and sandy plain to the south of the Dead Sea.

<hi type="bold">Selah--</hi>literally, "the rock"; generally thought to be Petra.

<hi type="bold">Joktheel--</hi>that is, "given" or "conquered by God." See the history of this conquest more fully detailed (<reference osisRef="2Chr.25.6-2Chr.25.16">2Ch 25:6-16</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.8-2Kgs.14.16">2Ki 14:8-16</reference>. Joash Defeats Him.

7. He slew of Edom in the valley of salt ten thousand-- In the reign of Joram the Edomites had revolted (see 2Ki 8:20). But Amaziah, determined to reduce them to their former subjection, formed a hostile expedition against them, in which he routed their army and made himself master of their capital. the valley of salt-- that part of the Ghor which comprises the salt and sandy plain to the south of the Dead Sea. Selah-- literally, "the rock"; generally thought to be Petra. Joktheel-- that is, "given" or "conquered by God." See the history of this conquest more fully detailed (2Ch 25:6-16). 2Ki 14:8-16. Joash Defeats Him.


<hi type="bold">8. Amaziah sent messengers to Jehoash, the son of Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel--</hi>This bold and haughty challenge, which was most probably stimulated by a desire of satisfaction for the outrages perpetrated by the discharged auxiliaries of Israel (<reference osisRef="2Chr.25.13">2Ch 25:13</reference>) on the towns that lay in their way home, as well as by revenge for the massacre of his ancestors by Jehu (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.9.1-2Kgs.9.37">2Ki 9:1-37</reference>) sprang, there is little doubt, from pride and self-confidence, inspired by his victory over the Edomites.

8. Amaziah sent messengers to Jehoash, the son of Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel-- This bold and haughty challenge, which was most probably stimulated by a desire of satisfaction for the outrages perpetrated by the discharged auxiliaries of Israel (2Ch 25:13) on the towns that lay in their way home, as well as by revenge for the massacre of his ancestors by Jehu (2Ki 9:1-37) sprang, there is little doubt, from pride and self-confidence, inspired by his victory over the Edomites.


<hi type="bold">9. Jehoash the king of Israel sent to Amaziah--</hi>People in the East very often express their sentiments in a parabolic form, especially when they intend to convey unwelcome truths or a contemptuous sneer. This was the design of the admonitory fable related by Joash in his reply. The thistle, a low shrub, might be chosen to represent Amaziah, a petty prince; the cedar, the powerful sovereign of Israel, and the wild beast that trampled down the thistle the overwhelming army with which Israel could desolate Judah. But, perhaps, without making so minute an application, the parable may be explained generally, as describing in a striking manner the effects of pride and ambition, towering far beyond their natural sphere, and sure to fall with a sudden and ruinous crash. The moral of the fable is contained in <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.10">2Ki 14:10</reference>.

9. Jehoash the king of Israel sent to Amaziah-- People in the East very often express their sentiments in a parabolic form, especially when they intend to convey unwelcome truths or a contemptuous sneer. This was the design of the admonitory fable related by Joash in his reply. The thistle, a low shrub, might be chosen to represent Amaziah, a petty prince; the cedar, the powerful sovereign of Israel, and the wild beast that trampled down the thistle the overwhelming army with which Israel could desolate Judah. But, perhaps, without making so minute an application, the parable may be explained generally, as describing in a striking manner the effects of pride and ambition, towering far beyond their natural sphere, and sure to fall with a sudden and ruinous crash. The moral of the fable is contained in 2Ki 14:10.


<hi type="bold">11-14. But Amaziah would not hear--</hi>The sarcastic tenor of this reply incited the king of Judah the more; for, being in a state of judicial blindness and infatuation (<reference osisRef="2Chr.25.20">2Ch 25:20</reference>), he was immovably determined on war. But the superior energy of Joash surprised him ere he had completed his military preparations. Pouring a large army into the territory of Judah, he encountered Amaziah in a pitched battle, routed his army, and took him prisoner. Then having marched to Jerusalem [2Ki 14:13], he not only demolished part of the city walls, but plundered the treasures of the palace and temple. Taking hostages to prevent any further molestation from Judah, he terminated the war. Without leaving a garrison in Jerusalem, he returned to his capital with all convenient speed, his presence and all his forces being required to repel the troublesome incursions of the Syrians.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.17-2Kgs.14.20">2Ki 14:17-20</reference>. He Is Slain by a Conspiracy.

11-14. But Amaziah would not hear-- The sarcastic tenor of this reply incited the king of Judah the more; for, being in a state of judicial blindness and infatuation (2Ch 25:20), he was immovably determined on war. But the superior energy of Joash surprised him ere he had completed his military preparations. Pouring a large army into the territory of Judah, he encountered Amaziah in a pitched battle, routed his army, and took him prisoner. Then having marched to Jerusalem [2Ki 14:13], he not only demolished part of the city walls, but plundered the treasures of the palace and temple. Taking hostages to prevent any further molestation from Judah, he terminated the war. Without leaving a garrison in Jerusalem, he returned to his capital with all convenient speed, his presence and all his forces being required to repel the troublesome incursions of the Syrians. 2Ki 14:17-20. He Is Slain by a Conspiracy.


<hi type="bold">19-20. they made a conspiracy against him in Jerusalem--</hi>Amaziah's apostasy (<reference osisRef="2Chr.25.27">2Ch 25:27</reference>) was followed by a general maladministration, especially the disastrous issue of the war with Israel. The ruinous condition of Jerusalem, the plunder of the temple, and the loss of their children who were taken as hostages [2Ki 14:13, 14], lost him the respect and attachment not of the grandees only, but of his subjects generally, who were in rebellion. The king fled in terror to Lachish, a frontier town of the Philistines, where, however, he was traced and murdered. His friends had his corpse brought without any pomp or ceremony, in a chariot to Jerusalem, where he was interred among his royal ancestors.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.21">2Ki 14:21</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.22">22</reference>. Azariah Succeeds Him.

19-20. they made a conspiracy against him in Jerusalem-- Amaziah's apostasy (2Ch 25:27) was followed by a general maladministration, especially the disastrous issue of the war with Israel. The ruinous condition of Jerusalem, the plunder of the temple, and the loss of their children who were taken as hostages [2Ki 14:13, 14], lost him the respect and attachment not of the grandees only, but of his subjects generally, who were in rebellion. The king fled in terror to Lachish, a frontier town of the Philistines, where, however, he was traced and murdered. His friends had his corpse brought without any pomp or ceremony, in a chariot to Jerusalem, where he was interred among his royal ancestors. 2Ki 14:21, 22. Azariah Succeeds Him.


<hi type="bold">21. all the people of Judah took Azariah--</hi>or Uzziah (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.30">2Ki 15:30</reference>; <reference osisRef="2Chr.26.1">2Ch 26:1</reference>). The popular opposition had been personally directed against Amaziah as the author of their calamities, but it was not extended to his family or heir.

21. all the people of Judah took Azariah-- or Uzziah (2Ki 15:30; 2Ch 26:1). The popular opposition had been personally directed against Amaziah as the author of their calamities, but it was not extended to his family or heir.


<hi type="bold">22. He built Elath--</hi>fortified that seaport. It had revolted with the rest of Edom, but was now recovered by Uzziah. His father, who did not complete the conquest of Edom, had left him that work to do.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.23-2Kgs.14.29">2Ki 14:23-29</reference>. Jeroboam's Wicked Reign over Israel.

22. He built Elath-- fortified that seaport. It had revolted with the rest of Edom, but was now recovered by Uzziah. His father, who did not complete the conquest of Edom, had left him that work to do. 2Ki 14:23-29. Jeroboam's Wicked Reign over Israel.


<hi type="bold">23. Jeroboam, the son of Joash king of Israel--</hi>This was Jeroboam II who, on regaining the lost territory, raised the kingdom to great political power (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.25">2Ki 14:25</reference>), but adhered to the favorite religious policy of the Israelitish sovereigns (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.24">2Ki 14:24</reference>). While God granted him so great a measure of national prosperity and eminence, the reason is expressly stated (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.26">2Ki 14:26</reference>, <reference osisRef="2Kgs.14.27">27</reference>) to be that the purposes of the divine covenant forbade as yet the overthrow of the kingdom of the ten tribes (see <reference osisRef="2Kgs.13.23">2Ki 13:23</reference>). <chapter eID="2Kgs.14"/>

23. Jeroboam, the son of Joash king of Israel-- This was Jeroboam II who, on regaining the lost territory, raised the kingdom to great political power (2Ki 14:25), but adhered to the favorite religious policy of the Israelitish sovereigns (2Ki 14:24). While God granted him so great a measure of national prosperity and eminence, the reason is expressly stated (2Ki 14:26, 27) to be that the purposes of the divine covenant forbade as yet the overthrow of the kingdom of the ten tribes (see 2Ki 13:23).


<title type="x-s2">CHAPTER 15</title>
 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.1-2Kgs.15.7">2Ki 15:1-7</reference>. Azariah's Reign over Judah.

<hi type="bold">1-7. In the twenty and seventh year of Jeroboam--</hi>It is thought that the throne of Judah continued vacant eleven or twelve years, between the death of Amaziah and the inauguration of his son Azariah. Being a child only four years old when his father was murdered, a regency was appointed during Azariah's minority.

<hi type="bold">began Azariah ... to reign--</hi>The character of his reign is described by the brief formula employed by the inspired historian, in recording the religious policy of the later kings. But his reign was a very active as well as eventful one, and is fully related (<reference osisRef="2Chr.26.1-2Chr.26.23">2Ch 26:1-23</reference>). Elated by the possession of great power, and presumptuously arrogating to himself, as did the heathen kings, the functions both of the real and sacerdotal offices, he was punished with leprosy, which, as the offense was capital (<reference osisRef="Num.8.7">Nu 8:7</reference>), was equivalent to death, for this disease excluded him from all society. While Jotham, his son, as his viceroy, administered the affairs of the kingdom--being about fifteen years of age (compare <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.33">2Ki 15:33</reference>)--he had to dwell in a place apart by himself (see on <reference osisRef="2Kgs.7.3">2Ki 7:3</reference>). After a long reign he died, and was buried in the royal burying-field, though not in the royal cemetery of "the city of David" (<reference osisRef="2Chr.26.23">2Ch 26:23</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.8-2Kgs.15.16">2Ki 15:8-16</reference>. Zechariah's Reign over Israel.

CHAPTER 15 2Ki 15:1-7. Azariah's Reign over Judah. 1-7. In the twenty and seventh year of Jeroboam-- It is thought that the throne of Judah continued vacant eleven or twelve years, between the death of Amaziah and the inauguration of his son Azariah. Being a child only four years old when his father was murdered, a regency was appointed during Azariah's minority. began Azariah... to reign-- The character of his reign is described by the brief formula employed by the inspired historian, in recording the religious policy of the later kings. But his reign was a very active as well as eventful one, and is fully related (2Ch 26:1-23). Elated by the possession of great power, and presumptuously arrogating to himself, as did the heathen kings, the functions both of the real and sacerdotal offices, he was punished with leprosy, which, as the offense was capital (Nu 8:7), was equivalent to death, for this disease excluded him from all society. While Jotham, his son, as his viceroy, administered the affairs of the kingdom--being about fifteen years of age (compare 2Ki 15:33)--he had to dwell in a place apart by himself (see on 2Ki 7:3). After a long reign he died, and was buried in the royal burying-field, though not in the royal cemetery of "the city of David" (2Ch 26:23). 2Ki 15:8-16. Zechariah's Reign over Israel.


<hi type="bold">8-10. In the thirty and eighth year of Azariah king of Judah did Zechariah the son of Jeroboam reign over Israel--</hi>There was an interregnum from some unknown cause between the reign of Jeroboam and the accession of his son, which lasted, according to some, for ten or twelve years, according to others, for twenty-two years, or more. This prince pursued the religious policy of the calf-worship, and his reign was short, being abruptly terminated by the hand of violence. In his fate was fulfilled the prophecy addressed to Jehu (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.10.30">2Ki 10:30</reference>; also <reference osisRef="Hos.1.4">Ho 1:4</reference>), that his family would possess the throne of Israel for four generations; and accordingly Jehoahaz, Joash, Jehoram, and Zechariah were his successors--but there his dynasty terminated; and perhaps it was the public knowledge of this prediction that prompted the murderous design of Shallum.

8-10. In the thirty and eighth year of Azariah king of Judah did Zechariah the son of Jeroboam reign over Israel-- There was an interregnum from some unknown cause between the reign of Jeroboam and the accession of his son, which lasted, according to some, for ten or twelve years, according to others, for twenty-two years, or more. This prince pursued the religious policy of the calf-worship, and his reign was short, being abruptly terminated by the hand of violence. In his fate was fulfilled the prophecy addressed to Jehu (2Ki 10:30; also Ho 1:4), that his family would possess the throne of Israel for four generations; and accordingly Jehoahaz, Joash, Jehoram, and Zechariah were his successors--but there his dynasty terminated; and perhaps it was the public knowledge of this prediction that prompted the murderous design of Shallum.


<hi type="bold">13-17. Shallum ... reigned a full month--</hi>He was opposed and slain by Menahem, who, according to Josephus, was commander of the forces, which, on the report of the king's murder, were besieging Tirzah, a town twelve miles east of Samaria, and formerly a seat of the kings of Israel. Raising the siege, he marched directly against the usurper, slew him, and reigned in his stead.

13-17. Shallum... reigned a full month-- He was opposed and slain by Menahem, who, according to Josephus, was commander of the forces, which, on the report of the king's murder, were besieging Tirzah, a town twelve miles east of Samaria, and formerly a seat of the kings of Israel. Raising the siege, he marched directly against the usurper, slew him, and reigned in his stead.


<hi type="bold">19. Pul the king of Assyria--</hi>This is the first Assyrian king after Nimrod who is mentioned in biblical history. His name has been recently identified with that of Phalluka on the monuments of Nineveh, and that of Menahem discovered also.

<hi type="bold">came against the land--</hi>Elsewhere it is said "Ephraim [Israel] went to the Assyrian" [Ho 5:13]. The two statements may be reconciled thus: "Pul, of his own motion, induced, perhaps, by the expedition of Menahem against Thapsacus, advanced against the kingdom of Israel; then Menahem sent him a thousand talents in order not only to divert him from his plans of conquest, but at the same time to purchase his friendship and aid for the establishment of his own precarious sovereignty. So Menahem did not properly invite the Assyrian into the land, but only changed the enemy when marching against the country, by this tribute, into a confederate for the security of his usurped dominion. This the prophet Hosea, less concerned about the historical fact than the disposition betrayed therein, might very well censure as a going of Ephraim to the Assyrians (<reference osisRef="Hos.5.13">Ho 5:13</reference>; <reference osisRef="Hos.7.1">7:1</reference>; <reference osisRef="Hos.8.9">8:9</reference>), and a covenant-making with Asshur" (<reference osisRef="2Kgs.12.1">2Ki 12:1</reference>) [Keil].

<hi type="bold">a thousand talents of silver--</hi>Equal to £262,200. This tribute, which Menahem raised by a tax on the grandees of Israel, bribed Pul to return to his own country (see on <reference osisRef="1Chr.5.26">1Ch 5:26</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.22-2Kgs.15.24">2Ki 15:22-24</reference>. Pekahiah's Reign.

19. Pul the king of Assyria-- This is the first Assyrian king after Nimrod who is mentioned in biblical history. His name has been recently identified with that of Phalluka on the monuments of Nineveh, and that of Menahem discovered also. came against the land-- Elsewhere it is said "Ephraim [Israel] went to the Assyrian" [Ho 5:13]. The two statements may be reconciled thus: "Pul, of his own motion, induced, perhaps, by the expedition of Menahem against Thapsacus, advanced against the kingdom of Israel; then Menahem sent him a thousand talents in order not only to divert him from his plans of conquest, but at the same time to purchase his friendship and aid for the establishment of his own precarious sovereignty. So Menahem did not properly invite the Assyrian into the land, but only changed the enemy when marching against the country, by this tribute, into a confederate for the security of his usurped dominion. This the prophet Hosea, less concerned about the historical fact than the disposition betrayed therein, might very well censure as a going of Ephraim to the Assyrians (Ho 5:13; 7:1; 8:9), and a covenant-making with Asshur" (2Ki 12:1) [Keil]. a thousand talents of silver-- Equal to £262,200. This tribute, which Menahem raised by a tax on the grandees of Israel, bribed Pul to return to his own country (see on 1Ch 5:26). 2Ki 15:22-24. Pekahiah's Reign.


<hi type="bold">23. Pekahiah ... son of Menahem began to reign--</hi>On comparing the date given with Azariah's reign, it seems that several months had intervened between the death of Menahem and the accession of Pekahiah, probably owing to a contest about the throne.

23. Pekahiah... son of Menahem began to reign-- On comparing the date given with Azariah's reign, it seems that several months had intervened between the death of Menahem and the accession of Pekahiah, probably owing to a contest about the throne.


<hi type="bold">25. with Argob and Arieh, &c.--</hi>Many commentators view these as the captain's accomplices. But it is more probable that they were influential friends of the king, who were murdered along with him.

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.27-2Kgs.15.31">2Ki 15:27-31</reference>. Pekah's Reign.

25. with Argob and Arieh, &c.-- Many commentators view these as the captain's accomplices. But it is more probable that they were influential friends of the king, who were murdered along with him. 2Ki 15:27-31. Pekah's Reign.


<hi type="bold">29. in the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglath-pileser--</hi>This monarch, who succeeded Pul on the throne of Assyria, is the only one of all the kings who does not give his genealogy, and is therefore supposed to have been an usurper. His annals have been discovered in the Nimroud mound, describing this expedition into Syria. The places taken are here mentioned as they occurred and were conquered in the progress of an invasion.

29. in the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglath-pileser-- This monarch, who succeeded Pul on the throne of Assyria, is the only one of all the kings who does not give his genealogy, and is therefore supposed to have been an usurper. His annals have been discovered in the Nimroud mound, describing this expedition into Syria. The places taken are here mentioned as they occurred and were conquered in the progress of an invasion.


<hi type="bold">30. Hoshea the son of Elah made a conspiracy ... and slew him--</hi>He did not, however, obtain possession of the kingdom till about nine or ten years after the perpetration of this crime [Hales].

<hi type="bold">in the twentieth year of Jotham--</hi>Jotham's reign lasted only sixteen years, but the meaning is that the reign of Hoshea began in the twentieth after the beginning of Jotham's reign. The sacred historian, having not yet introduced the name of Ahaz, reckoned the date by Jotham, whom he had already mentioned (see <reference osisRef="2Chr.27.8">2Ch 27:8</reference>).

 <reference osisRef="2Kgs.15.32-2Kgs.15.38">2Ki 15:32-38</reference>. Jotham's Reign over Judah.

30. Hoshea the son of Elah made a conspiracy... and slew him-- He did not, however, obtain possession of the kingdom till about nine or ten years after the perpetration of this crime [Hales]. in the twentieth year of Jotham-- Jotham's reign lasted only sixteen years, but the meaning is that the reign of Hoshea began in the twentieth after the beginning of Jotham's reign. The sacred historian, having not yet introduced the name of Ahaz, reckoned the date by Jotham, whom he had already mentioned (see 2Ch 27:8). 2Ki 15:32-38. Jotham's Reign over Judah.


<hi type="bold">33. Five and twenty years was he when he began to reign--</hi>that is, alone--for he had ruled as his father's viceroy [2Ki 15:5].

33. Five and twenty years was he when he began to reign-- that is, alone--for he had ruled as his father's viceroy [2Ki 15:5].


<hi type="bold">35. the higher gate of the house of the Lord--</hi>not the temple itself, but one of its courts; probably that which led into the palace (<reference osisRef="2Chr.23.20">2Ch 23:20</reference>).

35. the higher gate of the house of the Lord-- not the temple itself, but one of its courts; probably that which led into the palace (2Ch 23:20).


<hi type="bold">37. the Lord began to send against Judah Rezin the king of Syria, &c.--</hi>This is the first intimation of the hostile feelings of the kings of Israel and Syria, to Judah, which led them to form an alliance and make joint preparations for war. [See on <reference osisRef="2Chr.27.5">2Ch 27:5</reference>.] However, war was not actually waged till the reign of Ahaz. <chapter eID="2Kgs.15"/>

37. the Lord began to send against Judah Rezin the king of Syria, &c.-- This is the first intimation of the hostile feelings of the kings of Israel and Syria, to Judah, which led them to form an alliance and make joint preparations for war. [See on 2Ch 27:5.] However, war was not actually waged till the reign of Ahaz.